Jump to content

List of mosques in Indonesia: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Eclectic mosques: added mosuqes
→‎Borneo: added banjar info
Line 481: Line 481:


===Borneo===
===Borneo===
[[File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Moskee_langs_de_Barito-rivier_TMnr_60018687.jpg|thumb|right|A typical Banjarese mosque with its steep peak roof and stilts.]]
The mosques of Kalimantan, such as those in [[Banjarmasin]] and [[Pontianak]], have similar three- or five-tiered roof designs with the mosques of West Sumatra. These mosques are possibly related to other examples from peninsular Malaysia.<ref name="heritage 96"/>
The kingdom of [[Banjar people|Banjar]] in [[South Kalimantan]] was the first Hindu Kingdom in Borneo to convert into Islam after its influence from the Sultanate of Demak. The architectural style shares similarities with the mosques of the Demak sultanates, especially the Great Mosque of Demak. During the course history, the Banjar develops its own architectural style. One of the main characteristic of Banjar mosque is the three- or five-tiered roof with steep top roof, compared to the relatively low-angled roof of Javanese mosque. Other characteristic is the absent of ''serambi'' (roofed porch) in Banjarese mosques, a traditional feature in Javanese mosques. The Banjarese mosque style is similar with the mosques of West Sumatra and are possibly related to other examples from peninsular Malaysia.<ref name="heritage 96"/>

Other characteristics are the employment of [[stilt house|stilts]] in some mosques, a separate roof on the [[mihrab]], the peaks of the roof are decorated with finials called ''pataka'' (the ''mustoko/memolo'' of Demak Sultanates) made of [[Eusideroxylon zwageri|Borneo ironwood]], ornaments on the corner of the roofs called ''jamang'', and fences within the perimeter of the mosque area called ''kandang rasi''. Other differences with the mosques of Java is that the Banjarese mosques contains no ''serambi'' (roofed porch), a traditional feature in Javanese mosques.

Banjar-style mosques can be found in [[Banjarmasin]] and [[Pontianak]]. The mosque ''Masjid Tinggi'' in [[Bagan Serai]], [[Malaysia]], is a Banjar-style mosque.
*'''West Kalimantan'''
*'''West Kalimantan'''
** '''[[:id:Masjid Jamik Sultan Nata|Jami Mosque of Sultan Nata]]''', [[Sintang Regency]] (1672)
** '''[[:id:Masjid Jamik Sultan Nata|Jami Mosque of Sultan Nata]]''', [[Sintang Regency]] (1672)
** '''[[:id:Masjid Jami Pontianak|Jami Mosque of Pontianak]]''', [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]] (1821)
** [[:id:Masjid Jami Keraton Sambas|Jami Mosque of Sambas]], [[Sambas (town)|Sambas]] (1702)
** '''[[:id:Masjid Jami Pontianak|Jami Mosque of Pontianak]]''', [[Pontianak, Indonesia|Pontianak]] (1821, first constructed in 1771)
** [[:id:Masjid Babul Chair|Babul Chair Mosque]], [[Ketapang Regency]]
** [[:id:Masjid Babul Chair|Babul Chair Mosque]], [[Ketapang Regency]]
** [[:id:Masjid Djami Keraton Landak|Jami Mosque of Landak]], [[Landak Regency]]
** [[:id:Masjid Djami Keraton Landak|Jami Mosque of Landak]], [[Landak Regency]] (1895)
** [[:id:Masjid Jami Keraton Sambas|Jami Mosque of Sambas]], [[Sambas (town)|Sambas]]
** [[:id:Masjid Nurul Huda Sungai Jawi|Nurul Huda Mosque of Sungai Jawi]], Ketapang Regency
** [[:id:Masjid Nurul Huda Sungai Jawi|Nurul Huda Mosque of Sungai Jawi]], Ketapang Regency


*'''Central Kalimantan'''
*'''Central Kalimantan'''
** '''[[:id:Masjid Kiai Gede|Kiai Gede Mosque]]''', [[Kotawaringin Barat Regency]]
** '''[[:id:Masjid Kiai Gede|Kiai Gede Mosque]]''', [[Kotawaringin Barat Regency]] (1632)


*'''South Kalimantan'''
*'''South Kalimantan'''
** [[:id:Masjid Pusaka Banua Lawas|Heritage Mosque of Banua Lawas]], [[Banua Lawas, Tabalong|Banua Lawas]] (1625)
** '''[[:id:Masjid Pusaka Banua Lawas|Heritage Mosque of Banua Lawas]]''', [[Banua Lawas, Tabalong|Banua Lawas]] (1625)
** [[:id:Masjid Keramat Banua Halat|Holy Mosque of Banua Halat]], [[Tapin Regency]]
** [[:id:Masjid Jami Syekh Abdul Hamid Abulung|Jami Mosque of Datu Abulung]], Sungai Batang, [[Banjar Regency]] (18th century)
** [[:id:Masjid Agung Al-Karomah|Al-Karomah Great Mosque]], [[Martapura, Banjar|Martapura]]
** [[:id:Masjid Keramat Banua Halat|Holy Mosque of Banua Halat]], [[Tapin Regency]] (1840)
** [[:id:Masjid Agung Al-Karomah|Al-Karomah Great Mosque]], [[Martapura, Banjar|Martapura]] (1863)
** [[:id:Masjid Ba'angkat|Ba'angkat Mosque]], [[Simpur, Hulu Sungai Selatan|Simpur]]
** [[:id:Masjid Ba'angkat|Ba'angkat Mosque]], [[Simpur, Hulu Sungai Selatan|Simpur]]
** [[:id:Masjid Jami Banjarmasin|Jami Mosque of Banjarmasin]], [[Banjarmasin]]
** [[:id:Masjid Jami Banjarmasin|Jami Mosque of Banjarmasin]], [[Banjarmasin]]
Line 504: Line 511:
** [[:id:Masjid Raya Sabilal Muhtadin|Grand Mosque of Sabilal Muhtadin]], Banjarmasin
** [[:id:Masjid Raya Sabilal Muhtadin|Grand Mosque of Sabilal Muhtadin]], Banjarmasin
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Minaret bij een moskee aan de rivieroever te Bandjermasin op Zuid-Borneo TMnr 60042548.jpg|A mosque in Banjarmasin (1880-1920)
FILE:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Riviergezicht met moskee Bandjermasin TMnr 10016519.jpg|A Banjarese mosque by the river in Banjarmasin.
FILE:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Alun-alun met moskee Martapoera TMnr 60018755.jpg|The original building of Al-Karomah Great Mosque.
FILE:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Alun-alun met moskee Martapoera TMnr 60018755.jpg|The original building of Al-Karomah Great Mosque.
FILE:Masjid Jami Syekh Abdul Hamid Abulung.jpg|Jami Mosque of Datu Abulung shows the typical Banjarese style with its steep roof and top roof ornament.
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 513: Line 521:
** [[:id:Masjid Raya Darussalam|Darussalam Grand Mosque]], [[Samarinda]]
** [[:id:Masjid Raya Darussalam|Darussalam Grand Mosque]], [[Samarinda]]
** Mosque of Islamic Center Samarinda, Samarinda (2008)
** Mosque of Islamic Center Samarinda, Samarinda (2008)
** [[:id:Masjid Shiratal Mustaqiem|Shiratal Mustaqiem Mosque]], Samarinda
** [[:id:Masjid Shiratal Mustaqiem|Shiratal Mustaqiem Mosque]], Samarinda (1881)
** [[:id:Masjid Sultan Suriansyah|Sultan Suriansyah Mosque]]
** [[:id:Masjid Sultan Suriansyah|Sultan Suriansyah Mosque]]


Revision as of 22:34, 5 January 2013

The unique minaret of Kudus Mosque was built in the 16th century following the Hindu-Buddhist style of the Majapahit era.

These are lists of mosques in Indonesia, based on

  • The completion year of the building.
  • The capacity of the building.
  • Grouped into provinces

These lists only include notable mosques.

The Indonesian Mesjid Agung is translated as "Great Mosque", while Mesjid Raya is translated as "Grand Mosque".

Mesjid Keramat is translated as "Holy Mosque".

Mesjid Jami is translated as Jami Mosque, which refers to the mosque where the weekly Friday prayer take

History

Majapahit-styled gate at the mosque of Kudus.

Islam spread gradually in Indonesia from 12th century onwards, and especially during the 14th and 15th century. The advent of Islam did not lead to the introduction of a new building tradition, but saw the appropriation of existing architectural forms, which were reinterpreted to suit Muslim requirements.

Early Islamic architecture

Early Islamic architecture resembles a Majapahit era candi or gates. Most of the early Islamic mosques can still be found in Java, and the architectural style follows the existing building tradition in Java, in which four central posts support a soaring pyramidal roofs. None of the earliest Islamic structures in Sumatra survives. The characteristic of Islamic architecture include multi-tiered roofs, ceremonial gateways, and a variety of decorative elements such as elaborate clay finials for roof peaks.

The oldest mosque in Indonesia is the Great Mosque of Demak, although not the oldest Islamic structure. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in Sultanate of Cirebon, Cirebon. The palace complex contains a chronogram which can be read as the Saka equivalent of AD 1454. The Menara Kudus Mosque preserves its pre-Islamic brick temple, which has been converted into a drumtower.[1]

A mosque in Samalanga.

Intensive spice trade had strong influence on the Indonesian archipelago. As a result, the multi-storied roof architecture of mosques can be found from Aceh to Ambon.[2]

Colonial period

Domes and pointed arches, a well-known features in central, south and southwest Asia did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century, when they were introduced by Dutch influence over local rulers. Indonesian scholars became familiar with the Near Eastern influence as they began to visit Islamic centers in Egypt and India.[2]

Post-independence

After the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, many older mosques built in traditional style were renovated and small domes were added to their square hipped roofs. Probably it was built in imitation of similar modifications made to the main mosque in the regional capital nearby.[2]

Since the 1970s, the appropriateness of traditional buildings has been politically acknowledged, and some layered hipped forms have been reinstated. President Soeharto contributed to this trend during the 1980s by instigating the Amal Bakti Muslim Pancasila Foundation which subsidized the erection of small mosques in less prosperous communities. The standardized design of these mosques includes three hipped roofs above a square prayer hall, reminiscent of the Great Mosque of Demak.[2]

Al Azhar Mosque in Jakarta is influenced by the Near East more strongly than the vernacular style.

Today, mosque architecture in Indonesia breaks apart from the multi-tiered traditions of traditional Javanese mosque. Most mosques in Indonesia today follows the Near Eastern influence e.g. Persian, Arabic, or Turkish style architecture.

Oldest mosques in Indonesia

To be listed in this category, the mosque has to be inaugurated in the pre-independence period of Indonesia (roughly before the 1950s) and have not been substantially altered in later periods. Mosques which have undergone major alteration should not be placed in this table.

The list is divided into two based on form: traditional mosques and eclectic mosques.

Traditional mosques

To be listed in this category, the architecture of the mosque has to show traditional style absent of Western or Middle-Eastern influence, such as the multi-tiered roofs.

Name Images Location Year Architectural style Remarks
Great Mosque of Demak
Demak, Central Java 1466 Javanese The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia[1]
Menara Kudus Mosque
Kudus, Central Java 1549[3] Majapahit-style (minaret), Persian architecture (mosque)
Great Mosque of Banten
Banten, Banten 1560 Javanese
Tuo Kayu Mosque Jorong Kayu Jao, Solok Regency 1599[4][5] Minangkabau
Heritage Mosque of Banua Lawas
Banua Lawas, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan 1625[6] Banjar Oldest mosque in Kalimantan.
Kiai Gede Mosque Kotawaringin Barat Regency, Central Kalimantan 1632[citation needed] Javanese The construction of the mosque was initiated by the Sultanate of Banjar[citation needed]
Jami Mosque of Sultan Nata Sintang, Sintang Regency 1672[7] Javanese
Sultan Ternate Mosque
Early 20th century picture of the Sultan Ternate Mosque
 Ternate, North Maluku 17th century[citation needed] Javanese The construction of the mosque was initiated by the Sultanate of Ternate[citation needed]
Sultan Suriansyah Mosque
Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan 1746[8] Javanese-Banjar Established in the 16th century, it is the oldest mosque in Borneo based on its year of establishment. The form of the building has been altered in the 18th century.
Yogyakarta Grand Mosque
Yogyakarta (city), Special Region of Yogyakarta 1773 Javanese The royal mosque of Yogyakarta Sultanate
Ganting Grand Mosque
Padang, West Sumatra 1805 Javanese Oldest mosque in Padang and one of the largest in the city.
Jami Mosque of Pontianak Pontianak, West Kalimantan 1821 (construction started)[9] Javanese The first mosque of West Kalimantan and the largest in the province.[9]
Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi
Sungai Penuh, Jambi 1902[10] Jambi vernacular

Eclectic mosques

To be listed in this category, the architecture of the mosque has to show prominent European-Indian features such as pointed arches and domes.

Name Images Location Year Architectural style Remarks
Great Mosque of Sumenep
Sumenep, East Java 1787[11] Mixed Chinese, Western, Javanese, Madurese A mosque that exemplify Portuguese characteristics, not different with mosques in Sri Lanka.
Grand Mosque of Riau Sultanate Penyengat Island, Riau Islands 1844 (first built in 18th century, major alternation started in 1831)[12] Malay, Indian, Turkish[12] Reputedly the first mosque in Indonesia which employs a dome.[12]
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
Banda Aceh, Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam 1881 Indo Islamic, Moorish One of the oldest mosque in Aceh, the building survived the Tsunami 2004
Palembang Grand Mosque
Palembang, South Sumatra 1893 (established in 1748; major renovations in 1893, 1916, 1950s, and 1970s; major expansion in 1990s) European, Malay, Chinese The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate
Azizi Mosque
Tanjung Pura, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra 1902[13] Malay, Persian, Middle East, Chinese[13] The royal mosque of the Langkat Sultanate[13]
Medan Grand Mosque
Medan, North Sumatra 1906 Indo Islamic, Moorish The royal mosque of Deli Sultanate

Largest mosques in Indonesia

Below is a list of large mosques of Indonesia. To be listed here, the building capacity of the mosque has to be at least 10,000 or more.

Name Images Building capacity Area Year Location Remarks
Istiqlal Mosque
120,000 93,200 m2[14], 10,000 m2 (building)[14] 1975 Central Jakarta, Jakarta National mosque and largest mosque in Indonesia
Al-Markaz Al-Islami Mosque 50,000 10,000 m2, 6,932 (building) m2[15] 2005 Makassar, South Celebes
Mosque of Samarinda Islamic Center
File:IslamicCenter1.jpg
 40,000[16] 2008 Samarinda, East Kalimantan
Dian Al-Mahri Mosque 20,000 500,000 m2, 8,000 m2 (building) Depok, West Java
Grand mosque of West Sumatra
File:Masjid Raya Sumatera Barat.JPG
 20,000 (estimated) not yet completed Padang, West Sumatra

0°55′26″S 100°21′44″E / 0.92380°S 100.3623°E / -0.92380; 100.3623 (Grand mosque of West Sumatra)

Great Mosque of Central Java
File:Mesjid Agung Semarang 2009.jpg
 16,000[17] 10,000 m2, 7,669 m2 (building)[17] 2006 Semarang, Central Java Largest mosque in Central Java
Palembang Grand Mosque
15,000[18] 29,305 m2, 7,512 m2 (building)[18] 1893 (established in 1748, major renovations in 1893, 1916, 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s) Palembang, South Sumatra The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate
Sabilal Muhtadin Grand Mosque
File:Sabilal Muhtadin.JPG
 15,000[19] 100.000 m2, 5,250 m2 (building)[19] 1979[citation needed] Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan Largest mosque in South Kalimantan.[citation needed]
Grand Mosque of Bandung
12,412[20] 23,448 m2, building: 8,575 m2[20] 1812, 2003 (renovated to current form) Bandung, West Java Originally built in Sundanese-Javanese style in 1812, renovated to present condition in 2001-2003
Grand Mosque of Makassar
10,000[21] 10,500 m2, 1,700 m2[21] 1949, 1999 (renovated to current form) Makassar, South Sulawesi The main mosque of South Sulawesi.

By provinces

There are 239,497 registered mosques in Indonesia (2012).[22] To be included in this list, the mosque has to be a landmark of particular region, and most importantly, historically notable or contains authentic vernacular architecture.

Mosques in bold have been listed in the table above.

Sumatra

The 17th century Jami Mosque of Indrapuri in Aceh stands on a former Hindu temple of Indrapuri.

In Aceh, royal mosque was a center of armed resistance to the Dutch in the 1870s, and therefore was destroyed in battle. Early prints show it as a structure with wide hipped roofs similar to those of a mosque still standing in the 17th century citadel of Sultan Iskandar Muda.

Traditionally, the architectural style of mosques in West Sumatra are characterized with three- or five-tiered roofs with the characteristic Minangkabau 'horned' roof profile. The roof is supported on ranks of concentric columns, often focusing on a towering central support which reaches the apex of the building. Some mosques are built on islands in artificial ponds. Traditional Minangkabau woodcarvings may be implemented in the facade.[2]

  • Ancient mosque of Indrapuri built above a Hindu candi in 17th century.
    Ancient mosque of Indrapuri built above a Hindu candi in 17th century.
  • A mosque in Samalanga showing the traditional Javanese multi-tiered roofs.
    A mosque in Samalanga showing the traditional Javanese multi-tiered roofs.
  • The Great Mosque of Meulaboh, finished in 1999. The mosque survives the Boxing Day Tsunami.
    The Great Mosque of Meulaboh, finished in 1999. The mosque survives the Boxing Day Tsunami.
  • Typical Minangkabau mosque in a West Sumatran village.
    Typical Minangkabau mosque in a West Sumatran village.
  • Jami Mosque of Taluak in Agam Regency of West Sumatra.
    Jami Mosque of Taluak in Agam Regency of West Sumatra.
  • Ikhsaniyyah Mosque.
    Ikhsaniyyah Mosque.
  • Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi.
    Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi.
  • Akbar At-Taqwa Grand Mosque, the main mosque of Bengkulu.
    Akbar At-Taqwa Grand Mosque, the main mosque of Bengkulu.

Java

  • 19th century lithograph of a mosque in Banten.
    19th century lithograph of a mosque in Banten.
  • A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
    A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
  • Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s
    Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s
  • A modern mosque in University of Indonesia follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.
    A modern mosque in University of Indonesia follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.


  • A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
    A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
  • The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.
    The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.
  • A 20th century photograph of a mosque in Surabaya]]
    A 20th century photograph of a mosque in Surabaya]]

Lesser Sunda Islands

  • An early 20th century photograph of a mosque in Bima.
    An early 20th century photograph of a mosque in Bima.

Borneo

A typical Banjarese mosque with its steep peak roof and stilts.

The kingdom of Banjar in South Kalimantan was the first Hindu Kingdom in Borneo to convert into Islam after its influence from the Sultanate of Demak. The architectural style shares similarities with the mosques of the Demak sultanates, especially the Great Mosque of Demak. During the course history, the Banjar develops its own architectural style. One of the main characteristic of Banjar mosque is the three- or five-tiered roof with steep top roof, compared to the relatively low-angled roof of Javanese mosque. Other characteristic is the absent of serambi (roofed porch) in Banjarese mosques, a traditional feature in Javanese mosques. The Banjarese mosque style is similar with the mosques of West Sumatra and are possibly related to other examples from peninsular Malaysia.[2]

Other characteristics are the employment of stilts in some mosques, a separate roof on the mihrab, the peaks of the roof are decorated with finials called pataka (the mustoko/memolo of Demak Sultanates) made of Borneo ironwood, ornaments on the corner of the roofs called jamang, and fences within the perimeter of the mosque area called kandang rasi. Other differences with the mosques of Java is that the Banjarese mosques contains no serambi (roofed porch), a traditional feature in Javanese mosques.

Banjar-style mosques can be found in Banjarmasin and Pontianak. The mosque Masjid Tinggi in Bagan Serai, Malaysia, is a Banjar-style mosque.

  • A Banjarese mosque by the river in Banjarmasin.
    A Banjarese mosque by the river in Banjarmasin.
  • The original building of Al-Karomah Great Mosque.
    The original building of Al-Karomah Great Mosque.
  • Jami Mosque of Datu Abulung shows the typical Banjarese style with its steep roof and top roof ornament.
    Jami Mosque of Datu Abulung shows the typical Banjarese style with its steep roof and top roof ornament.

Celebes

  • Masjid Gowa (1920s)
    Masjid Gowa (1920s)

Maluku and Papua

Islam came to Maluku in the late 15th century via Java, with the strongest impact was felt in the spice islands of Ternate and Tidore. Features in the oldest mosque in the islands, such as the Sultan's Mosque of Ternate, imminates feature in the oldest Javanese mosques.[2]

  • Papua

References

  1. ^ a b Gunawan Tjahjono. Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 86–87.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Gunawan Tjahjono. Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 96–97.
  3. ^ Turner, Peter (November 1995). Java. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 78–79. ISBN 0-86442-314-4.
  4. ^ "Masjid Kayu Jao Dijadikan Destinasi Wisata Religius". Media Indonesia. 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
  5. ^ "Masjid Kayu Jao yang Berusia 412 Tahun". Harian Haluan. 2011-09-19. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  6. ^ Asnan Haroen (February 21, 2009). "Masjid Pusaka Tabalong Jadi Saksi Sejarah". Kaltim Post (in Indonesian). Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  7. ^ zal (2010). "Masjid Sultan Nata". Dinas Budaya dan Pariwisata Kalimantan Barat. Dinas Budaya dan Pariwisata Kalimantan Barat. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  8. ^ According to conversion of inscription in the door, which mentions the Hijri Year 1159, which is 1746 civil year.
  9. ^ a b "Masjid Jami Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre dan 27th ISLAND. duniamasjid.com. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  10. ^ Watson, C. W. (1992). [lucy.ukc.ac.uk/csacpub/watson/chap1.html Property and Inheritance in Kerinci, Central Sumatra]. Canterbury: CSAC Monographs. ISBN 0 904938 19 0. Retrieved January 1, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  11. ^ Iskandar Zulkarnaen (2003). Sejarah Sumenep (in Indonesian). Sumenep: Dinas Pariwisata dan kebudayaan kabupaten Sumenep.
  12. ^ a b c Athonul Afif (July 2008). "Masjid Sultan Riau di Pulau Penyengat". Wisata Melayu. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  13. ^ a b c Noor Faddli Marh (November 2008). "Masjid Azizi Langkat". Wisata Melayu. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  14. ^ a b www.istiqlal.or.id Istiqlal Official Site
  15. ^ "Masjid Al-Markaz Al-Islami". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  16. ^ "Masjid Islamic Senter Samarinda". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  17. ^ a b "Masjid Agung Jawa Tengah". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  18. ^ a b "Masjid Agung Palembang". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  19. ^ a b "Masjid Raya Sabilal Muhtadin". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  20. ^ a b "Masjid Raya Bandung". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  21. ^ a b "Masjid Raya Makassar". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  22. ^ Fenny Melisa (June 3, 2012). "Pertumbuhan Masjid di Indonesia Rendah". Republika. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mosques_in_Indonesia&oldid=531520048"