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== History ==
== History ==
The constituency was set up in 1998 election when the [[largest remainder method]] (with [[Hare quota]]) of the [[proportional representation|proportional representative]] electoral system was introduced, replacing four [[single member plurality|single-member]] constituencies of the 1995 election. 4, 5 and 6 members were returned from this constituency in the 1998, 2000 and [[Hong Kong legislative election, 2004|2004]] elections respectively. No change of boundary had been made throughout since 1998.
The constituency was set up in 1998 election when the [[largest remainder method]] (with [[Hare quota]]) of the [[proportional representation|proportional representative]] electoral system was introduced, replacing four [[single member plurality|single-member]] constituencies of the 1995 election. 4, 5, 6, and 7 members were returned from this constituency in the 1998, 2000, 2004 and [[Hong Kong legislative election, 2012|2012]] elections respectively. No change of boundary had been made throughout since 1998.

===2012 election===
{{Election box begin for list| title=[[Hong Kong legislative election, 2012|Legislative Election 2012]]: Hong Kong Island}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Civic Party
|candidate = '''[[Kenneth Chan (politician)|Chan Ka-lok]]<br><small>[[Tanya Chan]]</small>
|votes = 70,475
|percentage = 21.31<br><small>(14.29+7.02)</small>
|change = −5.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Democratic Party (Hong Kong)
|candidate = '''[[Sin Chung-kai]]'''<br /><small>[[Yeung Sum]], Chai Man-hon, Cheng Lai-king, Leung Suk-ching, Hui Chi-fung</small>
|votes = 40,558
|percentage = 12.26
|change = −0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong
|candidate = '''[[Jasper Tsang|Jasper Tsang Yok-sing]]'''
|votes = 36,517
|percentage = 11.04
|change = −8.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong
|candidate = '''[[Christopher Chung Shu-kun]]'''<br><small>Eddie Ting Kong-ho, Jennifer Chow Kit-bing, Kung Pak-cheung, Ngan Chun-lim, Kenny Lee Kwun-yee, Cheng Chi-sing</small>
|votes = 33,901
|percentage = 10.25
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (Hong Kong)
|candidate = '''[[Cyd Ho Sau-lan]]'''<br><small>Cheng Sze-lut, Chung Chung-fai</small>
|votes = 31,523
|percentage = 9.53
|change = −0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = New People's Party (Hong Kong)
|candidate = '''[[Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee]]'''<br /><small>Wong Chor-fung, Tse Tsz-kei</small>
|votes = 30,289
|percentage = 9.16
|change = −10.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions
|candidate = '''[[Wong Kwok-hing]]'''<br><small>[[Pan Pey-chyou]], Chu Ting-lok, Stanley Ho Ngai-kam, Chan Chi-hang</small>
|votes = 27,336
|percentage = 8.26
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = People Power (Hong Kong)
|candidate = <small>[[Christopher Lau|Christopher Lau Gar-hung]], Shiu Yeuk-yuen, Jeff Au Yeung Ying-kit</small>
|votes = 18,667
|percentage = 5.64
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Party (Hong Kong)
|candidate = <small>[[Miriam Lau Kin-yee]], Shiu Ka-fai, Lee Chun-keung</small>
|votes = 17,686
|percentage = 5.35
|change = +4.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = <small>[[Lo Wing-lok]]</small>
|votes = 16,900
|percentage = 5.11
|change = −1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = League of Social Democrats
|candidate = <small>Avery Ng Man-yuen</small>
|votes = 3,169
|percentage = 0.96
|change = −2.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = none
|candidate = <small>Hui Ching-on</small>
|votes = 2,980
|percentage = 0.90
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = <small>Ng Wing-chun</small>
|votes = 422
|percentage = 0.13
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = none
|candidate = <small>Ho Kar-tai</small>
|votes = 343
|percentage = 0.10
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 330,766
|percentage = 54.69
|change = +4.52
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010 by-election===
===2010 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[Hong Kong by-election, 2010|By-election 2010]]: Hong Kong Island<ref>http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2010by/eng/results_LC1.html</ref>}}
{{Election box begin | title=[[Hong Kong by-election, 2010|By-election 2010]]: Hong Kong Island<ref>http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2010by/eng/results_LC1.html</ref>}}

Revision as of 02:25, 10 September 2012

Hong Kong Island
Geographical constituency
for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Outline map
Boundary of Hong Kong Islandin Hong Kong
RegionHong Kong Island
Electorate627,657 (2008)[1]
618,451 (2004)[2]
Current constituency
Created1998
Number of membersSix (2004–)
Five (2000–04)
Four (1998–2000)
Member(s)Audrey Eu (Civic)
Cyd Ho (Labour)
Kam Nai Wai (Democrat)
Jasper Tsang (DAB)
Regina Ip (NPP)
Tanya Chan (Civic)
Created fromHong Kong Island Central,
Hong Kong Island West,
Hong Kong Island South,
Hong Kong Island East

Hong Kong Island is a constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

Overview

The constituency covers all the four districts on the Hong Kong Island, namely, Central and Western, Eastern, Southern and Wan Chai.

Demographics

Background

The constituency was formed since the 1998 legislative election, replacing a number of single-member constituencies in 1995. These were Island West and Island East in the 1991 election with dual-seat constituency dual vote system and Island East, Island West, Island Central, and Island South in the 1995 election.

LegCo members for former Hong Kong Island constituencies, 1991 – 1997
Election 1991 – 1995 Election 1995 – 1997
Island West width=1px style="background-color: Template:United Democrats of Hong Kong/meta/color" | Yeung Sum
United Democrat (1991-94)
Democrat (1994-95) 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Island South width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Yeung Sum
Democrat 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" |
width=1px style="background-color: Template:United Democrats of Hong Kong/meta/color" | Huang Chen-ya
United Democrat (1991-94)
Democrat (1994-95) 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Island West width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Huang Chen-ya
Democrat 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" |
Island East width=1px style="background-color: Template:United Democrats of Hong Kong/meta/color" | Martin Lee
United Democrat (1991-94)
Democrat (1994-95) 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Island East width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Martin Lee
Democrat 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" |
width=1px style="background-color: Template:United Democrats of Hong Kong/meta/color" | Man Sai-cheong
United Democrat (1991-94)
Democrat (1994-95) 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Island Central width=1px style="background-color: Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color" | Christine Loh
Independent (1995-97)
Citizens (1997) 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Citizens Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" |

Return Members

Below are all the members since the creation of the Hong Kong Island constituency. The number of seats allocated to Hong Kong Island has been increased from 4 to 6 between 1998 and 2008 due to the enlargement.

LegCo members for Hong Kong Island, 1998 onwards
Election 1998 (1st LegCo) 2000 (2nd LegCo) 2004 (3rd LegCo) 2008 (4th LegCo)
Councilor
Party 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Martin Lee
Democrat 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Civic Party/meta/color" | Tanya Chan
Civic 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Civic Party/meta/color" |
Councilor
Party 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong/meta/color" | Gary Cheng[3]
DAB 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color" | Audrey Eu[3]
Civic (2006-) 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Civic Party/meta/color" |
Councilor
Party 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Yeung Sum
Democrat 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Kam Nai-wai
Democrat 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" |
Councilor
Party 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Citizens Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Christine Loh
Citizens 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:The Frontier (Hong Kong)/meta/color" | Cyd Ho
Frontier 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong/meta/color" | Ma Lik[4]
DAB 		Anson Chan[4] width=1px style="background-color: Template:Independent (politician)/meta/color" | Regina Ip
NPP (2011-) 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:New People's Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" |
Councilor
Party 		New Seat width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong/meta/color" | Choy So-yuk
DAB 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong/meta/color" | Jasper Tsang
DAB 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong/meta/color" |
Councilor
Party 		New Seat Rita Fan width=1px style="background-color: Template:Civic Act-up/meta/color" | Cyd Ho
Civic Act-up
Labour (2012-) 		width=1px style="background-color: Template:Labour Party (Hong Kong)/meta/color" |
Councilor
Party 		New Seat

History

The constituency was set up in 1998 election when the largest remainder method (with Hare quota) of the proportional representative electoral system was introduced, replacing four single-member constituencies of the 1995 election. 4, 5, 6, and 7 members were returned from this constituency in the 1998, 2000, 2004 and 2012 elections respectively. No change of boundary had been made throughout since 1998.

2012 election

Legislative Election 2012: Hong Kong Island
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Civic Chan Ka-lok
Tanya Chan 		70,475 21.31
(14.29+7.02) 		−5.09
Democratic Sin Chung-kai
Yeung Sum, Chai Man-hon, Cheng Lai-king, Leung Suk-ching, Hui Chi-fung 		40,558 12.26 −0.44
DAB Jasper Tsang Yok-sing 36,517 11.04 −8.26
DAB Christopher Chung Shu-kun
Eddie Ting Kong-ho, Jennifer Chow Kit-bing, Kung Pak-cheung, Ngan Chun-lim, Kenny Lee Kwun-yee, Cheng Chi-sing 		33,901 10.25 N/A
Labour Cyd Ho Sau-lan
Cheng Sze-lut, Chung Chung-fai 		31,523 9.53 −0.37
NPP Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee
Wong Chor-fung, Tse Tsz-kei 		30,289 9.16 −10.34
FTU Wong Kwok-hing
Pan Pey-chyou, Chu Ting-lok, Stanley Ho Ngai-kam, Chan Chi-hang 		27,336 8.26 N/A
People Power Christopher Lau Gar-hung, Shiu Yeuk-yuen, Jeff Au Yeung Ying-kit 18,667 5.64 N/A
Liberal Miriam Lau Kin-yee, Shiu Ka-fai, Lee Chun-keung 17,686 5.35 +4.65
Independent Lo Wing-lok 16,900 5.11 −1.39
LSD Avery Ng Man-yuen 3,169 0.96 −2.34
none Hui Ching-on 2,980 0.90 N/A
Independent Ng Wing-chun 422 0.13 N/A
none Ho Kar-tai 343 0.10 N/A
Turnout 330,766 54.69 +4.52

2010 by-election

By-election 2010: Hong Kong Island[5]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Civic Tanya Chan 103,564 92.7
Tai Cheuk-yin 3,144 2.8
Tertiary 2012 Leung Wing-ho 2,715 2.4
Nonpartisan Lee Chun-hung 1,542 1.4
Wong Hing 799 0.7
Turnout 115,173 18.49
Civic hold Swing

2008 election

Legislative Election 2008: Hong Kong Island[6]
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Civic Tanya Chan, Audrey Eu Yuet-mee
Amy Yung Wing-sheung 		82,600 26.4
(16.67+9.68) 		N/A
Independent Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee
Louis Shih Tai-cho, Wong Kin-hing, Ronald Chan Ngok-pang 		61,073 19.5
(16.67+2.82) 		N/A
DAB Jasper Tsang Yok-sing
Choy So-yuk, Christopher Chung Shu-kun, Cheung Kwok-kwan, Chan Hok-fung, Kwok Wai-keun 		60,417 19.3
(16.67+2.61) 		−1.8
Democratic Kam Nai-wai
Yeung Sum, Tsui Yuen-wa 		39,808 12.7 −24.5
Civic Act-up Cyd Ho Sau-lan 30,887 9.9 N/A
Independent Lo Wing-lok 20,523 6.5 N/A
LSD Tsang Kin-shing 10,202 3.3 +1.8
Independent Democrat Joseph Lai Chi-keong 3,955 1.3 N/A
Liberal Lam Chui-lin, Wong Kam-chuen, Ngan Choi-chik 2,166 0.7 N/A
Myra Sophia Siu Man-wa 1,798 0.6 N/A
Turnout 313,429 50.17 −7.45

2007 by-election

By-election 2007: Hong Kong Island[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent (Pan-democracy) Anson Chan 175,874 54.84
Independent (Pro-Beijing) Regina Ip 137,550 42.89
Stanley Tandon Lal Chiang 3,518 1.10
Ho Loy 1,593 0.50
Cecilia Ling Wai-wan 822 0.19
Siu See-kong 613 0.19
Lee Wing-kin 401 0.12
Lau Yuk-shing 344 0.11
Turnout 321,938 52.06
Nonpartisan gain from DAB Swing

2004 election

In 2004, the population in this constituency was ?. Out of those who were eligible to register as voters (permanent residents who are over 18 of age), ? registered. ? or ?% of registered voters voted in the election, with 379,913 valid votes.

The Hong Kong legislative election on 12 September 2004 returned six candidates to office based on a party list proportional representation system, with the seats assigned according to the largest remainder method. The pro-Beijing camp returned two candidates, and pro-democracy camps three, with the remainder filled by the independent Rita Fan.

Six lists or tickets took part in the election, with the pro-Beijing DAB filling Ma Lik, Choy So Yuk and four other candidates on one ticket, and the pro-democracy camp filled two tickets, one consisted of Martin Lee, Yeung Sum and Lai Chi Keung of the Democratic Party, and the other consisted of Audrey Eu and Cyd Ho, both ran as independents. Other candidates included Tsang Kin Shing, also belonged to the pro-democracy camp, who ran with two other candidates on his ticket without cooperating with the rest of the camp; and Kelvin Wong, an independent who declared his occupation as insurance agent.

Rita Fan, the President (i.e. Speaker) of the Legislative Council and a Hong Kong deputy to the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, joined the election with her own one-candidate ticket. She attracted support mainly from the middle and upper class voters from the sandwich of Hong Kong's pro-Beijing vs. pro-democracy political spectrum, but was also backed strategically by the pro-Beijing camp.

The election returned Lee, Yeung, Ma, Eu, Fan and Choy to the Council.

Legislative Election 2004: Hong Kong Island[8]
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Democratic Yeung Sum, Martin Lee
Joseph Lai Chi-keong 		131,788 37.2
(16.67+16.67+3.88) 		+1.9
DAB Ma Lik, Choy So-yuk
Christopher Chung Shu-kun, Yeung Wai-foon, Lee Yuen-kwong, Cheung Kwok-kwan 		74,659 21.1
(16.67+4.42) 		−6.7
Independent (Frontier) Audrey Eu Yuet-mee
Cyd Ho Sau-lan 		73,844 20.9
(16.67+4.15) 		N/A
Rita Fan Hsu Lai-tai 65,661 18.5 N/A
Grass-root pro-democrats Tsang Kin-shing, Chung Chung-fai, Tang Chui-chung 5,313 1.5 −2.3
Kelvin Wong Kam-fai 2,830 0.8 N/A
Turnout 354,095 57.62 +15.59

The two mainstream tickets of the pro-democracy camp intended to translate their support into four seats, with the slogan "1+1=4", provided that their supporters would have cast their votes evenly to the two tickets. Pre-election polls showed, nevertheless, that the Eu-Ho ticket had far more supporters, causing the Democratic Party to request all supporters of the camp to vote instead for their ticket just two weeks before the election.

It turned out that the Democratic Party drew too many votes from the Eu-Ho ticket, causing Cyd Ho defeat by DAB's Choy So Yuk, by a slim margin of 815 votes (or 0.23% of all valid votes). Should the Democratic Party drew around 1900 more votes from the Eu-Ho ticket, the third-rank candidate on their list would have defeated Choy.

When the results were announced in the morning of the following day, Martin Lee said before cameras "I'd rather lose with dignity than win like this",[9] on the "unexpected" defeat of Cyd Ho.

2000 by-election

By-election 2000: Hong Kong Island[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent (Pro-democracy) Audrey Eu Yuet-mee 108,401 52.11
DAB Christopher Chung Shu-kun 78,282 37.63
Jennifer Chow Kit-bing 13,717 6.59
Paul Tse Wai-chun 5,076 2.44
Simon Lo Ching-cheung 1,317 0.63
Independent Shi Kai-biu 1,231 0.59
Turnout 208,024 33.27
Independent gain from DAB Swing

2000 election

Legislative Election 2000: Hong Kong Island[11]
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Democratic Martin Lee, Yeung Sum
Kam Nai-wai, Lai Chi Keong Joseph, Cheng Lai King 		131,788 35.3
(20+15.31) 		−11.46
DAB Gary Cheng, Choy So-yuk
Suen Kai Cheong, Chung Shu Kun Christopher, Yeung Wai Foon 		72,617 27.8
(20+7.85) 		−1.52
Frontier Cyd Ho Sau-lan 25,988 10.0 N/A
Fung Leung Lo 15,419 5.9 N/A
Chow Kit Bing Jennifer 14,534 5.6 +2.04
Lan Hong Tsung David, Fung Ho Keung, Chan Choi Hi, Yeung Sum Yu Regina 14,329 5.5 N/A
Independent Democrats Tsang Kin-shing, Chan Tim Shing Manuel, Chan Kwok Leung Steve 9,896 3.8 N/A
Leung On Kay Angel 6,967 2.7 N/A
Paul Tse Wai-chun 6,398 2.5 N/A
Yung Chan Lung Allen 1,434 0.5 N/A
Shuen Pak Man Andrew 1,132 0.4 N/A
Turnout 260,788 42.03 −9.93

1998 election

Legislative Election 1998: Hong Kong Island[12]
List Candidates Votes Of total (%) ± from prev.
Democratic Martin Lee, Yeung Sum
Yuen Bun Keung, Chan Kwok Leung 		143,843 46.76
(25+21.76)
DAB Gary Cheng
Ip Kwok-him, Suen Kai Cheong, Chung Shu Kun Christopher 		90,182 29.32
(25+4.32)
Citizens Christine Loh 39,251 12.76
Independent Chong Chan Yau 12,377 4.02
Chow Kit Bing Jennifer 10,950 3.56
Liberal Ada Wong Ying-Kay, Alice Tso Shing-Yuk, Lam Chui-Lin Alice 7,845 2.43
Leong Wing On Louis 2,588 0.84
Independent Li Hung 935 0.3
Turnout 307,611 51.96

1995 Constituencies

Hong Kong Island Central

Legislative Election 1995: Hong Kong Island Central[13]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Christine Loh 27,199 65.33
Independent Peggy Lam 14,437 34.67
Majority 12,762 30.66
Independent win (new seat)

Hong Kong Island East

Legislative Election 1995: Hong Kong Island East[14]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Martin Lee 37,459 72.28
HKPA Choy So-yuk 14,119 27.37
Majority 23,340 44.91
Democratic win (new seat)

Hong Kong Island South

Legislative Election 1995: Hong Kong Island South[15]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Yeung Sum 32,875 52.36
DAB Cheng Kai-nam 29,910 47.64
Majority 2,965 4.72
Democratic win (new seat)

Hong Kong Island West

Legislative Election 1995: Hong Kong Island West[16]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Huang Chen-ya 31,156 66.32
HKPA Lam Kin-lai 11,845 25.21
Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates Lam Kwok-hung 3,979 8.47
Majority 16,732 41.11
Democratic win (new seat)

1991 Constituencies

Dual-seat constituency dual vote system was used with two seats to be filled in each constituency.

Hong Kong Island East

Legislative Election 1991: Hong Kong Island East
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Democrats Martin Lee 76,831 40.19
United Democrats Man Sai-cheong 43,615 22.81
Citizen Forum Cheng Kai-nam 29,902 15.64
HKDF Chan Ying-lun 19,806 10.36
Independent Leung Wai-tung 15,230 7.97
Independent Chow Kit-bing 5,805 3.04
Turnout 103,028
United Democrats win (new seat)
United Democrats win (new seat)

Hong Kong Island West

Legislative Election 1991: Hong Kong Island West
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
United Democrats Yeung Sum 45,108 37.83
United Democrats Huang Chen-ya 31,052 23.95
Independent Chan Yuk-cheung 29,413 22.69
Liberal Democratic Foundation of Hong Kong Cheung Yau-hung 12,145 9.39
NHKA Wong Man-chiu 6,113 4.71
NHKA Cheung Wai-sang 5,821 4.49
Turnout 68,979
United Democrats win (new seat)
United Democrats win (new seat)

References

  1. ^ http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2008/eng/facts_know.html
  2. ^ http://www.elections.gov.hk/elections/legco2004/english/facts/facts_know.html
  3. ^ a b Gary Cheng was in suspect for corruption and gave up his membership. Audrey Eu was elected and took over the seat in the 10 December 2000 by-election.
  4. ^ a b Ma Lik deceased on 8 August 2007 and an by-election was held. Anson Chan was elected and took over the seat.
  5. ^ http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2010by/eng/results_LC1.html
  6. ^ "2008 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 8 September 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  7. ^ http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2007by/eng/result.html
  8. ^ "2004 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 15 December 2004. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
  9. ^ South China Morning Post, 14th September, 2004
  10. ^ http://www.elections.gov.hk/elections/legco2000by/result/index_e.htm
  11. ^ http://www.elections.gov.hk/elections/legco2000/update/result/index_e.htm
  12. ^ http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199805/25/0525201.htm
  13. ^ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
  14. ^ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
  15. ^ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
  16. ^ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf

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