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==History==
==History==
===Colonial period===
===Colonial period===
Prior to the 20th century, the Government of the [[Netherlands Indies]] paid little attention to the culture of Indonesia. Study of traditional culture and archaeology was left to individuals or non-governmental institutions. Some of these are the non-governmental [[Batavian Society of Arts and Science]] (established in 1778) who started the first museum and library Indonesia; and [[Sir Stanford Raffles]], Lieutenant Governor, who wrote a valuable archaeological history of Java in 1818. Other important figures are [[Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje|Dr. Snoeck Hourgrogne]].<ref name="arch 14"/>
Prior to the 20th century, the Government of the [[Netherlands Indies]] paid little attention to the culture of Indonesia. Study of traditional culture and archaeology was left to individuals or non-governmental institutions. Some of these are the non-governmental [[Batavian Society of Arts and Science]], and individuals such as [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], who wrote a valuable archaeological history of Java in 1818, and other important figures such as [[Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje|Dr. Snoeck Hourgrogne]].<ref name="arch 14"/>

The first museum in Indonesia seems to have been that built by [[Georg Eberhard Rumphius|Rumphius]] in [[Ambon]], built in 1662. Nothing remains of it except books written by himself, which are now in the library of the [[National Museum of Indonesia|National Museum]]. Its successor was the [[Batavia Society of Art and Science]], established on 24 April 1778. It built a museum and a library, played an important role in research, and collected much material on the natural history and culture of Indonesia. It later came under the direct control of the British Lieutenant-Governor [[Stamford Raffles|Raffles]] who, among other things, provided it with a new office building for the museum and library administration. The museum collection and library continued to grow, and in 1862 the government built, in the center of the city, what is now the [[National Museum of Indonesia|National Museum]], the previous building is now [[Museum Wayang]]. The whole collection was transferred to the Government of the Republic of Indonesia in 1962. <ref name="arch 29">{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |title=Cultural Policy in Indonesia |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0000/000058/005891eo.pdf |accessdate=February 17, 2013 |year=1973 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn= |page= |pages=29-33}}</ref>

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het Zo÷logisch Museum en laboratorium van 's Lands Plantentuin te Buitenzorg West-Java TMnr 10010799.jpg|thumb|right|The Zoological Museum of Bogor, established in 1894 by the Batavia Society of Art and Science.]]
The Batavia Society of Art and Science also specialized in [[social science]]s. In 1817 it made the plans for the [[Bogor Botanical Gardens|Hortus Botanicus Bogoriense]] in [[Bogor]]. In 1894 it set up the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense. The Bibliotheca Bogoriense made Bogor into an important center of biological science.<ref name="arch 29"/>

Except for the [[Radya Pustaka Museum]] in [[Surakarta]] (1890), no other major museums were established in the 19th century. It was only in the 1930s that local museums began to appear, usually privately initiated, by civil servants and Catholic and Protestant missionaries. These museums are praiseworthy, but are not always in expert hands, and are often run by boards which do not always function continually.<ref name="arch 29"/> Some museums suffer from the lack of regular resources, and some have disappeared completely, e.g. the Karo Museum in [[Berastagi]], [[North Sumatra]], set up by Dr Neuman, was abolished during the Japanese occupation (1942-45); and the Banjarmasin Museum built by Dr Malinkrodt, an expert on customs and traditions in Kalimantan, was burned down.<ref name="arch 29"/>


At the beginning of 20th century, the colonial government became interested in the maintenance and restoration of cultural remains. In 1901 it set up the ''Commissie in Nederlandsch Indie voor Oudheidkundige Onderzoek van Java en Madoera'', headed by [[:nl:Jan Laurens Andries Brandes|Dr J. L. A. Brandes]]. In 1913, this became the more effective ''Oudheid-kundige Dienst van Nederlandsch Indie'' (Archaeological Service), under Professor Dr. N.J. Kromm. The government also employed officials to make a study of local languages and started the ''Kantoor voor Inlandsche Zaken''.<ref name="arch 14"/>
At the beginning of 20th century, the colonial government became interested in the maintenance and restoration of cultural remains. In 1901 it set up the ''Commissie in Nederlandsch Indie voor Oudheidkundige Onderzoek van Java en Madoera'', headed by [[:nl:Jan Laurens Andries Brandes|Dr J. L. A. Brandes]]. In 1913, this became the more effective ''Oudheid-kundige Dienst van Nederlandsch Indie'' (Archaeological Service), under Professor Dr. N.J. Kromm. The government also employed officials to make a study of local languages and started the ''Kantoor voor Inlandsche Zaken''.<ref name="arch 14"/>
Line 13: Line 20:
In 1918 [[Balai Pustaka|Balai Poestaka]] was created to publish books of literary value in Malay and local languages. Malay was taught in schools next to the local language. Prospective civil servants were obliged to study the language and customs of the region they were to work in. Training was given in [[Leiden]], in the Netherlands. Native Indonesians also came to realize the importance of their national culture in awakening [[nationalism]], part of a general contemporary phenomenon in Asia. This nationalism was pioneered by [[Budi Utomo]] in 1908 in the STOVIA, whose building, [[Museum Kebangkitan Nasional|the School for Javanese Doctors]], is converted into a museum today.<ref name="arch 14">{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |title=Cultural Policy in Indonesia |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0000/000058/005891eo.pdf |accessdate=February 17, 2013 |year=1973 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn= |page= |pages=14-17}}</ref>
In 1918 [[Balai Pustaka|Balai Poestaka]] was created to publish books of literary value in Malay and local languages. Malay was taught in schools next to the local language. Prospective civil servants were obliged to study the language and customs of the region they were to work in. Training was given in [[Leiden]], in the Netherlands. Native Indonesians also came to realize the importance of their national culture in awakening [[nationalism]], part of a general contemporary phenomenon in Asia. This nationalism was pioneered by [[Budi Utomo]] in 1908 in the STOVIA, whose building, [[Museum Kebangkitan Nasional|the School for Javanese Doctors]], is converted into a museum today.<ref name="arch 14">{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |title=Cultural Policy in Indonesia |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0000/000058/005891eo.pdf |accessdate=February 17, 2013 |year=1973 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |isbn= |page= |pages=14-17}}</ref>


Modern technology and cultural change leads to disappearance of indigenous handicrafts. There was no longer a market for plait-work, textiles, earthenware, and brass, silver and gold objects. The result was a gradual process of cultural impoverishment. A need for money forced people to sell their heirlooms on the market, and many objects that should have been kept in Indonesia found their way to foreign countries. This condition prompted the building of the [[Sana Budaya Museum]] in [[Yogyakarta]] in 1935. [[:nl:Frederik David Kan Bosch|Dr. F. D. K. Bosch]], then Head of the Archaeology Service, and now Museum Director of the Batavia Society, first referred to cultural impoverishment, and the need for historical and cultural museums, to encourage people to appreciate their own products and to improve the quality of their handicrafts.<ref name="arch 29"/>
⚫
[[Japanese occupation of Indonesia|The Japanese occupation ]] (1942-1945) indirectly stimulated Indonesian culture, and especially language, drama and the arts. A cultural centre (''Keimin Bunka Sidosho''), created to promote Indonesian art and culture, and ''Poetera'', headed by national leaders, provided opportunities for exhibitions, performances and so on.<ref name="arch 14"/>

The late Director of the Municipal Museum of Surabaya, Von Faber, emphasized the role of museums in education. The famous painter, [[Walter Spies]], actively helped in the creation and management of the [[Bali Museum]] in [[Denpasar]]. Unfortunately, the decision to establish museums at the time was not matched by a determination to find experts capable of managing them properly. Only a few language experts like Professor Husein Jayadiningrat and Professor Dr. Purbacaraka were interested in museums-mainly because the university produced few experts in history and the social
sciences, but concentrated on training physicians, lawyers, technicians and civil servants. It was not until independence that the social sciences began to develop.<ref name="arch 29"/>

⚫
[[Japanese occupation of Indonesia|The Japanese occupation ]] (1942-1945) indirectly stimulated Indonesian culture, and especially language, drama and the arts. A cultural center (''Keimin Bunka Sidosho''), created to promote Indonesian art and culture, and ''Poetera'', headed by national leaders, provided opportunities for exhibitions, performances and so on.<ref name="arch 14"/>


===Post-independence===
===Post-independence===

Revision as of 14:13, 17 February 2013

The National Museum of Indonesia in Jakarta.

These are lists of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia. This list contains some of the more notable, by its regional location.

These lists include all museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia (e.g. art gallery, etc.). Heritage buildings such as candi, churches, or mosques which contain no museum should not be placed in the list.

History

Colonial period

Prior to the 20th century, the Government of the Netherlands Indies paid little attention to the culture of Indonesia. Study of traditional culture and archaeology was left to individuals or non-governmental institutions. Some of these are the non-governmental Batavian Society of Arts and Science, and individuals such as Sir Stamford Raffles, who wrote a valuable archaeological history of Java in 1818, and other important figures such as Dr. Snoeck Hourgrogne.[1]

The first museum in Indonesia seems to have been that built by Rumphius in Ambon, built in 1662. Nothing remains of it except books written by himself, which are now in the library of the National Museum. Its successor was the Batavia Society of Art and Science, established on 24 April 1778. It built a museum and a library, played an important role in research, and collected much material on the natural history and culture of Indonesia. It later came under the direct control of the British Lieutenant-Governor Raffles who, among other things, provided it with a new office building for the museum and library administration. The museum collection and library continued to grow, and in 1862 the government built, in the center of the city, what is now the National Museum, the previous building is now Museum Wayang. The whole collection was transferred to the Government of the Republic of Indonesia in 1962. [2]

The Zoological Museum of Bogor, established in 1894 by the Batavia Society of Art and Science.

The Batavia Society of Art and Science also specialized in social sciences. In 1817 it made the plans for the Hortus Botanicus Bogoriense in Bogor. In 1894 it set up the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense. The Bibliotheca Bogoriense made Bogor into an important center of biological science.[2]

Except for the Radya Pustaka Museum in Surakarta (1890), no other major museums were established in the 19th century. It was only in the 1930s that local museums began to appear, usually privately initiated, by civil servants and Catholic and Protestant missionaries. These museums are praiseworthy, but are not always in expert hands, and are often run by boards which do not always function continually.[2] Some museums suffer from the lack of regular resources, and some have disappeared completely, e.g. the Karo Museum in Berastagi, North Sumatra, set up by Dr Neuman, was abolished during the Japanese occupation (1942-45); and the Banjarmasin Museum built by Dr Malinkrodt, an expert on customs and traditions in Kalimantan, was burned down.[2]

At the beginning of 20th century, the colonial government became interested in the maintenance and restoration of cultural remains. In 1901 it set up the Commissie in Nederlandsch Indie voor Oudheidkundige Onderzoek van Java en Madoera, headed by Dr J. L. A. Brandes. In 1913, this became the more effective Oudheid-kundige Dienst van Nederlandsch Indie (Archaeological Service), under Professor Dr. N.J. Kromm. The government also employed officials to make a study of local languages and started the Kantoor voor Inlandsche Zaken.[1]

In 1918 Balai Poestaka was created to publish books of literary value in Malay and local languages. Malay was taught in schools next to the local language. Prospective civil servants were obliged to study the language and customs of the region they were to work in. Training was given in Leiden, in the Netherlands. Native Indonesians also came to realize the importance of their national culture in awakening nationalism, part of a general contemporary phenomenon in Asia. This nationalism was pioneered by Budi Utomo in 1908 in the STOVIA, whose building, the School for Javanese Doctors, is converted into a museum today.[1]

Modern technology and cultural change leads to disappearance of indigenous handicrafts. There was no longer a market for plait-work, textiles, earthenware, and brass, silver and gold objects. The result was a gradual process of cultural impoverishment. A need for money forced people to sell their heirlooms on the market, and many objects that should have been kept in Indonesia found their way to foreign countries. This condition prompted the building of the Sana Budaya Museum in Yogyakarta in 1935. Dr. F. D. K. Bosch, then Head of the Archaeology Service, and now Museum Director of the Batavia Society, first referred to cultural impoverishment, and the need for historical and cultural museums, to encourage people to appreciate their own products and to improve the quality of their handicrafts.[2]

The late Director of the Municipal Museum of Surabaya, Von Faber, emphasized the role of museums in education. The famous painter, Walter Spies, actively helped in the creation and management of the Bali Museum in Denpasar. Unfortunately, the decision to establish museums at the time was not matched by a determination to find experts capable of managing them properly. Only a few language experts like Professor Husein Jayadiningrat and Professor Dr. Purbacaraka were interested in museums-mainly because the university produced few experts in history and the social sciences, but concentrated on training physicians, lawyers, technicians and civil servants. It was not until independence that the social sciences began to develop.[2]

The Japanese occupation (1942-1945) indirectly stimulated Indonesian culture, and especially language, drama and the arts. A cultural center (Keimin Bunka Sidosho), created to promote Indonesian art and culture, and Poetera, headed by national leaders, provided opportunities for exhibitions, performances and so on.[1]

Post-independence

Pursuant to Article 32 of the Constitution, the government established the Ministry of Education and Culture. Its Cultural Department had separate Archaeological, Art, and Language Divisions. The Art Division set up various educational institutes including the Indonesian Academy of Fine Arts, the Indonesian School of Music (both in Yogyakarta), and Karawitan Conservatoire in Surakarta (Central Java). The original Language Division was divided in 1952 into two parts, one retaining the name of Language Division in the Cultural Department, the other being included in the Institute of Literature (the former Instituut voor Taal en Cultuur Onderzoek, Faculteit der Lettera en Wijsbegeerte van de Universiteit van Indonesi). In the same year (1952), the Cultural Department opened cultural offices in the provinces: Medan (North Sumatra), Bukit Tinggi (Central Sumatra), Palembang (South Sumatra), Jakarta, Bandung (West Java), Surabaya (East Java), Makassar (South Sulawesi), Denpasar (Bali) and Ambon (Moluccas). [1]

In 1956, the following changes took place: (a) The Archaeological Division became an autonomous Institute of Archaeology; (b) The Language Division became the Sub-Division of Customs and Traditions (remaining in the Cultural Department); (c) The other part of the former Language Division was incorporated into the Language Division of the Literary Faculty of the University of Indonesia; (d) The Cultural Department was given a new responsibility: museum management (Museum Section).[1]

New Order Period

As a result of an extensive ministerial reorganization of the New Order period (1960-1969), the Cultural Department was incorporated into the Directorate of Culture, while the Museum Section became an autonomous National Museum Institute. In consequence the Ministry of Education and Culture had one Directorate (Culture) and four institutes, namely Archaeology, Language and Literature, National Museum, History and Anthropology. The Inspectorate of Provincial Culture was made responsible for setting up cultural offices in the provinces. Under General Suharto, further changes were made in 1966 in the ministries. Education and Culture was organized into five Directorates-General. The Directorate-General of Culture has five directorates, namely Art, Cultural Education, Archaeology and History, Museums, Language, and Literature.[1]

During this period, the Armed Forces History Center expanded and encouraged the development of museums of militaristic in nature. Some of these museums for which the Armed Forces was directly responsible are Satriamandala Armed Forces Museum (opened in 1972), Museum of the Sacred Pancasila Monument (1982), Museum of Eternal Vigilance (1987), Soldiership Museum (1987), and the Museum of Communist Treachery (1993). The collection of these museums feature relics, photographs, and weapons. Dioramas are extensively used by the Armed Forces History Center, whom method was chosen because of a general lack of perceived value in historical objects in Indonesia as well as the lack of funds.[3]

Museums by region

Jakarta

Jakarta contains the most museums in Indonesia with over 50 museums within its 661 square kilometers area. The museums in Jakarta cluster around the Central Jakarta Merdeka Square area, Jakarta Old Town, and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.

The Jakarta Old Town contains museums that are former institutional buildings of Colonial Batavia. Some of the notable museums are: Jakarta History Museum (former City Hall of Batavia), Wayang Museum (Puppet Museum) (former Church of Batavia), the Fine Art and Ceramic Museum (former Court House of Justice of Batavia), the Maritime Museum (former Sunda Kelapa warehouse), Bank Indonesia Museum (former Javasche Bank), and Bank Mandiri Museum (former Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij).

Several museums clustered in central Jakarta around the Merdeka Square area include: National Museum of Indonesia (also known as Gedung Gajah ("the Elephant Building"), Monas (National Monument), Istiqlal Islamic Museum in Istiqlal mosque, and Jakarta Cathedral Museum on the second floor of Jakarta Cathedral. Also in the central Jakarta area is the Taman Prasasti Museum (former cemetery of Batavia), and Textile Museum in Tanah Abang area.

The recreational area of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in East Jakarta contains fourteen museums within its complex, constructed in the 1970s.


North Jakarta and Thousand Islands

A mock up of Dutch East Indies bank in Bank Indonesia Museum.

Central Jakarta

Museum of Indonesian History in Monas, one of the museums of Indonesia which extensively used dioramas.

East Jakarta

The Kalpataru Tree Hall in the Indonesia Museum, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.

South Jakarta

West Jakarta

Java

West Java

Central Java

A well-maintained colonial period locomotive in Ambarawa Railway Museum with its preserved old-gauged track.

East Java

School children in Trowulan Museum.

Yogyakarta

Lesser Sunda Islands

Bali

Sumatra

Aceh

North Sumatra

Riau Islands

West Sumatra

Bengkulu

Kalimantan

Central Kalimantan

East Kalimantan

South Kalimantan

West Kalimantan

Celebes

North Sulawesi

  • Manado Wanua Paksinata North Sulawesi Provincial Museum, Manado

Central Sulawesi

  • Kaili Souraja Museum, Kaili
  • Palu Central Sulawesi Provincial Museum, Palu

South Sulawesi

Southeast Sulawesi

The Moluccas

Maluku

West Papua

Papua

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Cultural Policy in Indonesia (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 1973. pp. 14–17. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Cultural Policy in Indonesia (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 1973. pp. 29–33. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
  3. ^ McGregor, Katharine E. (2007). History in Uniform: Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia's Past. Singapore: NUS Press. pp. 6–10. ISBN 9971693607, 9789971693602. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  4. ^ http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2011/06/23/mengunjungi-musem-geologi-bandung
  5. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7905770.stm
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