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===Central Java===
===Central Java===
* [[Al-Ittihad Mosque Jatibarang|Al-Ittihad Mosque Jatibarang]], [[Jatibarang]] (2008). Largest mosque in Brebes.
* [[Al-Ittihad Mosque Jatibarang|Al-Ittihad Mosque Jatibarang]], [[Jatibarang]] (2008). Largest mosque in Brebes.
* [[:id:Masjid Menara Kudus|Menara Kudus Mosque]], [[Kudus]]
* [[Menara Kudus Mosque]], [[Kudus]]
* '''[[Demak Great Mosque|Great Mosque of Demak]]''', [[Demak]]
* '''[[Demak Great Mosque|Great Mosque of Demak]]''', [[Demak]] (15th century)
* [[:id:Masjid Agung Jawa Tengah|Grand Mosque of Central Java]], [[Semarang]]
* [[Great Mosque of Central Java]], [[Semarang]] (2006)
* [[:id:Masjid Agung Kraton Surakarta|Grand Mosque of Surakarta]], [[Surakarta]]
* [[:id:Masjid Agung Kraton Surakarta|Great Mosque of Surakarta]], [[Surakarta]] (1768)
<gallery>
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moskee Indonesië TMnr 10016740.jpg|A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De minaret bij de moskee van Koedoes TMnr 10016507.jpg|The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.
</gallery>


===Yogyakarta===
===Yogyakarta===

Revision as of 10:22, 1 January 2013

The unique minaret of Kudus Mosque was built in the 16th century following the Hindu-Buddhist style of the Majapahit era.

This is a list of mosques in Indonesia. The first list is based on its year of construction from the oldest. The second list mentions notable mosques which are grouped into provinces.

The Indonesian Mesjid Agung is translated as "Great Mosque", while Mesjid Raya is translated as "Grand Mosque".

Mesjid Keramat is translated as "Holy Mosque".

Mesjid Jami is translated as Jami Mosque, which refers to the mosque where the weekly Friday prayer take

History

Majapahit-styled gate at the mosque of Kudus.

Islam spread gradually in Indonesia from 12th century onwards, and especially during the 14th and 15th century. The advent of Islam did not lead to the introduction of a new building tradition, but saw the appropriation of existing architectural forms, which were reinterpreted to suit Muslim requirements.

Early Islamic architecture

Early Islamic architecture resembles a Majapahit era candi or gates. Most of the early Islamic mosques can still be found in Java, and the architectural style follows the existing building tradition in Java, in which four central posts support a soaring pyramidal roofs. None of the earliest Islamic structures in Sumatra survives. The characteristic of Islamic architecture include multi-tiered roofs, ceremonial gateways, and a variety of decorative elements such as elaborate clay finials for roof peaks.

The oldest mosque in Indonesia is the Great Mosque of Demak, although not the oldest Islamic structure. The oldest Islamic structure in Indonesia are parts of the royal palace in Sultanate of Cirebon, Cirebon. The palace complex contains a chronogram which can be read as the Saka equivalent of AD 1454. The Menara Kudus Mosque preserves its pre-Islamic brick temple, which has been converted into a drumtower.[1]

A mosque in Samalanga.

Intensive spice trade had strong influence on the Indonesian archipelago. As a result, the multi-storied roof architecture of mosques can be found from Aceh to Ambon.[2]

Colonial period

Domes and pointed arches, a well-known features in central, south and southwest Asia did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century, when they were introduced by Dutch influence over local rulers.[2]

After the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, many older mosques built in traditional style were renovated and small domes were added to their square hipped roofs. Probably it was built in imitation of similar modifications made to the main mosque in the regional capital nearby.[2]

Post-independence

Since the 1970s, the appropriateness of traditional buildings has been politically acknowledged, and some layered hipped forms have been reinstated. President Soeharto contributed to this trend during the 1980s by instigating the Amal Bakti Muslim Pancasila Foundation which subsidized the erection of small mosques in less prosperous communities. The standardized design of these mosques includes three hipped roofs above a square prayer hall, reminiscent of the Great Mosque of Demak.[2]

Al Azhar Mosque in Jakarta is influenced by the Near East more strongly than the vernacular style.

Today, mosque architecture in Indonesia breaks apart from the multi-tiered traditions of traditional Javanese mosque. Most mosques in Indonesia today follows the Near Eastern influence e.g. Persian, Arabic, or Turkish style architecture.

Oldest mosques in Indonesia

To be listed in this category, the mosque has to be inaugurated in the pre-independence period of Indonesia (roughly before the 1950s). Notable mosques that are inaugurated after 1950s can be listed in the second category.

Name Images Province City Year Architectural style Remarks
Demak Grand Mosque
Central Java Demak 1466 Javanese The oldest mosque in Java, the royal mosque of the Sultanate of Demak, the first Islamic kingdom in Java.
Sultan Suriansyah Mosque
South Kalimantan Banjarmasin 1526 Javanese-Banjar The oldest mosque in South Kalimantan.
Great Mosque of Banten
Banten Banten 1560 Javanese, Colonial architecture on the extension The royal mosque of the Sultanate of Banten
Kiai Gede Mosque Central Kalimantan Kotawaringin Barat Regency 1632[citation needed] Javanese The construction of the mosque was initiated by the Sultanate of Banjar[citation needed]
Sultan Ternate Mosque Early 20th century picture of the Sultan Ternate Mosque North Maluku Ternate 17th century[citation needed] Javanese The construction of the mosque was initiated by the Sultanate of Ternate[citation needed]
Palembang Grand Mosque
South Sumatra Palembang 1748, renovated in 1821 and 2003 Malay-Chinese The royal mosque of Palembang Sultanate
Yogyakarta Grand Mosque
Special Region of Yogyakarta Yogyakarta (city) 1773 Javanese The royal mosque of Yogyakarta Sultanate
Great Mosque of Sumenep
East Java Sumenep 1787[3] Mixed Chinese, Western, Javanese, Madurese
Ganting Grand Mosque
West Sumatra Padang 1805 The oldest mosque in Padang One of the largest mosque in Padang
Darussalam Mosque Purbalingga
Central Java Purbalingga 1839, 2003 (renovated) Javanese, Moorish Originally built in Javanese style in 1839, and renovated to present condition in 2003
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
Nanggröe Aceh Darussalam Banda Aceh 1881 Indo Islamic, Moorish One of the oldest mosque in Aceh, the building survived the Tsunami 2004
Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi
Sungai Penuh Jambi 1902[4] Jambi vernacular
Medan Grand Mosque
North Sumatra Medan 1906 Indo Islamic, Moorish The royal mosque of Deli Sultanate

Large mosques in Indonesia

Below is a list of large mosques of Indonesia. To be listed here, the mosque has to be at least the largest in its province. Most of the mosques listed are officially national or regional mosques of the province.

Name Images Capacity Area Year Location Remarks
Istiqlal Mosque
120,000 1975 Central Jakarta, Jakarta National mosque and largest mosque in Indonesia
Palembang Grand Mosque
1748, renovated in 1821 and 2003 Palembang, South Sumatra Largest mosque in South Sumatra.[citation needed]
Sabilal Muhtadin Mosque
File:Sabilal Muhtadin.JPG
 1979 Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan Largest mosque in South Kalimantan.[citation needed]
Bengkulu Grand Mosque
1988 Bengkulu, Bengkulu The main mosque of Bengkulu
Grand Mosque of Makassar
1949, 1999 (renovated) Makassar, South Sulawesi The main mosque of South Sulawesi.
Bandung Grand Mosque
23.448 m², building: 8.575 m² 1812, 2003 (renovated) Bandung, West Java Originally built in Sundanese-Javanese style in 1812, renovated to present condition in 2001-2003
Great Mosque of Central Java
File:Mesjid Agung Semarang 2009.jpg
 15,000 building 7,669 m² 2006 Semarang, Central Java Largest mosque in Central Java

By provinces

Template:Asian mosques There are 239,497 registered mosques in Indonesia (2012).[5] To be included in this list, the mosque has to be a landmark of particular region, and most importantly, historically notable or contains authentic vernacular architecture.

Mosques in bold have been listed in the table above.

Aceh

  • Ancient mosque of Indrapuri built above a Hindu candi in 17th century.
    Ancient mosque of Indrapuri built above a Hindu candi in 17th century.
  • A mosque in Samalanga still showing the traditional Javanese multi-tiered roofs.
    A mosque in Samalanga still showing the traditional Javanese multi-tiered roofs.
  • The Great Mosque of Meulaboh, finished in 1999. The mosque survives the Boxing Day Tsunami.
    The Great Mosque of Meulaboh, finished in 1999. The mosque survives the Boxing Day Tsunami.

North Sumatra

Riau

West Sumatra

Traditionally, the architectural style of mosques in West Sumatra are characterized with three- or five-tiered roofs with the characteristic Minangkabau 'horned' roof profile. The roof is supported on ranks of concentric columns, often focusing on a towering central support which reaches the apex of the building. Some mosques are built on islands in artificial ponds. Traditional Minangkabau woodcarvings may be implemented in the facade.[2]

  • Typical Minangkabau mosque in a West Sumatran village.
    Typical Minangkabau mosque in a West Sumatran village.
  • Jami Mosque of Taluak in Agam Regency of West Sumatra.
    Jami Mosque of Taluak in Agam Regency of West Sumatra.

Riau Islands

Jambi

A photograph of a mosque in traditional architecture of Jambi.
Great Mosque of Pondok Tinggi

Bengkulu

South Sumatra

Bangka–Belitung Islands

Lampung

Banten

West Java

  • A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
    A mosque in Cirebon in the 1920s.
  • Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s
    Great mosque of Garut in the 1920s
  • A modern mosque in University of Indonesia follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.
    A modern mosque in University of Indonesia follows the language of the traditional multi-tiered roofs.

Jakarta

Central Java

  • A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
    A mosque in Pati, taken in early 20th century.
  • The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.
    The minaret of the Kudus Mosque.

Yogyakarta

East Java

  • A 20th century photograph of a mosque in Surabaya]]
    A 20th century photograph of a mosque in Surabaya]]

Bali

West Nusa Tenggara

An early 20th century photograph of a mosque in Bima.

West Kalimantan

Central Kalimantan

South Kalimantan

A mosque in Banjarmasin (1880-1920)

East Kalimantan

Martapura Mosque

South Sulawesi

  • Masjid Gowa (1920s)
    Masjid Gowa (1920s)

Maluku

North Maluku

Papua

  • Masjid Agung Babussalam, Timika

References

  1. ^ Gunawan Tjahjono. Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 86–87.
  2. ^ a b c d e Gunawan Tjahjono. Indonesian Heritage-Architecture. Singapore: Archipelago Press. pp. 96–97.
  3. ^ Iskandar Zulkarnaen (2003). Sejarah Sumenep (in Indonesian). Sumenep: Dinas Pariwisata dan kebudayaan kabupaten Sumenep.
  4. ^ Watson, C. W. (1992). [lucy.ukc.ac.uk/csacpub/watson/chap1.html Property and Inheritance in Kerinci, Central Sumatra]. Canterbury: CSAC Monographs. ISBN 0 904938 19 0. Retrieved January 1, 2013. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  5. ^ Fenny Melisa (June 3, 2012). "Pertumbuhan Masjid di Indonesia Rendah". Republika. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
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