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| [[Semarang]], [[Central Java]]
| [[Semarang]], [[Central Java]]
| Largest mosque in Central Java
| Largest mosque in Central Java

|- valign=top
| [[:id:Masjid Agung Palembang|Palembang Grand Mosque]]
| [[File:Masjid Agung Palembang.jpg|150px|center|none]]
| 15,000<ref name="masjid-palembang">{{cite web |language=Indonesian |url=http://duniamasjid.com/371/masjid-agung-palembang/ |title=Masjid Agung Palembang |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work=Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND |publisher=DuniaMasjid.com |accessdate=January 6, 2013}}</ref>
| 29,305 m<sup>2</sup>, 7,512 m<sup>2</sup> (building)<ref name="masjid-palembang"/>
| 1893 (established in 1748, major renovations in 1893, 1916, 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s)
| [[Palembang]], [[South Sumatra]]
| The royal mosque of [[Palembang Sultanate]]

|- valign=top
|- valign=top
| [[:id:Masjid Raya Sabilal Muhtadin|Sabilal Muhtadin Grand Mosque]]
| [[:id:Masjid Raya Sabilal Muhtadin|Sabilal Muhtadin Grand Mosque]]
Line 273: Line 283:
| Largest mosque in South Kalimantan.{{cn|date=January 2013}}
| Largest mosque in South Kalimantan.{{cn|date=January 2013}}
|- valign=top
|- valign=top
| [[:id:Masjid Raya Bandung|Bandung Grand Mosque]]
| [[:id:Masjid Raya Bandung|Grand Mosque of Bandung]]
| [[File:Mesjid Agung Bandung.JPG|150px|center]]
| [[File:Mesjid Agung Bandung.JPG|150px|center]]
| 12,412<ref name="bandung">{{cite web |language=Indonesian |url=http://duniamasjid.com/547/masjid-raya-bandung/ |title=Masjid Raya Bandung |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work=Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND |publisher=DuniaMasjid.com |accessdate=January 3, 2013}}</ref>
| 12,412<ref name="bandung">{{cite web |language=Indonesian |url=http://duniamasjid.com/547/masjid-raya-bandung/ |title=Masjid Raya Bandung |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |work=Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND |publisher=DuniaMasjid.com |accessdate=January 3, 2013}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:41, 5 January 2013

The unique minaret of Kudus Mosque was built in the 16th century following the Hindu-Buddhist style of the Majapahit era.

These are lists of mosques in Indonesia, based on

  • The completion year of the building.
  • The capacity of the building.
  • Grouped into provinces

These lists only include notable mosques.

The Indonesian Mesjid Agung is translated as "Great Mosque", while Mesjid Raya is translated as "Grand Mosque".

Mesjid Keramat is translated as "Holy Mosque".

Mesjid Jami is translated as Jami Mosque, which refers to the mosque where the weekly Friday prayer take

History

Majapahit-styled gate at the mosque of Kudus.

Islam spread gradually in Indonesia from 12th century onwards, and especially during the 14th and 15th century. The advent of Islam did not lead to the introduction of a new building tradition, but saw the appropriation of existing architectural forms, which were reinterpreted to suit Muslim requirements.

Early Islamic architecture

Early Islamic architecture resembles a Majapahit era candi or gates. Most of the early Islamic mosques can still be found in Java, and the architectural style follows the existing building tradition in Java, in which four central posts support a soaring pyramidal roofs. None of the earliest Islamic structures in Sumatra survives. The characteristic of Islamic architecture include multi-tiered roofs, ceremonial gateways, and a variety of decorative elements such as elaborate clay finials for roof peaks.

The oldest mosque in Indonesia is the Great Mosque of Demak, although not the oldest Islamic structure. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in Sultanate of Cirebon, Cirebon. The palace complex contains a chronogram which can be read as the Saka equivalent of AD 1454. The Menara Kudus Mosque preserves its pre-Islamic brick temple, which has been converted into a drumtower.[1]

A mosque in Samalanga.

Intensive spice trade had strong influence on the Indonesian archipelago. As a result, the multi-storied roof architecture of mosques can be found from Aceh to Ambon.[2]

Colonial period

Domes and pointed arches, a well-known features in central, south and southwest Asia did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century, when they were introduced by Dutch influence over local rulers.[2]

Post-independence

After the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, many older mosques built in traditional style were renovated and small domes were added to their square hipped roofs. Probably it was built in imitation of similar modifications made to the main mosque in the regional capital nearby.[2]

Since the 1970s, the appropriateness of traditional buildings has been politically acknowledged, and some layered hipped forms have been reinstated. President Soeharto contributed to this trend during the 1980s by instigating the Amal Bakti Muslim Pancasila Foundation which subsidized the erection of small mosques in less prosperous communities. The standardized design of these mosques includes three hipped roofs above a square prayer hall, reminiscent of the Great Mosque of Demak.[2]

Al Azhar Mosque in Jakarta is influenced by the Near East more strongly than the vernacular style.

Today, mosque architecture in Indonesia breaks apart from the multi-tiered traditions of traditional Javanese mosque. Most mosques in Indonesia today follows the Near Eastern influence e.g. Persian, Arabic, or Turkish style architecture.

Oldest mosques in Indonesia

To be listed in this category, the mosque has to be inaugurated in the pre-independence period of Indonesia (roughly before the 1950s) and have not been substantially altered in later periods. Mosques which have undergone major alteration should not be placed in this table.

The list is divided into two based on form: traditional mosques and eclectic mosques.

Traditional mosques

To be listed in this category, the architecture of the mosque has to show traditional style absent of Western or Middle-Eastern influence, such as the multi-tiered roofs.

Name Images Location Year Architectural style Remarks
Great Mosque of Demak
Demak, Central Java 1466 Javanese The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia[1]
Menara Kudus Mosque
Kudus, Central Java 1549[3] Majapahit-style (minaret), Persian architecture (mosque)
Great Mosque of Banten
Banten, Banten 1560 Javanese
Tuo Kayu Mosque Jorong Kayu Jao, Solok Regency 1599[4][5] Minangkabau
Kiai Gede Mosque Kotawaringin Barat Regency, Central Kalimantan 1632[citation needed] Javanese The construction of the mosque was initiated by the Sultanate of Banjar[citation needed]
Jami Mosque of Sultan Nata Sintang, Sintang Regency 1672[6] Javanese
Sultan Ternate Mosque Early 20th century picture of the Sultan Ternate Mosque Ternate, North Maluku 17th century[citation needed] Javanese The construction of the mosque was initiated by the Sultanate of Ternate[citation needed]
Sultan Suriansyah Mosque
Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan 1746[7] Javanese-Banjar The oldest mosque in South Kalimantan.
Yogyakarta Grand Mosque
Yogyakarta (city), Special Region of Yogyakarta 1773 Javanese The royal mosque of Yogyakarta Sultanate
Ganting Grand Mosque
Padang, West Sumatra 1805 Javanese Oldest mosque in Padang and one of the largest in the city.
Jami Mosque of Pontianak Pontianak, West Kalimantan 1821 (construction started)[8] Javanese The first mosque of West Kalimantan and the largest in the province.[8]
Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi
Sungai Penuh, Jambi 1902[9] Jambi vernacular

Eclectic mosques

To be listed in this category, the architecture of the mosque has to show prominent European-Indian features such as pointed arches and domes.

Name Images Location Year Architectural style Remarks
Great Mosque of Sumenep
Sumenep, East Java 1787[10] Mixed Chinese, Western, Javanese, Madurese A mosque that exemplify Portuguese characteristics, not different with mosques in Sri Lanka.
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
Banda Aceh, Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam 1881 Indo Islamic, Moorish One of the oldest mosque in Aceh, the building survived the Tsunami 2004
Palembang Grand Mosque
Palembang, South Sumatra 1893 (established in 1748; major renovations in 1893, 1916, 1950s, and 1970s; major expansion in 1990s) Malay-Chinese The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate
Medan Grand Mosque
Medan, North Sumatra 1906 Indo Islamic, Moorish The royal mosque of Deli Sultanate

Largest mosques in Indonesia

Below is a list of large mosques of Indonesia. To be listed here, the building capacity of the mosque has to be at least 10,000 or more.

Name Images Building capacity Area Year Location Remarks
Istiqlal Mosque
120,000 93,200 m2[11], 10,000 m2 (building)[11] 1975 Central Jakarta, Jakarta National mosque and largest mosque in Indonesia
Al-Markaz Al-Islami Mosque 50,000 10,000 m2, 6,932 (building) m2[12] 2005 Makassar, South Celebes
Mosque of Samarinda Islamic Center
File:IslamicCenter1.jpg
 40,000[13] 2008 Samarinda, East Kalimantan
Dian Al-Mahri Mosque 20,000 500,000 m2, 8,000 m2 (building) Depok, West Java
Grand mosque of West Sumatra
File:Masjid Raya Sumatera Barat.JPG
 20,000 (estimated) not yet completed Padang, West Sumatra

0°55′26″S 100°21′44″E / 0.92380°S 100.3623°E / -0.92380; 100.3623 (Grand mosque of West Sumatra)

Great Mosque of Central Java
File:Mesjid Agung Semarang 2009.jpg
 16,000[14] 10,000 m2, 7,669 m2 (building)[14] 2006 Semarang, Central Java Largest mosque in Central Java
Palembang Grand Mosque
15,000[15] 29,305 m2, 7,512 m2 (building)[15] 1893 (established in 1748, major renovations in 1893, 1916, 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s) Palembang, South Sumatra The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate
Sabilal Muhtadin Grand Mosque
File:Sabilal Muhtadin.JPG
 15,000[16] 100.000 m2, 5,250 m2 (building)[16] 1979[citation needed] Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan Largest mosque in South Kalimantan.[citation needed]
Grand Mosque of Bandung
12,412[17] 23,448 m2, building: 8,575 m2[17] 1812, 2003 (renovated to current form) Bandung, West Java Originally built in Sundanese-Javanese style in 1812, renovated to present condition in 2001-2003
Grand Mosque of Makassar
10,000[18] 10,500 m2, 1,700 m2[18] 1949, 1999 (renovated to current form) Makassar, South Sulawesi The main mosque of South Sulawesi.

By provinces

There are 239,497 registered mosques in Indonesia (2012).[19] To be included in this list, the mosque has to be a landmark of particular region, and most importantly, historically notable or contains authentic vernacular architecture.

Mosques in bold have been listed in the table above.

Sumatra

The 17th century Jami Mosque of Indrapuri in Aceh stands on a former Hindu temple of Indrapuri.

In Aceh, royal mosque was a center of armed resistance to the Dutch in the 1870s, and therefore was destroyed in battle. Early prints show it as a structure with wide hipped roofs similar to those of a mosque still standing in the 17th century citadel of Sultan Iskandar Muda.

Traditionally, the architectural style of mosques in West Sumatra are characterized with three- or five-tiered roofs with the characteristic Minangkabau 'horned' roof profile. The roof is supported on ranks of concentric columns, often focusing on a towering central support which reaches the apex of the building. Some mosques are built on islands in artificial ponds. Traditional Minangkabau woodcarvings may be implemented in the facade.[2]

  • Ancient mosque of Indrapuri built above a Hindu candi in 17th century.
    Ancient mosque of Indrapuri built above a Hindu candi in 17th century.
  • A mosque in Samalanga showing the traditional Javanese multi-tiered roofs.
    A mosque in Samalanga showing the traditional Javanese multi-tiered roofs.
  • The Great Mosque of Meulaboh, finished in 1999. The mosque survives the Boxing Day Tsunami.
    The Great Mosque of Meulaboh, finished in 1999. The mosque survives the Boxing Day Tsunami.
  • Typical Minangkabau mosque in a West Sumatran village.
    Typical Minangkabau mosque in a West Sumatran village.
  • Jami Mosque of Taluak in Agam Regency of West Sumatra.
    Jami Mosque of Taluak in Agam Regency of West Sumatra.
  • Ikhsaniyyah Mosque.
    Ikhsaniyyah Mosque.
  • Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi.
    Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi.
  • Akbar At-Taqwa Grand Mosque, the main mosque of Bengkulu.
    Akbar At-Taqwa Grand Mosque, the main mosque of Bengkulu.

Java

  • 19th century lithograph of a mosque in Banten.
    19th century lithograph of a mosque in Banten.
  • A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
    A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
  • Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s
    Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s
  • A modern mosque in University of Indonesia follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.
    A modern mosque in University of Indonesia follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.


  • A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
    A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
  • The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.
    The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.
  • A 20th century photograph of a mosque in Surabaya]]
    A 20th century photograph of a mosque in Surabaya]]

Lesser Sunda Islands

  • An early 20th century photograph of a mosque in Bima.
    An early 20th century photograph of a mosque in Bima.

Borneo

The mosques of Kalimantan, such as those in Banjarmasin and Pontianak, have similar three- or five-tiered roof designs with the mosques of West Sumatra. These mosques are possibly related to other examples from peninsular Malaysia.[2]

  • A mosque in Banjarmasin (1880-1920)
    A mosque in Banjarmasin (1880-1920)
  • The original building of Al-Karomah Great Mosque, which has been completely renovated.
    The original building of Al-Karomah Great Mosque, which has been completely renovated.

Celebes

  • Masjid Gowa (1920s)
    Masjid Gowa (1920s)

Maluku and Papua

Islam came to Maluku in the late 15th century via Java, with the strongest impact was felt in the spice islands of Ternate and Tidore. Features in the oldest mosque in the islands, such as the Sultan's Mosque of Ternate, imminates feature in the oldest Javanese mosques.[2]

  • Papua

References

  1. ^ a b Gunawan Tjahjono. Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 86–87.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Gunawan Tjahjono. Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 96–97.
  3. ^ Turner, Peter (November 1995). Java. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 78–79. ISBN 0-86442-314-4.
  4. ^ "Masjid Kayu Jao Dijadikan Destinasi Wisata Religius". Media Indonesia. 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
  5. ^ "Masjid Kayu Jao yang Berusia 412 Tahun". Harian Haluan. 2011-09-19. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
  6. ^ zal (2010). "Masjid Sultan Nata". Dinas Budaya dan Pariwisata Kalimantan Barat. Dinas Budaya dan Pariwisata Kalimantan Barat. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  7. ^ According to conversion of inscription in the door, which mentions the Hijri Year 1159, which is 1746 civil year.
  8. ^ a b "Masjid Jami Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre dan 27th ISLAND. duniamasjid.com. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  9. ^ Watson, C. W. (1992). [lucy.ukc.ac.uk/csacpub/watson/chap1.html Property and Inheritance in Kerinci, Central Sumatra]. Canterbury: CSAC Monographs. ISBN 0 904938 19 0. Retrieved January 1, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  10. ^ Iskandar Zulkarnaen (2003). Sejarah Sumenep (in Indonesian). Sumenep: Dinas Pariwisata dan kebudayaan kabupaten Sumenep.
  11. ^ a b www.istiqlal.or.id Istiqlal Official Site
  12. ^ "Masjid Al-Markaz Al-Islami". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  13. ^ "Masjid Islamic Senter Samarinda". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  14. ^ a b "Masjid Agung Jawa Tengah". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  15. ^ a b "Masjid Agung Palembang". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  16. ^ a b "Masjid Raya Sabilal Muhtadin". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  17. ^ a b "Masjid Raya Bandung". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  18. ^ a b "Masjid Raya Makassar". Humas Jakarta Islamic Centre and 27th ISLAND (in Indonesian). DuniaMasjid.com. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  19. ^ Fenny Melisa (June 3, 2012). "Pertumbuhan Masjid di Indonesia Rendah". Republika. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
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