Nuclear power in South Korea: Difference between revisions
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The [[KAERI|Korean Atomic Research Institute]] (KAERI) is a government funded research organization. The [[KOPEC|Korea Power Engineering Company, Inc.]](KOPEC) engages in design, engineering, procurement and construction of nuclear power plants. The [[Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety]] (KINS) functions as the nuclear regulatory body of South Korea. |
The [[KAERI|Korean Atomic Research Institute]] (KAERI) is a government funded research organization. The [[KOPEC|Korea Power Engineering Company, Inc.]](KOPEC) engages in design, engineering, procurement and construction of nuclear power plants. The [[Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety]] (KINS) functions as the nuclear regulatory body of South Korea. |
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==Anti-nuclear movement== |
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The [[East Coast Solidarity for Anti-Nuke Group]] is against plans for new nuclear power plants in Samcheok and Yeongdeok, and for the closure of existing nuclear reactors in Wolseong and Gori.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cathnewsindia.com/2012/01/16/dioceses-set-up-anti-nuclear-group/ |title=Dioceses set up anti-nuclear group |author= |date=January 16, 2012 |work=CathNewsIndia }}</ref> |
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{{Main|Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea}} |
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The anti-nuclear movement in South Korea consists of environmental groups, religious groups, unions, co-ops, and professional associations. In December 2011, protesters demonstrated in Seoul and other areas after the government announced it had picked sites for two new nuclear plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0127/Anti-nuclear-movement-growing-in-Asia/(page)/2 |title=Anti-nuclear movement growing in Asia |author=Winifred Bird |date=January 27, 2012 |work=CSMonitor }}</ref> |
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The "East Coast Solidarity for Anti-Nuke Group" will ask the government to cancel its plans for new nuclear power plants in Samcheok and Yeongdeok. They will also demand the closure of existing nuclear reactors in Wolseong and Gori, and release of information about them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cathnewsindia.com/2012/01/16/dioceses-set-up-anti-nuclear-group/ |title=Dioceses set up anti-nuclear group |author= |date=January 16, 2012 |work=CathNewsIndia }}</ref> |
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In January 2012, 22 South Korean womens' groups made a plea for a nuclear free future. The women said they feel an enormous sense of crisis after the [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]] in March 2011, which demonstrated the destructive power of radiation in the loss of human lives, environmental pollution, and contamination of food.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/01/18/we-want-a-nuclear-free-world/ |title="We want a nuclear-free peaceful world" say South Korea’s women |author= |date=January 13, 2012 |work=Women News Network }}</ref> |
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Choi Yul, president of Korea Green Foundation, has said "The [[Fukushima nuclear disaster|March 11 disaster]] has proven that nuclear power plants are not safe".<ref name=choi/> Choi said antinuclear sentiment is growing in South Korea amid the Fukushima crisis, and there is a chance to reverse the country's nuclear policy in 2012 because South Korea is facing a presidential election.<ref name=choi>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120201f1.html |title=Fukushima puts East Asia nuclear policies on notice |author=Kazuaki Nagata |date=Feb. 1, 2012 |work=Japan Times }}</ref> |
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==Reactor overview== |
==Reactor overview== |
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Revision as of 10:24, 8 February 2012
Active plants
Plants under construction
Cancelled plants
The total electrical generation capacity of the nuclear power plants of South Korea is 18.5 GWe from 21 reactors. This is 29.5% of South Korea's total electrical generation capacity, but 45% of total electrical consumption. The South Korean nuclear power sector maintains capacity factors of over 95%.
Future plans for nuclear generation are for continued expansion to keep pace with the increasing demand for electricity and it increase nuclear's share of generation to 59%. Eleven more reactors are scheduled to come on stream in the period 2010 to 2021, adding 15.2 GWe in total. Construction is underway as of 2007[update].
Nuclear power research in South Korea is very active with projects involving a variety of advanced reactors, including a small modular reactor, a liquid-metal fast/transmutation reactor, and a high-temperature hydrogen generation design. Fuel production and waste handling technologies have also been developed locally. South Korea is also a member of the ITER nuclear fusion research project.
South Korea is seeking to export its nuclear technology, with a goal of exporting 80 nuclear reactors by 2030. As of 2010[update], South Korean companies have reached agreements to build a research reactor in Jordan, and four APR-1400 reactors in the United Arab Emirates. They are also pursuing opportunities in Turkey and Indonesia, as well as in India and the People's Republic of China.[1]
In December 2010, Malaysia expressed interest in procuring South Korea's nuclear reactor technology.[2]
Despite the March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, South Korea remains a supporter of nuclear power. In October 2011, South Korea reconfirmed its position with the hosting of a series of events to raise public awareness. The events were coordinated the Korea Nuclear Energy Promotion Agency (KONEPA) and included the participation of the French Atomic Forum (FAF); the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); as well as public relations and information experts from countries that utilize or plan to utilize nuclear power. [3] The East Coast Solidarity for Anti-Nuke Group was formed in January 2012. The group is against nuclear power and against plans for new nuclear power plants in Samcheok and Yeongdeok, and for the closure of existing nuclear reactors in Wolseong and Gori.[4]
History
Minae Kwon of KIS joined the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1957 and made immediate efforts to benefit from nuclear power, since fossil fuel resources available in the country are very limited. In 1962, Korea's first research reactor achieved criticality.
Commercial-scale power generation started at the Kori-1 plant in 1978, and a further 19 reactors have since been built using a mixture of CANDU (4 reactors) and PWR (16 reactors) technology.
The first generation of nuclear plants in South Korea was built almost entirely by foreign contractors. Since then, the domestic industry has advanced significantly. A Korean Standardized Nuclear Plant (KSNP) has been developed together with local manufacturing expertise. The KSNP design is somewhat derivative of Combustion Engineering (now Westinghouse Electric Company) reactors; a legacy of past joint venture work. Since 1995 nuclear plants in South Korea have been built using 95% or more indigenous technology.[5] Korea plans to become fully self-sufficient in terms of nuclear technology by 2012.[5] Korea was the first country to open a nuclear safety school.[6]
In early 2010, South Korea won its first export order; four APR-1400 reactors for the United Arab Emirates. The chief of the United Arab Emirates' energy corporation said, "We were impressed with the KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corp) team's world-class safety performance and its demonstrated ability to meet the UAE's program goals."[7] Today, South Korea has some of the world’s most efficient and cutting-edge nuclear power plant designs.[5] The APR-1400 has a 40 percent higher capacity than the previous model and many new safety features. According to the South Korean Ministry for a Knowledge Economy, the APR-1400's fuel costs are 23 percent lower than France-based Areva’s EPR, known to be the most advanced nuclear power plant in the world.[5] The government is also planning development of a new nuclear plant design, which will have 10 percent higher capacity and a safety rating better than the APR-1400.[5] South Korea’s nuclear power plants currently are operating at a rate of 93.4 percent, higher than the comparable U.S. operation rate of 89.9 percent, France's 76.1 percent, and Japan's 59.2 percent.[5] South Korean nuclear plants have repeatedly recorded the lowest rate of emergency shutdowns in the world, a record due in large part to highly standardised design and operating procedures.[8] The APR-1400 is designed, engineered, built and operated to meet the latest international regulatory requirements concerning safety, including those for aircraft impact resistance.[8]
South Korea has also developed KSTAR (a.k.a Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research), an advanced superconducting tokamak fusion research device.[9][10]
Korea Electric Power (KEPCO) was the sole electric power utility from 1961 to 2001. After KEPCO was split into multiple companies, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power inherited the nuclear business. Doosan is a critical heavy industry company that has won contracts to supply reactor vessels, steam generators, and integrated head packages for the four AP1000 plants to be built in the People's Republic of China. Korea Heavy Industries and Construction has also had a history of supplying components for nuclear power plants and has recently been designated by the government for the manufacture of nuclear power plants and components.
The Korean Atomic Research Institute (KAERI) is a government funded research organization. The Korea Power Engineering Company, Inc.(KOPEC) engages in design, engineering, procurement and construction of nuclear power plants. The Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) functions as the nuclear regulatory body of South Korea.
Anti-nuclear movement
The anti-nuclear movement in South Korea consists of environmental groups, religious groups, unions, co-ops, and professional associations. In December 2011, protesters demonstrated in Seoul and other areas after the government announced it had picked sites for two new nuclear plants.[11]
The "East Coast Solidarity for Anti-Nuke Group" will ask the government to cancel its plans for new nuclear power plants in Samcheok and Yeongdeok. They will also demand the closure of existing nuclear reactors in Wolseong and Gori, and release of information about them.[12]
In January 2012, 22 South Korean womens' groups made a plea for a nuclear free future. The women said they feel an enormous sense of crisis after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011, which demonstrated the destructive power of radiation in the loss of human lives, environmental pollution, and contamination of food.[13]
Choi Yul, president of Korea Green Foundation, has said "The March 11 disaster has proven that nuclear power plants are not safe".[14] Choi said antinuclear sentiment is growing in South Korea amid the Fukushima crisis, and there is a chance to reverse the country's nuclear policy in 2012 because South Korea is facing a presidential election.[14]
Reactor overview
South Korea has a relatively small number of nuclear generating stations, only four, but each station houses four or more units, and three sites have more reactors planned. Thus Korea's nuclear power production is slightly more centralized than most nuclear power nations. Housing multiple units at each site allows more efficient maintenance and lower costs, but reduces grid efficiencies. Some of the Wolsong reactors are Pressurized Heavy Water (PHWR) reactors with designs based on Canadian CANDU technology.
| Plant | Town | Province | Primary Technology | Current Capacity | Planned Capacity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kori | Gijang | Busan | PWR | 4137 | 7937 |
| Ulchin | Uljin | Gyeongbuk | PWR | 5900 | 8700 |
| Wolsong | Gyeongju | Gyeongbuk | PHWR/PWR | 2779 | 4779 |
| Yeonggwang | Yeonggwang | Jeonnam | PWR | 5900 | 5900 |
| Reactor | Type | Rating, MWe | Start of Operations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kori-1 | PWR | 587 | 1978 |
| Kori-2 | PWR | 650 | 1983 |
| Kori-3 | PWR | 950 | 1985 |
| Kori-4 | PWR | 950 | 1986 |
| Ulchin-1 | PWR | 950 | 1988 |
| Ulchin-2 | PWR | 950 | 1989 |
| Ulchin-3 | KSNP | 1000 | 1998 |
| Ulchin-4 | KSNP | 1000 | 1999 |
| Ulchin-5 | KSNP | 1000 | 2004 |
| Ulchin-6 | KSNP | 1000 | 2005 |
| Wolsong-1 | CANDU | 679 | 1983 |
| Wolsong-2 | CANDU | 700 | 1997 |
| Wolsong-3 | CANDU | 700 | 1998 |
| Wolsong-4 | CANDU | 700 | 1999 |
| Yeonggwang-1 | PWR | 950 | 1986 |
| Yeonggwang-2 | PWR | 950 | 1987 |
| Yeonggwang-3 | System 80 | 1000 | 1995 |
| Yeonggwang-4 | System 80 | 1000 | 1996 |
| Yeonggwang-5 | KSNP | 1000 | 2002 |
| Yeonggwang-6 | KSNP | 1000 | 2002 |
| Shin Kori 1 | OPR-1000 | 1000 | 2011 |
| Shin Kori 2 | OPR-1000 | 1000 | 2011 (Under trials) |
| Shin Wolsong 1 | OPR-1000 | 1000 | 2012 (Under trials) |
| Shin Wolsong 2 | OPR-1000 | 1000 | 2013 (Under trials) |
| Shin Kori 3 | APR-1400 | 1400 | 2013 (Under trials)[16] |
| Shin Kori 4 | APR-1400 | 1400 | 2014 (Under construction) |
| Shin Ulchin 1 | APR-1400 | 1400 | 2016 (Planned) |
| Shin Ulchin 2 | APR-1400 | 1400 | 2017 (Planned) |
| Shin Kori 5 | APR-1400 | 1400 | 2018 (Planned) |
| Shin Kori 6 | APR-1400 | 1400 | 2019 (Planned) |
| Shin Ulchin 3 | APR-1400 | 1400 | 2020 (Planned) |
| Shin Ulchin 4 | APR-1400 | 1400 | 2021 (Planned) |
Research Reactors:
- Aerojet General Nucleonics Model 201 Research Reactor
- HANARO, MAPLE class reactor
- TRIGA General Atomics Mark II (TRIGA-Mark II) Research Reactor
- KSTAR Reactor
See also
Bibliography
- "Nuclear Power in Korea". Information Papers. World Nuclear Association (WNA). 18 March 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- "Korea, Republic of: Nuclear Power Reactors - By Status". Power Reactor Information System (PRIS). International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Retrieved 2010-03-23.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|work=(help) - Nuclear Transparency in the Asia Pacific: Nuclear reactor maps: Korea
References
- ^ Stott, David Adam (March 22, 2010). "South Korea's Global Nuclear Ambitions". The Asia-Pacific Journal. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ KL and Seoul to work together on Nuclear Energy 11 December 2010
- ^ Korea, Junotane (October 22, 2011). "Korea reconfirms strong support for nuclear power". Junotane. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ^ "Dioceses set up anti-nuclear group". CathNewsIndia. January 16, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Why is the U.A.E. nuclear plant deal so important? January 09, 2010. JoongAng Ilbo
- ^ Korea Opens World´s First Nuclear Safety School 29 January 2008. IAEA
- ^ KEPCO wins UAE civil nuclear bid, Nuclear Engineering International, 4 January 2010, retrieved 2010-01-19
- ^ a b Abu Dhabi power plant will have higher safety standards January 25, 2010. The National, Abu Dhabi Media
- ^ SKorea unveils test reactor in search of limitless energy September 15, 2007. Sydney Herald
- ^ Korea a Step Closer to Ultimate Energy Source 07-15-2008. koreatimes
- ^ Winifred Bird (January 27, 2012). "Anti-nuclear movement growing in Asia". CSMonitor.
- ^ "Dioceses set up anti-nuclear group". CathNewsIndia. January 16, 2012.
- ^ ""We want a nuclear-free peaceful world" say South Korea's women". Women News Network. January 13, 2012.
- ^ a b Kazuaki Nagata (Feb. 1, 2012). "Fukushima puts East Asia nuclear policies on notice". Japan Times.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Nuclear Power in Korea". Information Papers. World Nuclear Association (WNA). 18 March 2010. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ http://joongangdaily.joins.com/_data/photo/2010/07/15213630.jpg
