List of mosques in Indonesia: Difference between revisions
Rochelimit (talk | contribs) →By provinces: by regions |
Rochelimit (talk | contribs) |
||
Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
Early Islamic architecture resembles a [[Majapahit]] era [[Candi of Indonesia|candi]] or gates. Most of the early Islamic mosques can still be found in Java, and the architectural style follows the existing building tradition in Java, in which four central posts support a soaring pyramidal roofs. None of the earliest Islamic structures in Sumatra survives. The characteristic of Islamic architecture include multi-tiered roofs, ceremonial gateways, and a variety of decorative elements such as elaborate clay finials for roof peaks. |
Early Islamic architecture resembles a [[Majapahit]] era [[Candi of Indonesia|candi]] or gates. Most of the early Islamic mosques can still be found in Java, and the architectural style follows the existing building tradition in Java, in which four central posts support a soaring pyramidal roofs. None of the earliest Islamic structures in Sumatra survives. The characteristic of Islamic architecture include multi-tiered roofs, ceremonial gateways, and a variety of decorative elements such as elaborate clay finials for roof peaks. |
||
The oldest mosque in Indonesia is the [[Demak Great Mosque|Great Mosque of Demak]], although not the oldest Islamic structure. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in [[Kraton Kasepuhan|Sultanate of Cirebon]], [[Cirebon]]. The palace complex contains a [[chronogram]] which can be read as the Saka equivalent of AD 1454. |
The oldest surviving Indonesian mosques are quiet large and in most cases were closely associated with palaces.<ref name="heritage 94">{{cite book |author=Gunawan Tjahjono |authorlink= |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url= |accessdate= |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |page= |pages=94-95}}</ref> The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia is the [[Demak Great Mosque|Great Mosque of Demak]] which is the royal mosque of the [[Sultanate of Demak]], although this is not the oldest Islamic structure. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in [[Kraton Kasepuhan|Sultanate of Cirebon]], [[Cirebon]]. The palace complex contains a [[chronogram]] which can be read as the Saka equivalent of AD 1454. Early Islamic palaces retain many features of pre-Islamic architecture. The Kasepuhan palace was probably begun in the late pre-Islamic period, and continued to grow during the Hinduism-to-Islam transitional period. The complex thus contains clues to the stages of the process of the gradual changes as Islam become incorporated into Indonesian architecture. Two of the Hindu features adopted into Islam in Kasepuhan palace is the two types of gateways - the split portal (''candi bentar'') which provides access to the public audience pavilion and the lintel gate (''paduraksa'') which leads to the front court of the Kasepuhan palace. |
||
Minarets was not originally an integral part in Indonesian mosque.<ref name="heritage 88">{{cite book |author=Gunawan Tjahjono |authorlink= |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url= |accessdate= |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |page= |pages=88-89}}</ref> The [[Menara Kudus Mosque]]'s tower, with its pre-Islamic brick temple style,<ref name="heritage 86">{{cite book |author=Gunawan Tjahjono |authorlink= |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url= |accessdate= |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |page= |pages=86-87}}</ref> is not used as a minaret, but as a place for [[bedug]], a huge drum which is beaten to the summons to prayer in Indonesia. This tower is similar to the Drumtowers of Hindu Balinese temples called ''kul-kul'', an integral components in Balinese temples. These may suggest a continuation of an earlier Hindu-Buddhist period into the Islamic era in Indonesia.<ref name="heritage 88"/> |
|||
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Militairen voor de moskee van Samalanga TMnr 10016556.jpg|left|thumb|A mosque in [[Samalanga]].]] |
|||
Intensive spice trade had strong influence on the Indonesian archipelago. As a result, the multi-storied roof architecture of mosques can be found from Aceh to Ambon.<ref name="heritage 96">{{cite book |author=Gunawan Tjahjono |authorlink= |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url= |accessdate= |year= |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn= |page= |pages=96-97}}</ref> |
Intensive spice trade had strong influence on the Indonesian archipelago. As a result, the multi-storied roof architecture of mosques can be found from Aceh to Ambon.<ref name="heritage 96">{{cite book |author=Gunawan Tjahjono |authorlink= |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url= |accessdate= |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |page= |pages=96-97}}</ref> |
||
See also explanations in the section ''[[List_of_mosques_in_Indonesia#By_regions|By regions]]'' below. |
|||
===Colonial period=== |
===Colonial period=== |
Revision as of 22:57, 5 January 2013
These are lists of mosques in Indonesia, based on
- The completion year of the building.
- The capacity of the building.
- Grouped into provinces
These lists only include notable mosques.
The Indonesian Mesjid Agung is translated as "Great Mosque", while Mesjid Raya is translated as "Grand Mosque".
Mesjid Keramat is translated as "Holy Mosque".
Mesjid Jami is translated as Jami Mosque, which refers to the mosque where the weekly Friday prayer take
History
Islam spread gradually in Indonesia from 12th century onwards, and especially during the 14th and 15th century. The advent of Islam did not lead to the introduction of a new building tradition, but saw the appropriation of existing architectural forms, which were reinterpreted to suit Muslim requirements.
Early Islamic architecture
Early Islamic architecture resembles a Majapahit era candi or gates. Most of the early Islamic mosques can still be found in Java, and the architectural style follows the existing building tradition in Java, in which four central posts support a soaring pyramidal roofs. None of the earliest Islamic structures in Sumatra survives. The characteristic of Islamic architecture include multi-tiered roofs, ceremonial gateways, and a variety of decorative elements such as elaborate clay finials for roof peaks.
The oldest surviving Indonesian mosques are quiet large and in most cases were closely associated with palaces.[1] The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia is the Great Mosque of Demak which is the royal mosque of the Sultanate of Demak, although this is not the oldest Islamic structure. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in Sultanate of Cirebon, Cirebon. The palace complex contains a chronogram which can be read as the Saka equivalent of AD 1454. Early Islamic palaces retain many features of pre-Islamic architecture. The Kasepuhan palace was probably begun in the late pre-Islamic period, and continued to grow during the Hinduism-to-Islam transitional period. The complex thus contains clues to the stages of the process of the gradual changes as Islam become incorporated into Indonesian architecture. Two of the Hindu features adopted into Islam in Kasepuhan palace is the two types of gateways - the split portal (candi bentar) which provides access to the public audience pavilion and the lintel gate (paduraksa) which leads to the front court of the Kasepuhan palace.
Minarets was not originally an integral part in Indonesian mosque.[2] The Menara Kudus Mosque's tower, with its pre-Islamic brick temple style,[3] is not used as a minaret, but as a place for bedug, a huge drum which is beaten to the summons to prayer in Indonesia. This tower is similar to the Drumtowers of Hindu Balinese temples called kul-kul, an integral components in Balinese temples. These may suggest a continuation of an earlier Hindu-Buddhist period into the Islamic era in Indonesia.[2]
Intensive spice trade had strong influence on the Indonesian archipelago. As a result, the multi-storied roof architecture of mosques can be found from Aceh to Ambon.[4]
See also explanations in the section By regions below.
Colonial period
Domes and pointed arches, a well-known features in central, south and southwest Asia did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century, when they were introduced by Dutch influence over local rulers. Indonesian scholars became familiar with the Near Eastern influence as they began to visit Islamic centers in Egypt and India.[4]
Post-independence
After the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, many older mosques built in traditional style were renovated and small domes were added to their square hipped roofs. Probably it was built in imitation of similar modifications made to the main mosque in the regional capital nearby.[4]
Since the 1970s, the appropriateness of traditional buildings has been politically acknowledged, and some layered hipped forms have been reinstated. President Soeharto contributed to this trend during the 1980s by instigating the Amal Bakti Muslim Pancasila Foundation which subsidized the erection of small mosques in less prosperous communities. The standardized design of these mosques includes three hipped roofs above a square prayer hall, reminiscent of the Great Mosque of Demak.[4]
Today, mosque architecture in Indonesia breaks apart from the multi-tiered traditions of traditional Javanese mosque. Most mosques in Indonesia today follows the Near Eastern influence e.g. Persian, Arabic, or Turkish style architecture.
Oldest mosques in Indonesia
To be listed in this category, the mosque has to be inaugurated in the pre-independence period of Indonesia (roughly before the 1950s) and have not been substantially altered in later periods. Mosques which have undergone major alteration should not be placed in this table.
The list is divided into two based on form: traditional mosques and eclectic mosques.
Traditional mosques
To be listed in this category, the architecture of the mosque has to show traditional style absent of Western or Middle-Eastern influence, such as the multi-tiered roofs.
Eclectic mosques
To be listed in this category, the architecture of the mosque has to show prominent European-Indian features such as pointed arches and domes.
Name | Images | Location | Year | Architectural style | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Great Mosque of Sumenep | Sumenep, East Java | 1787[13] | Mixed Chinese, Western, Javanese, Madurese | A mosque that exemplify Portuguese characteristics, not different with mosques in Sri Lanka. | |
Grand Mosque of Riau Sultanate | Penyengat Island, Riau Islands | 1844 (first built in 18th century, major alternation started in 1831)[14] | Malay, Indian, Turkish[14] | Reputedly the first mosque in Indonesia which employs a dome.[14] | |
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque | Banda Aceh, Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam | 1881 | Indo Islamic, Moorish | One of the oldest mosque in Aceh, the building survived the Tsunami 2004 | |
Palembang Grand Mosque | Palembang, South Sumatra | 1893 (established in 1748; major renovations in 1893, 1916, 1950s, and 1970s; major expansion in 1990s) | European, Malay, Chinese | The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate | |
Azizi Mosque | Tanjung Pura, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra | 1902[15] | Malay, Persian, Middle East, Chinese[15] | The royal mosque of the Langkat Sultanate[15] | |
Medan Grand Mosque | Medan, North Sumatra | 1906 | Indo Islamic, Moorish | The royal mosque of Deli Sultanate |
Largest mosques in Indonesia
Below is a list of large mosques of Indonesia. To be listed here, the building capacity of the mosque has to be at least 10,000 or more.
Name | Images | Building capacity | Area | Year | Location | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Istiqlal Mosque | 120,000 | 93,200 m2[16], 10,000 m2 (building)[16] | 1975 | Central Jakarta, Jakarta | National mosque and largest mosque in Indonesia | |
Al-Markaz Al-Islami Mosque | 50,000 | 10,000 m2, 6,932 (building) m2[17] | 2005 | Makassar, South Celebes | ||
Mosque of Samarinda Islamic Center | 40,000[18] | 2008 | Samarinda, East Kalimantan | |||
Dian Al-Mahri Mosque | 20,000 | 500,000 m2, 8,000 m2 (building) | Depok, West Java | |||
Grand mosque of West Sumatra | 20,000 (estimated) | not yet completed | Padang, West Sumatra | |||
Great Mosque of Central Java | 16,000[19] | 10,000 m2, 7,669 m2 (building)[19] | 2006 | Semarang, Central Java | Largest mosque in Central Java | |
Palembang Grand Mosque | 15,000[20] | 29,305 m2, 7,512 m2 (building)[20] | 1893 (established in 1748, major renovations in 1893, 1916, 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s) | Palembang, South Sumatra | The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate | |
Sabilal Muhtadin Grand Mosque | 15,000[21] | 100.000 m2, 5,250 m2 (building)[21] | 1979[citation needed] | Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan | Largest mosque in South Kalimantan.[citation needed] | |
Grand Mosque of Bandung | 12,412[22] | 23,448 m2, building: 8,575 m2[22] | 1812, 2003 (renovated to current form) | Bandung, West Java | Originally built in Sundanese-Javanese style in 1812, renovated to present condition in 2001-2003 | |
Grand Mosque of Makassar | 10,000[23] | 10,500 m2, 1,700 m2[23] | 1949, 1999 (renovated to current form) | Makassar, South Sulawesi | The main mosque of South Sulawesi. |
By regions
There are 239,497 registered mosques in Indonesia (2012).[24] To be included in this list, the mosque has to be a landmark of particular region, and most importantly, historically notable.
Mosques in bold have been listed in the table above.
Sumatra
In Aceh, royal mosque was a center of armed resistance to the Dutch in the 1870s, and therefore was destroyed in battle. Early prints show it as a structure with wide hipped roofs similar to those of a mosque still standing in the 17th century citadel of Sultan Iskandar Muda.
Traditionally, the architectural style of mosques in West Sumatra are characterized with three- or five-tiered roofs with the characteristic Minangkabau 'horned' roof profile. The roof is supported on ranks of concentric columns, often focusing on a towering central support which reaches the apex of the building. Some mosques are built on islands in artificial ponds. Traditional Minangkabau woodcarvings may be implemented in the facade.[4]
- Aceh
-
Ancient mosque of Indrapuri built above a Hindu candi in 17th century.
-
A mosque in Samalanga showing the traditional Javanese multi-tiered roofs.
-
The Great Mosque of Meulaboh, finished in 1999. The mosque survives the Boxing Day Tsunami.
- North Sumatra
- Riau
- West Sumatra
- Tuo Kayu Mosque, Solok Regency (1599)
- Ganting Grand Mosque, Padang
- Muhammadan Mosque, Padang
- Grand Mosque of West Sumatra, Padang
- Nurul Iman Mosque, Padang
- Andalas Grand Mosque, Padang
- Nanggalo Grand Mosque, Padang
- Teluk Bayur Grand Mosque, Padang
- Grand Mosque of Balai Gadang Mungo, Limapuluh Koto Regency (1914, 1920 (rebuilt))
- Rao Rao Mosque, Tanah Datar Regency
- Jami Mosque of Sungai Jambu, Tanah Datar Regency
- Jami Mosque of Taluak, Agam Regency
- Bingkudu Mosque, Agam Regency
- Bawan Tua Mosque, Agam Regency
- Grand Mosque of Koto Baru, South Solok Regency
- Tuo Koto Nan Ampek Mosque, Payakumbuh
- Nurul Islam Great Mosque, Sawahlunto
- Nurul Huda Mosque, Sawahlunto
- Grand Mosque of Sheik Burhanuddin, Padang Pariaman Regency
- Mutaqaddimin Mosque, Limapuluh Koto Regency
- Great Mosque of Natuna, Natuna Regency
- Grand Mosque of Bayur, Agam Regency (1999)
-
Typical Minangkabau mosque in a West Sumatran village.
-
Jami Mosque of Taluak in Agam Regency of West Sumatra.
- Riau Islands
- Jambi
- Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi, Sungai Penuh (1874)
- Ikhsaniyyah Mosque, Jambi City (1880)
-
Ikhsaniyyah Mosque.
-
Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi.
- Bengkulu
-
Akbar At-Taqwa Grand Mosque, the main mosque of Bengkulu.
- South Sumatra
- Great Mosque of Palembang, Palembang
- Cheng Ho Mosque, Palembang
- Bangka–Belitung Islands
-
Masjid di Takengon (1910-1930)
Java
- Banten
-
19th century lithograph of a mosque in Banten.
- West Java
- Main Mosque of University of Indonesia, Depok (1987).
- Grand Mosque of Bandung, Bandung
- Sang Cipta Rasa Great Mosque, Cirebon, part of the Kraton Kasepuhan (1480)
- At Taqwa Mosque, Cirebon (1951)
-
A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
-
Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s
-
A modern mosque in University of Indonesia follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.
- Jakarta
- Holy Mosque of Kampung Bandan
- Cut Mutiah Mosque
- Sunda Kelapa Mosque (1970)
- Istiqlal Mosque (1975). The largest mosque in Indonesia.
- Central Java
- Saka Tunggal Mosque, Purwokerto (1288 (founded) as written in the central post. Building has been altered ever since into a new form)
- Great Mosque of Demak, Demak (1466, reputedly the oldest mosque in Indonesia which keeps its original form.)
- Menara Kudus Mosque, Kudus (1526)
- Great Mosque of Surakarta, Surakarta (1768)
- Great Mosque of Central Java, Semarang (2006)
- Darussalam Mosque Purbalingga, Purbalingga (2004)
- Al-Ittihad Mosque Jatibarang, Jatibarang (2008). Largest mosque in Brebes.
-
A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
-
The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.
- Yogyakarta
- East Java
- Al Akbar Mosque, Surabaya
- Ampel Mosque, Surabaya
- Great Mosque of Malang, Malang
- Miftahul Jannah Mosque, Takerharjo, Solokuro, Lamongan
- Great Mosque of Sumenep, Sumenep
-
A 20th century photograph of a mosque in Surabaya]]
Lesser Sunda Islands
- West Nusa Tenggara
- Bayan Beleq Mosque, Bayan, Lombok Utara
-
An early 20th century photograph of a mosque in Bima.
Borneo
The kingdom of Banjar in South Kalimantan was the first Hindu Kingdom in Borneo to convert into Islam after its influence from the Sultanate of Demak. The architectural style shares similarities with the mosques of the Demak sultanates, especially the Great Mosque of Demak. During the course history, the Banjar develops its own architectural style. One of the main characteristic of Banjar mosque is the three- or five-tiered roof with steep top roof, compared to the relatively low-angled roof of Javanese mosque. Other characteristic is the absent of serambi (roofed porch) in Banjarese mosques, a traditional feature in Javanese mosques. The Banjarese mosque style is similar with the mosques of West Sumatra and are possibly related to other examples from peninsular Malaysia.[4]
Other characteristics are the employment of stilts in some mosques, a separate roof on the mihrab, the peaks of the roof are decorated with finials called pataka (the mustoko/memolo of Demak Sultanates) made of Borneo ironwood, ornaments on the corner of the roofs called jamang, and fences within the perimeter of the mosque area called kandang rasi. Other differences with the mosques of Java is that the Banjarese mosques contains no serambi (roofed porch), a traditional feature in Javanese mosques.
Banjar-style mosques can be found in Banjarmasin and Pontianak. The mosque Masjid Tinggi in Bagan Serai, Malaysia, is a Banjar-style mosque.
- West Kalimantan
- Jami Mosque of Sultan Nata, Sintang Regency (1672)
- Jami Mosque of Sambas, Sambas (1702)
- Jami Mosque of Pontianak, Pontianak (1821, first constructed in 1771)
- Babul Chair Mosque, Ketapang Regency
- Jami Mosque of Landak, Landak Regency (1895)
- Nurul Huda Mosque of Sungai Jawi, Ketapang Regency
- Central Kalimantan
- South Kalimantan
- Heritage Mosque of Banua Lawas, Banua Lawas (1625)
- Jami Mosque of Datu Abulung, Sungai Batang, Banjar Regency (18th century)
- Holy Mosque of Banua Halat, Tapin Regency (1840)
- Al-Karomah Great Mosque, Martapura (1863)
- Ba'angkat Mosque, Simpur
- Jami Mosque of Banjarmasin, Banjarmasin
- Jami Mosque of Sungai Banar, Amuntai, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency
- Kanas Mosque, Alalak, Banjarmasin (1980, established in 1938)
- Kelayan Muhammadiyah Mosque, Banjarmasin
- Grand Mosque of Sabilal Muhtadin, Banjarmasin
-
A Banjarese mosque by the river in Banjarmasin.
-
The original building of Al-Karomah Great Mosque.
-
Jami Mosque of Datu Abulung shows the typical Banjarese style with its steep roof and top roof ornament.
- East Kalimantan
- Aji Amir Hasanuddin Jami Mosque, Tenggarong, Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara
- Imanuddin Grand Mosque, Kabupaten Berau
- Darussalam Grand Mosque, Samarinda
- Mosque of Islamic Center Samarinda, Samarinda (2008)
- Shiratal Mustaqiem Mosque, Samarinda (1881)
- Sultan Suriansyah Mosque
Celebes
- South Sulawesi
- Grand Mosque of Makassar, Makassar (1949)
-
Masjid Gowa (1920s)
Maluku and Papua
Islam came to Maluku in the late 15th century via Java, with the strongest impact was felt in the spice islands of Ternate and Tidore. Features in the oldest mosque in the islands, such as the Sultan's Mosque of Ternate, imminates feature in the oldest Javanese mosques.[4]
- Maluku
- Wapauwe Mosque, Ambon (1614)[citation needed]
- North Maluku
References
- ^ Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
- ^ a b Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
- ^ a b Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gunawan Tjahjono (1998). Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
- ^ Turner, Peter (November 1995). Java. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 78–79. ISBN 0-86442-314-4.
- ^ "Masjid Kayu Jao Dijadikan Destinasi Wisata Religius". Media Indonesia. 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
- ^ "Masjid Kayu Jao yang Berusia 412 Tahun". Harian Haluan. 2011-09-19. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
- ^ Asnan Haroen (February 21, 2009). "Masjid Pusaka Tabalong Jadi Saksi Sejarah". Kaltim Post (in Indonesian). Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- ^ zal (2010). "Masjid Sultan Nata". Dinas Budaya dan Pariwisata Kalimantan Barat. Dinas Budaya dan Pariwisata Kalimantan Barat. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- ^ According to conversion of inscription in the door, which mentions the Hijri Year 1159, which is 1746 civil year.
- ^ a b "Masjid Jami Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre dan 27th ISLAND. duniamasjid.com. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- ^ Watson, C. W. (1992). [lucy.ukc.ac.uk/csacpub/watson/chap1.html Property and Inheritance in Kerinci, Central Sumatra]. Canterbury: CSAC Monographs. ISBN 0 904938 19 0. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
{{cite book}}
: Check|url=
value (help) - ^ Iskandar Zulkarnaen (2003). Sejarah Sumenep (in Indonesian). Sumenep: Dinas Pariwisata dan kebudayaan kabupaten Sumenep.
- ^ a b c Athonul Afif (July 2008). "Masjid Sultan Riau di Pulau Penyengat". Wisata Melayu. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- ^ a b c Noor Faddli Marh (November 2008). "Masjid Azizi Langkat". Wisata Melayu. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- ^ a b www.istiqlal.or.id Istiqlal Official Site
- ^ "Masjid Al-Markaz Al-Islami". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ^ "Masjid Islamic Senter Samarinda". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ^ a b "Masjid Agung Jawa Tengah". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ^ a b "Masjid Agung Palembang". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
- ^ a b "Masjid Raya Sabilal Muhtadin". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ^ a b "Masjid Raya Bandung". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ^ a b "Masjid Raya Makassar". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ^ Fenny Melisa (June 3, 2012). "Pertumbuhan Masjid di Indonesia Rendah". Republika. Retrieved December 31, 2012.