List of medical ethics cases: Difference between revisions
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| There has been a long history of [[Human experimentation in the United States|medical experimentation]] on [[African American]]s. From the era of slavery to the present day, black American's have been unwitting subjects of medical experimentation.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=apGhwRt6A7QC&dq=Medical+Apartheid:+The+Dark+History+of+Medical+Experimentation+on+Black+Americans+from+Colonial+Times+to+the+Present&source=bl&ots=jr_q9LR7yo&sig=onSS7mu312-KnBgh3I-L3rfZnZw&hl=en&ei=qsWwTI3xAZHEvQPIs63CBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CC0Q6AEwBA Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present] Google Books.</ref><ref>Alondra Nelson. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010500180.html Unequal Treatment: How African Americans have often been the unwitting victims of medical experiments] ''The Washington Post'', January 7, 2007.</ref> Author Harriet Washington argues that "diverse forms of [[racial discrimination]] have shaped both the relationship between white physicians and black patients and the attitude of the latter towards modern medicine in general".<ref name=sochist>[http://shm.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/3/620.extract Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present] ''Social History of Medicine'' (2007) 20 (3): 620-621.</ref> |
| There has been a long history of [[Human experimentation in the United States|medical experimentation]] on [[African American]]s. From the era of slavery to the present day, black American's have been unwitting subjects of medical experimentation.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=apGhwRt6A7QC&dq=Medical+Apartheid:+The+Dark+History+of+Medical+Experimentation+on+Black+Americans+from+Colonial+Times+to+the+Present&source=bl&ots=jr_q9LR7yo&sig=onSS7mu312-KnBgh3I-L3rfZnZw&hl=en&ei=qsWwTI3xAZHEvQPIs63CBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CC0Q6AEwBA Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present] Google Books.</ref><ref>Alondra Nelson. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010500180.html Unequal Treatment: How African Americans have often been the unwitting victims of medical experiments] ''The Washington Post'', January 7, 2007.</ref> Author Harriet Washington argues that "diverse forms of [[racial discrimination]] have shaped both the relationship between white physicians and black patients and the attitude of the latter towards modern medicine in general".<ref name=sochist>[http://shm.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/3/620.extract Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present] ''Social History of Medicine'' (2007) 20 (3): 620-621.</ref> |
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In the 1960s, [[Ionia State Hospital]]—located in [[Ionia, Michigan]] was one of America's largest and most notorious state [[psychiatric hospital]]s in the era before deinstitutionalization. Doctors at this hospital diagnosed [[African American]]s with [[schizophrenia]] because of their [[civil rights]] ideas. See ''[[The Protest Psychosis]]''. |
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Revision as of 06:20, 21 September 2012
Some cases have been remarkable for starting broad discussion and for setting precedent in medical ethics.
List of medical ethics cases
Research
Research | |||||
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case | country | location | year | summary | notes |
Surgical removal of body parts to try to improve mental health | United States | New Jersey | 1920s | Controversial psychiatrist Henry Cotton at Trenton State Hospital in New Jersey became convinced that insanity was fundamentally a toxic disorder and he surgically removed body parts to try to improve mental health.[1][2][3][4] | |
Medical Experimentation on Black Americans | United States | Various | Occurred over many decades | There has been a long history of medical experimentation on African Americans. From the era of slavery to the present day, black American's have been unwitting subjects of medical experimentation.[5][6] Author Harriet Washington argues that "diverse forms of racial discrimination have shaped both the relationship between white physicians and black patients and the attitude of the latter towards modern medicine in general".[7]
In the 1960s, Ionia State Hospital—located in Ionia, Michigan was one of America's largest and most notorious state psychiatric hospitals in the era before deinstitutionalization. Doctors at this hospital diagnosed African Americans with schizophrenia because of their civil rights ideas. See The Protest Psychosis. |
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Plutonium injections | United States | 1945-1947 | 18 people were injected with plutonium by Manhattan project doctors. None of the patients was told what was going on, and the doctors did not ask for their consent. See Eileen Welsome's book The Plutonium Files.[8] | ||
Doctors' Trial | United States | 1946 | German medical doctors went on criminal trial for Nazi human experimentation, see The Years of Extermination. | ||
Henrietta Lacks | United States | Baltimore | 1951 | A product derived from a cancer patient's specimen, HeLa is the cornerstone of an industry. Cancerous tissue was taken from her without her consent. | |
Albert Kligman's dermatology experiments | United States | Philadelphia | 1951-1974 | Clinical non-therapeutic medical experiments on prison inmates at Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia from 1951 to 1974, conducted under the direction of dermatologist Albert Kligman.[9] | |
Harry Bailey's Deep sleep therapy | Australia | Sydney | 1962-1979 | Controversial Australian psychiatrist Harry Bailey treated mental patients via Deep sleep therapy, and other methods, at a Sydney mental hospital. He has been linked with the deaths of 85 patients.[10] He committed suicide before he could be punished. | |
Human radiation experiments | United States | 1970s | Human radiation experiments were directed by the United States Atomic Energy Commission and the Manhattan Project. In Nashville, pregnant women were given radioactive mixtures. In Cincinnati, some 200 patients were irradiated over a period of 15 years. In Chicago, 102 people received injections of strontium and cesium solutions. In Massachusetts, 74 schoolboys were fed oatmeal that contained radioactive substances. In all these cases, the subjects did not know what was going on and did not give informed consent.[8] The government covered up most of these radiation mishaps until 1993, when President Bill Clinton ordered a change of policy. The resulting investigation was undertaken by the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments. See The Plutonium Files. | ||
Tuskegee syphilis experiment | United States | Tuskegee, Alabama | 1972 | A 40-year experiment withholds the standard medical advice from a poor minority population with an easily treatable disease. | |
Moore v. Regents of the University of California | United States | California | 1976 | Researchers commercialize a patient's discarded body parts. The man was not deceived into giving up his rights and researchers did not obtain informed consent. He did not want his donation to generate commercial profit for private entities. | |
Willowbrook State School | United States | Staten Island | 1987 | A school had been infecting disabled children in experiments for years. | |
Greenberg v. Miami Children's Hospital Research Institute | United States | Florida | 2003 | Patients donated tissue samples, which researchers subsequently used in a plan to generate profit. |
Physician wishes to act against patient's wishes
Against patient's wishes | |||||
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case | country | location | year | summary | notes |
Betancourt v. Trinitas | United States | New Jersey | 2008 | A hospital wishes to refuse treatment to someone whom it judges to have no chance of living. | |
Mordechai Dov Brody | United States | Brooklyn | 2008 | The parents of a brain-dead boy want to keep his heart beating. | |
Lantz v. Coleman | United States | Connecticut | 2007 | Prison officials question whether to force-feed inmates who are on hunger strike. | |
Tirhas Habtegiris | United States | Texas | 2005 | The hospital removes life support from an unconscious immigrant from Eritrea against her family's wishes. The family are in a foreign country and unable to travel. | |
Rom Houben | Belgium | 2010 | A man seems to be in a persistent vegetative state, and after 23 years a communication test is conducted. | ||
Sun Hudson case | United States | Texas | 2004 | An infant is removed from life support against his mother's wishes. | |
Baby K | United States | Virginia | 1992 | The mother of an anencephalic baby wishes to keep the child on life support perpetually. | |
Jesse Koochin | United States | Salt Lake City | 2004 | Parents wish to keep a child on life support. | |
Spiro Nikolouzos | United States | Texas | 2005 | A family wishes to keep life support for a man in a persistent vegetative state. | |
David Vetter | United States | Texas | 1984 | A boy dies at age 12 after living a lifetime with highly unusual medical care in a sterile environment. | |
Gillick competence | England | 1985 | Protests are held over the right of minors to request contraception from their doctor. |
Person wishes for assisted suicide
Assisted suicide | |||||
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case | country | location | year | summary | notes |
Betty and George Coumbias | Canada | 2007 | A couple request the legal right to commit suicide together. | ||
Dax Cowart | United States | 1973 | A man who suffered severe burns requests the right to die. | ||
Giovanni Nuvoli | Italy | 2007 | A man in pain requests a legal right to die. | ||
Sue Rodriguez | Canada | Victoria, British Columbia | 1991 | A woman requests a right to assisted suicide. | |
Ramón Sampedro | Spain | Galacia | 1998 | For 29 years a man requests his right to assisted suicide. | |
Aruna Shanbaug case | India | Karnataka | 2011 | A court case debates the right to die for a woman in a persistent vegetative state for 37 years. | |
Piergiorgio Welby | Italy | 2006 | A patient requests a legal right to die. |
Person wishes for euthanasia for another
Euthanasia of another | |||||
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case | country | location | year | summary | notes |
Andrew Bedner | United States | White River Junction, Vermont | 2008 | A parent is charged with critically harming his child who is on life support. If the child dies, the parent may be charged with murder. Is there a conflict of interest in the parent overseeing the hospital care of his child? | |
Tony Bland | England | Sheffield | 1993 | Bland was the first patient in English legal history to be allowed to die by the courts through the withdrawal of life-prolonging treatment. | |
Carol Carr | United States | Georgia | 2002 | A mother euthanizes her adult sons to relieve their suffering from Huntington's disease. | |
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health | United States | Missouri | 1990 | The parents of a woman in a persistent vegetative state request the right to remove her life support equipment. | |
Baby Doe Law | United States | New York | 1983 | The parents of a child born with horrible birth defects request the right to refuse treatment and keep the child off life support. | |
Eluana Englaro | Italy | Lecco | 1992 | Parents receive permission to remove the life support from a woman in a persistent vegative state for 17 years. | |
June Hartley | United States | California | 2009 | A sister is charged with euthanizing her brother after he has medical problems. | |
Jack Kevorkian | United States | Michigan | 1994 | A medical doctor advocates for assisted suicide and the right to die. | |
Robert Latimer | Canada | 1993 | A man euthanizes his child who has lived for years in pain. | ||
Karen Ann Quinlan | United States | New Jersey | 1976 | A 21 year old girl is in a persistent vegetative state. Her parents wish to remove her from artificial respiration. | |
Terri Schiavo case | United States | Florida | 2005 | A woman is in a persistent vegetative state. Her husband wishes to remove her life support. Her parents wish her to remain on life support. |
References
- ^ Ian Freckelton. Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine. (Book review), Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2005, pp. 435-438.
- ^ David Gollaher. Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine (review), Journal of Social History, Volume 39, Number 4, Summer 2006, pp. 1221-1223.
- ^ Book Review: Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine, BMJ, 330:1276 (28 May 2005).
- ^ Book Review: Madhouse: A Tragic Tale of Megalomania and Modern Medicine, History of Psychiatry, Vol. 17, No. 4, 499-500 (2006).
- ^ Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present Google Books.
- ^ Alondra Nelson. Unequal Treatment: How African Americans have often been the unwitting victims of medical experiments The Washington Post, January 7, 2007.
- ^ Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present Social History of Medicine (2007) 20 (3): 620-621.
- ^ a b R.C. Longworth. Injected! Book review:The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Nov/Dec 1999, 55(6): 58-61.
- ^ Theresa Richardson. Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison (Review) Canadian Journal of History, April 1, 2001.
- ^ Medical Murder, Robert M. Kaplan