Robert Southwell (lawyer): Difference between revisions
| Line 7: | Line 7: | ||
He settled on a career in law, served at the [[Court of Augmentations]], and made a fortune through speculation in former monastery lands.<ref name=L84/> Southwell temporarily controlled estates at [[Leveland]],<ref>Philipott, p. 217.</ref> [[Ditton, Kent|Ditton]],<ref>Philipott, p. 132.</ref> [[West Peckham]]<ref>Philipott, p. 269.</ref> and Swanton Hall near Mereworth.<ref>Philipott, p. 237.</ref> D. M. Loades noted that "there was nothing to choose between Southwell and Wyatt", his future enemy, when it came to monastic lands.<ref name=L86>Loades, p. 86.</ref> Southwell supported his brother Richard in his rivalry with [[House of Howard|the Howards]]; after their fall Southwell was rewarded with lands in [[Badlesmere, Kent]].<ref name=L84/> |
He settled on a career in law, served at the [[Court of Augmentations]], and made a fortune through speculation in former monastery lands.<ref name=L84/> Southwell temporarily controlled estates at [[Leveland]],<ref>Philipott, p. 217.</ref> [[Ditton, Kent|Ditton]],<ref>Philipott, p. 132.</ref> [[West Peckham]]<ref>Philipott, p. 269.</ref> and Swanton Hall near Mereworth.<ref>Philipott, p. 237.</ref> D. M. Loades noted that "there was nothing to choose between Southwell and Wyatt", his future enemy, when it came to monastic lands.<ref name=L86>Loades, p. 86.</ref> Southwell supported his brother Richard in his rivalry with [[House of Howard|the Howards]]; after their fall Southwell was rewarded with lands in [[Badlesmere, Kent]].<ref name=L84/> |
||
He was elected [[Member of Parliament]] for the constituency of [[King's Lynn (UK Parliament constituency)|King's Lynn]] in 1529, 1536 and 1539. <ref> {{cite web|url = http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/southwell-robert-1506-59|title = SOUTHWELL, Robert (c.1506-59), of London and Mereworth, Kent.|publisher= History of Parliament Online|accessdate = 2012-04-14}} </ref> |
|||
| ⚫ | In 1543-1550 Southwell was |
||
| ⚫ | In 1543-1550 Southwell was appointed [[Master of the Rolls]] although, according to D. M. Loades, he then lived in Kent where he gained "some influence" through his marriage connection.<ref name=L84/> Michael Zell wrote that is was customary to have at least one high-ranking judge permanently living in Kent.<ref name=Z18>Zell, p. 18.</ref> |
||
==Wyatt's rebellion== |
==Wyatt's rebellion== |
||
Revision as of 20:59, 14 April 2012
Sir Robert Southwell (born around 1520 in Windham Manor, Norfolk - died 1559 in Mereworth) was an English civil servant during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. He was elected Member of Parliament from Kent in October 1553 and in 1555.[1] In January–February 1554 Southwell, then the High Sheriff of Kent, was one of the key loyalist officers engaged against the Wyatt's rebellion. According to D. M. Loades, "Sir Robert Southwell and Lord Abergavenny were almost the only significant gentlemen in the country whose loyalty was never in doubt. So resolute was Southwell's opposition to Wyatt that it is tempting to regard them as personal enemies, but .. there is no evidence for this."[2]
Early life
Robert Southwell belonged to a wealthy family from Norfolk.[2] He was the son of Francis Southwell and the younger brother to Privy councillor Sir Richard Southwell.[2] Robert married Margaret Neville (daughter of Sir Thomas Neville, MP from Kent,[3] and the third son of George, Lord Abergavenny[4]) in May 1536. Through the marriage he acquired the rights to Mereworth, which became his principal residence and where he was buried.[4] Southwell was Catholic.[5]
He settled on a career in law, served at the Court of Augmentations, and made a fortune through speculation in former monastery lands.[2] Southwell temporarily controlled estates at Leveland,[6] Ditton,[7] West Peckham[8] and Swanton Hall near Mereworth.[9] D. M. Loades noted that "there was nothing to choose between Southwell and Wyatt", his future enemy, when it came to monastic lands.[10] Southwell supported his brother Richard in his rivalry with the Howards; after their fall Southwell was rewarded with lands in Badlesmere, Kent.[2]
He was elected Member of Parliament for the constituency of King's Lynn in 1529, 1536 and 1539. [11]
In 1543-1550 Southwell was appointed Master of the Rolls although, according to D. M. Loades, he then lived in Kent where he gained "some influence" through his marriage connection.[2] Michael Zell wrote that is was customary to have at least one high-ranking judge permanently living in Kent.[12]
Wyatt's rebellion
In the first year of the reign of Queen Mary Southwell was appointed High Sheriff of Kent. According to James Anthony Froude, he was a vocal opponent of the proposed Spanish marriage of Mary and Philip II.[13] This made him and his faithful inlaw Henry Neville, Lord Abergavenny, valuable potential assets to Thomas Wyatt the younger and his conspiracy circle. Whether Southwell and Abergavenny would join the revolt remained uncertain until it broke out in earnest on January 25, 1554.[14] According to D. M. Loades, Southwell remained unconditionally loyal to Mary. He was not aware of the rebel's council held at Allington Castle on January 22, but had other signals of the brewing revolt and actively spied upon the rebel Henry Isley.[15] On January 24, one day before the revolt, Southwell and Abergavenny began recruitment of the loyalist forces, although with little success. Eastern Kent countryside, influenced by loyalist families, remained largely unaffected by Wyatt's rebellion,[16] but the larger towns leaned to Wyatt. On January 26 Wyatt declared Southwell and Abergavenny "traitors to God, the Crown and the Commonwealth" for "stirring up the Queen's most loyal subjects of the realm."[17]
According to Froude, on January 25 Abergavenny raised two thousand men and attacked rebel Henry Isley at Wrotham.[18] Abergavenny's men prevailed over the rebels and then deserted to Wyatt's army. According to D. M. Loades, on January 25 Southwell reported to the Council in London that recruitment made only "some headway" and advised that the Queen must leave London for a safer place.[19] By January 27 the loyalists's position improved, and their combined forces in Kent matched the numbers of Wyatt's force in Rochester, at around two thousand men on each side.[20] However, the loyalists were scattered, and Wyatt could rely on additional forces held by the Isleys in nearby Tonbridge and Sevenoaks.[20] According to D. M. Loades, Southwell and Abergavenny with six hundred men blocked the road from Tonbridge to Rochester to prevent consolidation of the rebels.[20] On January 27 Southwell realized that the townsfolks stood for Wyatt and did not dare to engage the rebels.[21] On the next day Henry Isley marched from Sevenoaks to Rochester. This time, Southwell was compelled to fight, and managed to defeat Isley's company at Wrotham, taking around sixty prisoners.[21]
On the same January 28 Duke of Norfolk boldly led his unstable army into Kent. He did not notify Southwell and Abergavenny of his plans, and his forces deserted to Wyatt at the earliest convenience.[22] After the defeat of Norfolk at Rochester Southwell fled to London.[23] Wyatt marched to London himself with around three thousand men,[24] but lost the initiative; Southwell and Thomas Cheney managed to raise another loyalist company in his rear.[25][26] On February 4 Southwell and Abergavenny marched to Greenwich. Londoners rumoured that their force reached three thousand men (actual strength of the loyalists is unknown). Wyatt was cut off from his base in Kent, and could not count on reinforcements while the loyalists' forces gained strength every day.[26]
By February 7 Wyatt's army disintegrated. Southwell was dispatched to mop up the rebels remaining in Kent and on February 10 set up his headquarters in Wyatt's Allington Castle.[27] His men, supported by Earl of Pembroke's cavalry, tracked the rebels and soon filled the local jails to the point "that serious disruption was threatened to the life of the county".[27] He interrogated the prisoners himself and reported their statements and his own opinions to Stephen Gardiner in London.[27] He requested the formation of a special court for speedy handling of his prisoners. This court, the Kent Commission, was formed on February 24. Of 230 prisoners indicted before the Kent Commission, only 42 were convicted.[28] D. M. Loades wrote that the blunt of Marian justice mostly hit Londoners: 45 of 76 convicted Londoners were sentenced to death, compared to 30 out of 350 for the Kentish men.[29] Southwell was obliged to execute the rebels convicted in London and sent to die in their home county. The first group of 18 men was executed on February 18, followed by two on February 24 and eight (including the Isley brothers) on February 28.[29] More "transfers to Southwell" followed until the middle of March.[29]
On the occasion of the marriage of Mary and Philip Southwell was rewarded with a pension of five hundred pounds per annum.[30]
Notes
- ^ Zell, p. 36.
- ^ a b c d e f Loades, p. 84.
- ^ Zell, pp. 26-27.
- ^ a b Philipott, p. 31.
- ^ Zell, p. 34.
- ^ Philipott, p. 217.
- ^ Philipott, p. 132.
- ^ Philipott, p. 269.
- ^ Philipott, p. 237.
- ^ Loades, p. 86.
- ^ "SOUTHWELL, Robert (c.1506-59), of London and Mereworth, Kent". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ Zell, p. 18.
- ^ Froude, p. 106.
- ^ Froude, pp. 106-108.
- ^ Loades, p. 52.
- ^ Loades, p. 78.
- ^ Froude, p. 108 and 371 (footnote 218).
- ^ Froude, p. 108.
- ^ Loades, p. 56.
- ^ a b c Loades, p. 58.
- ^ a b Loades, p. 59.
- ^ Loades, p. 61.
- ^ Froude, pp. 110-111.
- ^ Zell, p. 220.
- ^ Froude, p. 119.
- ^ a b Loades, p. 63.
- ^ a b c Loades, p. 108.
- ^ Loades, p. 112.
- ^ a b c Loades, p. 113.
- ^ This was the "third grade" of awards, following the ₤2,000 and ₤1,000 pensions. Many of the recipients were already too old to be a long-term burden for the Crown - Froude, p. 132.
References
- Froude, J. A. (1889). The Reign of Mary Tudor. 2008 reprint: Bibliobazaar LLC, ISBN 1434692302.
- Loades, D. M. (1965). The Two Tudor Conspiracies. Cambridge University Press.
- Philipott, Thomas (1776). Villare cantianum: or, Kent surveyed and illustrated. Second edition: London.
- Zell, Michael (2000). Early modern Kent, 1540-1640. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 0851155855.
External links
- Subarticle in . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
