Macarius of Egypt: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
Mannanan51 (talk | contribs) mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
==Life== |
==Life== |
||
Macarius was born in [[Upper Egypt]]. A late tradition places his birthplace in the village of Shabsheer (Shanshour), in [[Al Minufiyah Governorate]], [[Egypt]] around 300 A.D. |
Macarius was born in [[Upper Egypt]]. A late tradition places his birthplace in the village of Shabsheer (Shanshour), in [[Al Minufiyah Governorate]], [[Egypt]] around 300 A.D. At some point before his pursuit of asceticism, Macarius made his living smuggling niter in the vicinity of Nitria, a vocation which taught him how to survive in and travel across the wastes in that area.<ref>Harmless, William. ''Desert Christians: An Introduction to the Literature of Early Monasticism'', p. 174, (Oxford University Press, 2004)</ref> |
||
One of St. Macarius’ great features was “wisdom”. His friends and close kin used to call him “Pidar Yougiron” which meant the “old young man” or “the young man with the elders’ wisdom.” <ref name=monastery>[http://www.stmacariusmonastery.org/makar_e.htm "The Great St. Macarius", The Monastery of St. Macarius the Great]</ref> At the wish of his parents he entered into marriage, but was soon widowed.<ref name=oca>[http://oca.org/saints/lives/2013/01/19/100226-venerable-macarius-the-great-of-egypt "Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt", Orthodox Church in America]</ref> Shortly after, his parents departed as well. Macarius subsequently distributed all his money among the poor and needy. He found a teacher in an experienced Elder, who lived in the desert not far from the village. The Elder accepted the youth, guided him in the spiritual science of watchfulness, fasting and prayer, and taught him the handicraft of weaving baskets.<ref name=oca/> Seeing his virtues, the people of his village brought him to the bishop of Ashmoun who ordained him priest. |
|||
A while later, a pregnant woman accused him of having defiled her. Macarius did not attempt to defend himself, and accepted the accusation in silence. However, when the woman's delivery drew near, her labor became exceedingly difficult. She did not manage to give birth until she confessed Macarius's innocence. A multitude of people then came asking for his forgiveness, but he fled to the [[Nitrian Desert]] to escape all mundane glory. |
A while later, a pregnant woman accused him of having defiled her. Macarius did not attempt to defend himself, and accepted the accusation in silence. However, when the woman's delivery drew near, her labor became exceedingly difficult. She did not manage to give birth until she confessed Macarius's innocence. A multitude of people then came asking for his forgiveness, but he fled to the [[Nitrian Desert]] to escape all mundane glory. |
||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
==Death and Relics== |
==Death and Relics== |
||
Macarius died in the year 391. After his death, the natives of his village of Shabsheer stole the body and built a great church for him in their village. During the papacy of [[Pope Michael V of Alexandria]], who brought the relics of Saint Macarius back to the [[Nitrian Desert]] on 19 [[Mesori]]. Today, the body of Saint Macarius is found in his [[monastery]], the [[Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great]] in [[Scetes]], [[Egypt]]. |
Macarius died in the year 391. After his death, the natives of his village of Shabsheer stole the body and built a great church for him in their village. During the papacy of [[Pope Michael V of Alexandria]], who brought the relics of Saint Macarius back to the [[Nitrian Desert]] on 19 [[Mesori]]. Today, the body of Saint Macarius is found in his [[monastery]], the [[Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great]] in [[Scetes]], [[Egypt]]. |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
==Writings== |
==Writings== |
||
| Line 56: | Line 53: | ||
The seven so-called ''Opuscula ascetica'' edited under his name by [[Petrus Possinus]] (Paris, 1683) are merely later compilations from the homilies, made by [[Simeon the Logothete]], who is probably identical with [[Simeon Metaphrastes]] (d. 950). The teachings of Macarius are characterized by a strong Pneumatic emphasis that closely intertwines the salvific work of Jesus Christ (as the 'Spirit of Christ') with the supernatural workings of the Holy Spirit. This 'Pneumatic' thrust in the Spiritual Homilies is often termed 'mystical' and as such is a spiritual mode of thought which has endeared him to Christian mystics of all ages, although, on the other hand, in his anthropology and soteriology he frequently approximates the standpoint of [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]]. Certain passages of his homilies assert the entire depravity of man, while others postulate free will, even after the fall of [[Adam]], and presuppose a tendency toward virtue, or, in [[Pelagianism|semi-Pelagian]] fashion, ascribe to man the power to attain a degree of readiness to receive salvation. |
The seven so-called ''Opuscula ascetica'' edited under his name by [[Petrus Possinus]] (Paris, 1683) are merely later compilations from the homilies, made by [[Simeon the Logothete]], who is probably identical with [[Simeon Metaphrastes]] (d. 950). The teachings of Macarius are characterized by a strong Pneumatic emphasis that closely intertwines the salvific work of Jesus Christ (as the 'Spirit of Christ') with the supernatural workings of the Holy Spirit. This 'Pneumatic' thrust in the Spiritual Homilies is often termed 'mystical' and as such is a spiritual mode of thought which has endeared him to Christian mystics of all ages, although, on the other hand, in his anthropology and soteriology he frequently approximates the standpoint of [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]]. Certain passages of his homilies assert the entire depravity of man, while others postulate free will, even after the fall of [[Adam]], and presuppose a tendency toward virtue, or, in [[Pelagianism|semi-Pelagian]] fashion, ascribe to man the power to attain a degree of readiness to receive salvation. |
||
| ⚫ | |||
Macarius is a saint in the [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]] and [[Roman Catholic Church]]. |
|||
Macarius of Egypt founded a monastery that bears his name, [[Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great|the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great]],<ref name=monastery/> which has been continuously inhabited by monks since its foundation in the fourth century. St. Macarius’ face used to be enlightened with grace in an amazing way to the extent that many fathers testified that his face used to glow in the dark; and thus appeared his name as “the glowing lantern.” This description was transferred to his monastery, and thus it was called “the glowing lantern of the wilderness” or “the glowing monastery,” which meant the place of high wisdom and constant prayer.<ref name=monastery/> Today it belongs to the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]]. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
| Line 64: | Line 71: | ||
*[[Hermit]] |
*[[Hermit]] |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
Macarius was not semi-Pelagian. He fought Pelagianism, specifically the Messalians, who agrued that by struggling against Satan, one could compel grace to be drawn down. Macarius was clear that theosis or sanctification was the work of the Holy Spirit, Who entered the believers at baptism. His work was the forerunner and held argument with Augustine's latter and more popularized writings against Pelagius. |
Macarius was not semi-Pelagian. He fought Pelagianism, specifically the Messalians, who agrued that by struggling against Satan, one could compel grace to be drawn down. Macarius was clear that theosis or sanctification was the work of the Holy Spirit, Who entered the believers at baptism. His work was the forerunner and held argument with Augustine's latter and more popularized writings against Pelagius. |
||
| Line 77: | Line 83: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
*Spiritual Homilies [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Macarius_Egyptian_Homilies_1-5.html 1-5], [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Macarius_Egyptian_Homilies_6-11.html 6-11], [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Macarius_Egyptian_Homilies_12-22.html 12-22] |
*Spiritual Homilies [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Macarius_Egyptian_Homilies_1-5.html 1-5], [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Macarius_Egyptian_Homilies_6-11.html 6-11], [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Macarius_Egyptian_Homilies_12-22.html 12-22] |
||
*[http://www.stmacariusmonastery.org/eabout.htm The Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great] |
|||
*[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/fathers/macarius-overcome.asp Macarius the Great Select Resources, Bilingual Anthology] |
*[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/fathers/macarius-overcome.asp Macarius the Great Select Resources, Bilingual Anthology] |
||
*[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc07.m.i.html ''Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'', 1914]: "Macarius the Egyptian" |
*[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc07.m.i.html ''Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'', 1914]: "Macarius the Egyptian" |
||
Revision as of 02:46, 1 June 2013
Saint Macarius of Egypt | |
|---|---|
 An icon of Saint Macarius of Egypt | |
| Born | ca. 300 Shabsheer (Shanshour), Al Minufiyah Governorate, Egypt |
| Died | 391 Scetes, Egypt |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Churches Oriental Orthodox Churches Roman Catholic Church |
| Major shrine | Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Scetes, Egypt |
| Feast | 15 January (West) 19 January (Eastern Orthodox) 27 Paremhat (= 4 April) (Oriental Orthodox) |
| Part of a series on |
| Christian mysticism |
|---|
 |
Macarius of Egypt (ca. 300 – 391) was an Egyptian Christian monk and hermit. He is also known as Macarius the Elder, Macarius the Great and The Lamp of the Desert.
Life
Macarius was born in Upper Egypt. A late tradition places his birthplace in the village of Shabsheer (Shanshour), in Al Minufiyah Governorate, Egypt around 300 A.D. At some point before his pursuit of asceticism, Macarius made his living smuggling niter in the vicinity of Nitria, a vocation which taught him how to survive in and travel across the wastes in that area.[1]
One of St. Macarius’ great features was “wisdom”. His friends and close kin used to call him “Pidar Yougiron” which meant the “old young man” or “the young man with the elders’ wisdom.” [2] At the wish of his parents he entered into marriage, but was soon widowed.[3] Shortly after, his parents departed as well. Macarius subsequently distributed all his money among the poor and needy. He found a teacher in an experienced Elder, who lived in the desert not far from the village. The Elder accepted the youth, guided him in the spiritual science of watchfulness, fasting and prayer, and taught him the handicraft of weaving baskets.[3] Seeing his virtues, the people of his village brought him to the bishop of Ashmoun who ordained him priest.
A while later, a pregnant woman accused him of having defiled her. Macarius did not attempt to defend himself, and accepted the accusation in silence. However, when the woman's delivery drew near, her labor became exceedingly difficult. She did not manage to give birth until she confessed Macarius's innocence. A multitude of people then came asking for his forgiveness, but he fled to the Nitrian Desert to escape all mundane glory.
While at the desert, he visited Anthony the Great and learned from him the laws and rules of monasticism. When he returned to the Scetic Desert at the age of forty, he presided over its monastic community for the rest of his life. Ten years after going into the desert, he became a priest.[4]
For a brief period of time, Macarius was banished to an island in the Nile by the Emperor Valens, along with Saint Macarius of Alexandria, during a dispute over the doctrine of the Nicene Creed. At their return on 13 Paremhat, they were met by a multitude of monks of the Nitrian Desert, numbered fifty thousand, among whom were Saint Pishoy and Saint John the Dwarf.
Death and Relics
Macarius died in the year 391. After his death, the natives of his village of Shabsheer stole the body and built a great church for him in their village. During the papacy of Pope Michael V of Alexandria, who brought the relics of Saint Macarius back to the Nitrian Desert on 19 Mesori. Today, the body of Saint Macarius is found in his monastery, the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great in Scetes, Egypt.
Writings
Fifty Spiritual Homilies were ascribed to Macarius a few generations after his death, and these texts had a widespread and considerable influence on Eastern monasticism and Protestant pietism. [5] This was particularly in the context of the debate concerning the 'extraordinary giftings' of the Holy Spirit in the post-apostolic age, since the Macarian Homilies could serve as evidence in favour of a post-apostolic attestation of 'miraculous' Pneumatic giftings to include healings, visions, exorcisms, etc. The Macarian Homilies have thus influenced Pietist groups ranging from the Spiritual Franciscans (West) to Eastern Orthodox monastic practice to John Wesley to modern charismatic Christianity.
However, modern patristic scholars have established that it is not likely that Macarius the Egyptian was their author.[6] Exactly who the author of these fifty Spiritual Homilies was has not been definitively established, although it is evident from statements in them that the author was from Upper Mesopotamia, where the Roman Empire bordered the Persian Empire, and that they were not written later than 534.[7]
In addition to the homilies, a number of letters have been ascribed to Macarius. Gennadius (De viris illustribus 10) recognizes only one genuine letter of Macarius, which is addressed to younger monks. The first letter, called "Ad filios Dei," may indeed be the genuine letter by Macarius the Egyptian that is mentioned by Gennadius (Vir. Ill.10), but the other letters are probably not by Macarius. The second letter, the so-called "Great Letter" used the De instituto christiana of Gregory of Nyssa, which was written c. 390; the style and content of the "Great Letter" suggest that its author is the same anonymous Mesopotamian who wrote the fifty Spiritual Homilies.[8]
The seven so-called Opuscula ascetica edited under his name by Petrus Possinus (Paris, 1683) are merely later compilations from the homilies, made by Simeon the Logothete, who is probably identical with Simeon Metaphrastes (d. 950). The teachings of Macarius are characterized by a strong Pneumatic emphasis that closely intertwines the salvific work of Jesus Christ (as the 'Spirit of Christ') with the supernatural workings of the Holy Spirit. This 'Pneumatic' thrust in the Spiritual Homilies is often termed 'mystical' and as such is a spiritual mode of thought which has endeared him to Christian mystics of all ages, although, on the other hand, in his anthropology and soteriology he frequently approximates the standpoint of St. Augustine. Certain passages of his homilies assert the entire depravity of man, while others postulate free will, even after the fall of Adam, and presuppose a tendency toward virtue, or, in semi-Pelagian fashion, ascribe to man the power to attain a degree of readiness to receive salvation.
Legacy and Monastery
Macarius is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches and Roman Catholic Church.
Macarius of Egypt founded a monastery that bears his name, the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great,[2] which has been continuously inhabited by monks since its foundation in the fourth century. St. Macarius’ face used to be enlightened with grace in an amazing way to the extent that many fathers testified that his face used to glow in the dark; and thus appeared his name as “the glowing lantern.” This description was transferred to his monastery, and thus it was called “the glowing lantern of the wilderness” or “the glowing monastery,” which meant the place of high wisdom and constant prayer.[2] Today it belongs to the Coptic Orthodox Church.
The entirety of the Nitrian Desert is sometimes called the Desert of Macarius, for he was the pioneer monk in the region. The ruins of numerous monasteries in this region almost confirm the local tradition that the cloisters of Macarius were equal in number to the days of the year.
References
- ^ Harmless, William. Desert Christians: An Introduction to the Literature of Early Monasticism, p. 174, (Oxford University Press, 2004)
- ^ a b c "The Great St. Macarius", The Monastery of St. Macarius the Great
- ^ a b "Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt", Orthodox Church in America
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Frances Young, From Nicaea to Chalcedon, (2nd edn, 2010), p116
- ^ Johannes Quasten, Patrology Vol. 3. Utrecht, 1966, 162-164.
- ^ J. Quasten, Patrology Vol. 3, 164-165.
- ^ J. Quasten, Patrology Vol. 3, p. 167
See also
Macarius was not semi-Pelagian. He fought Pelagianism, specifically the Messalians, who agrued that by struggling against Satan, one could compel grace to be drawn down. Macarius was clear that theosis or sanctification was the work of the Holy Spirit, Who entered the believers at baptism. His work was the forerunner and held argument with Augustine's latter and more popularized writings against Pelagius.
John Meyerdorff St Gergory Palamas and Orthodox Spirituality, page 21
Further reading
- Maloney, GA, SJ (trans.), 1992, Pseudo-Macarius. The Fifty Spiritual Homilies and the Great Letter, CWS, New York: Paulist Press [English translation]
- Mason, AJ (trans.), 1921, Fifty Spiritual Homilies of St Macarius the Egyptian, London: SPCK [English translation]
- Plested, Marcus, 2004. The Macarian Legacy: The Place of Macarius-Symeon in the Eastern Christian Tradition. Oxford: OUP
External links
- Spiritual Homilies 1-5, 6-11, 12-22
- Macarius the Great Select Resources, Bilingual Anthology
- Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1914: "Macarius the Egyptian"
- Wesley Center Online [1]
- Volume 38, Wesleyan Theological Journal, Academic Article on Macarius of Egypt, pp. 103 – 123 [2]
- Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with Analytical Indexes