Thousand Islands (Indonesia): Difference between revisions
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'''Thousand Islands''' ({{lang-id|Kepulauan Seribu}}) is the only [[Regency (Indonesia)|regency]] of [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]. It consists of a string of 110 islands<ref name="SK1896">SK Gubernur KDKI No. 1986/2000</ref> stretching 45 kilometers north into the [[Java Sea]], with the closest island, Pulau Cipir, lying in [[Jakarta Bay]] only six kilometers off mainland Jakarta. |
'''Thousand Islands''' ({{lang-id|Kepulauan Seribu}}) is the name for chain of islands off coast of Jakarta to the north as well as the name of the only [[Regency (Indonesia)|regency]] of [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]. It consists of a string of 110 islands<ref name="SK1896">SK Gubernur KDKI No. 1986/2000</ref> stretching 45 kilometers north into the [[Java Sea]], with the closest island, Pulau Cipir, lying in [[Jakarta Bay]] only six kilometers off mainland Jakarta. |
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A decree<ref name="SK1989">(SK Gubernur KDKI No. 1814/198</ref> states that 36 islands can be used as recreation island. Of all these 36 islands, only 13 islands are fully developed into recreation islands, 11 islands as resort island, two islands as historic park. 23 islands are privately owned and do not open to public.<ref name="pariwisata" /> The rest of the islands are either uninhabited or contains an existing fishing village.<ref name="pariwisata">[http://www.terranet.or.id/mitra/p2par/dokumen/masukan1267.pdf PARIWISATA KEPULAUAN SERIBU: Potensi Pengembangan dan Permasalahannya]</ref> |
A decree<ref name="SK1989">(SK Gubernur KDKI No. 1814/198</ref> states that 36 islands can be used as recreation island. Of all these 36 islands, only 13 islands are fully developed into recreation islands, 11 islands as resort island, two islands as historic park. 23 islands are privately owned and do not open to public.<ref name="pariwisata" /> The rest of the islands are either uninhabited or contains an existing fishing village.<ref name="pariwisata">[http://www.terranet.or.id/mitra/p2par/dokumen/masukan1267.pdf PARIWISATA KEPULAUAN SERIBU: Potensi Pengembangan dan Permasalahannya]</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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[[image:Coral di Kepulauan Seribu.jpg|thumb|right|Coral reefs in Kepulauan Seribu]] |
[[image:Coral di Kepulauan Seribu.jpg|thumb|right|Coral reefs in Kepulauan Seribu]] |
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An area of 107,489 hectares of land and sea was declared by a Forestry Ministrial Decree in 2002 as the ''Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu'' (Thousand Islands Marine National Park). Public access is prohibited on two of the islands, Panjaliran Barat and Panjaliran Timur, where sea turtles are conserved.<ref>http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/28/sri-andajani-thousand-islands-conservation-or-submersion.html</ref> |
An area of 107,489 hectares of land and sea was declared by the Minister of Agriculture in 1982 and designated by a Forestry Ministrial Decree in 2002 as the ''Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu'' (Thousand Islands Marine National Park). Public access is prohibited on two of the islands, Panjaliran Barat and Panjaliran Timur, where sea turtles are conserved.<ref>http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/28/sri-andajani-thousand-islands-conservation-or-submersion.html</ref> |
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The Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park is located 45 km north of Jakarta. It is mostly located on the Kecamatan of Kepulauan Seribu Utara (the northern part of Kepulauan Seribu island chain). The complex contains 342 reef platforms, with 110 formes an island larger than half an acre. There may be as many as 700 individual reefs in the complex.<ref name="ecology">{{cite book |title=The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas - Part Two |last1=Tomascik |first1=Tomas |last2=Janice Mah |first2=Anmarie |last3=Nontji |first3=Anugerah |last4=Kasim Moosa |first4=Mohammad |year=1997 |publisher=Eric Oey |location=Singapore |isbn=962-593-163-5 |page= |pages= |url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=5kHPPu353EEC&pg=PA702&lpg=PA702&dq=kepulauan+seribu+ecology&source=bl&ots=qo6wyXLFgX&sig=c-FinQIiIS8M4YVYNeQzF-PSAdE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2ZkuT6yvNY7JrAeaspjBDA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=kepulauan%20seribu%20ecology&f=false |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> |
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In general, the plants that grow in the Park are dominated by coastal species like [[coconut|coconut palm]] (''Cocos nucifera''), [[pandan]] (''Pandanus sp.''), cemara laut (''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]''), cangkudu (''[[Morinda citrifolia]]''), butun (''[[Barringtonia asiatica]]''), [[mangroves]] (''Bruguiera sp.''), [[breadfruit]] (''Artocarpus altilis''), ketapang (''[[Terminalia cattapa]]''), and kecundang (''[[Cerbena adollam]]''). |
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Sea vegetation commonly found in the Park consists of seaweed divisions like [[Rhodophyta]], [[Chlorophyta]] and [[Phaeophyta]] as well as classes of sea grasses like [[Halimeda]] sp., [[Padina]] sp., [[Thalasia]] sp., [[Sargasum]] sp., and [[Caulerpa]] sp. |
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The dominant animals in the Park include 54 sea biota species which form part of the coral reef ecosystem, 144 species of fish, 2 species of giant clam, 6 species of sea grass, sea worms of various colours and 17 species of coastal bird. |
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This Park forms a hatching site for [[hawksbill sea turtle]], and [[green sea turtle]]. The hawksbill turtle is an endangered species and is rarely found in other waters. These turtles are bred on Pramuka Island. This activity is aimed at recovering the turtle population, which had almost reached extinction. Breeding activities include egg hatching in a semi-natural way and caring for the baby turtles till they are ready to be released into their natural habitat. |
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Most coastal areas of this Park are surrounded by mangrove forest, where [[iguanas]], [[Boiga dendrophila|golden ring snakes]] and [[Reticulated pythons|pythons]] can be found. |
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==Islands and administrative divisions== |
==Islands and administrative divisions== |
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Revision as of 16:05, 5 February 2012
Kepulauan Seribu
Thousand Islands | |
|---|---|
 Port gate of Pramuka Island, capital of the Thousand Islands regency, Indonesia. | |
| Country |  Indonesia |
| Province | Jakarta |
| Capital | Pramuka Island |
| Area | |
| • Total | 8.7 km2 (3.4 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 21.071 |
| • Density | 2.4/km2 (6.3/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+7 (WIB) |
Thousand Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Seribu) is the name for chain of islands off coast of Jakarta to the north as well as the name of the only regency of Jakarta, Indonesia. It consists of a string of 110 islands[1] stretching 45 kilometers north into the Java Sea, with the closest island, Pulau Cipir, lying in Jakarta Bay only six kilometers off mainland Jakarta.
A decree[2] states that 36 islands can be used as recreation island. Of all these 36 islands, only 13 islands are fully developed into recreation islands, 11 islands as resort island, two islands as historic park. 23 islands are privately owned and do not open to public.[3] The rest of the islands are either uninhabited or contains an existing fishing village.[3]
History
After the VOC failed to obtain control on trade activities in Banten in 1610, the Dutch obtained permission from Prince Jayakarta to build a dock at one of the islands in Jakarta Bay as a place to repair and equip ships sailing to Asia, particularly South East Asia. The island appointed by Prince Jayakarta to VOC was Onrust Island, a 12 hectare island, 14 km from Jakarta.
In 1615 VOC built a shipyard and a small storage house on the island which Jan Pieterszoon Coen hoped would eventually develop into a trade and defence base against threats from Banten and England (1618). In the following years development activities were conducted in Onrust island in the interests of VOC-Dutch, such as the construction of a small rectangular fort with two bastions in 1656; the bastions protruded from the fort and were used as look-out posts.[4]
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In 1671 the fort was enlarged into a pentagonal fort with a bastion in each corner; the structure was not symmetrical. The whole building was made of red bricks and coral stones. In 1674 additional storage buildings were built.[4]
In 1795, Dutch position in Batavia became quite uncertain due to the war in Europe at the time and the situation became worse with the appearance of British navy led by H.L.Ball in 1800. In 1800 HMS Sybille, HMS Daedalus, HMS Centurion and HMS Braave entered the area, which they referred to as Batavia Roads, and captured five Dutch armed vessels in all and destroyed 22 other vessels. Onrust island was under siege by the British and eventually destroyed. The Dutch rebuilt the buildings and facilities in Onrust island which was finished in 1806 but was again destroyed by the British. The second British attack was led by Admiral Edward Pellew. When the British occupied Batavia in 1810, the buildings in Onrust island were repaired until the British left Indonesia in 1816.[4]
Onrust island was again given attention in 1827 during the period of Governor General G.A.Baron Van Der Capellen and activities in the island were normal again in 1848. In 1856 a floating shipyard was built for repair works atsea. With the construction of Tanjung Priok harbour in 1883, the role and significance of Onrust island declined.[4]
In 1911-1933, Onrust island was the quarantine place for Hajj pilgrims. A barrack was built in 1911 to contains 35 units for about 100 pilgrims.[5]. From 1933 until 1940, Onrust island was the detention place for mutineers involved in the Incident of the Seven Ships (Zeven Provincien). In 1940 it became the detention place for Germans, such as Steinfurt who was the Chief Administrator of Onrust Island. After the Japanese entered Indonesia (1942), the role of Onrust island declined again and it became the detention place for serious / grave criminals.[4]
After Indonesia proclaimed her independence, the island became the quarantine place for lepers, under the control of the Indonesia Ministry of Health, until 1960. The lepers hospital was then moved to Post VII at Tanjung Priok harbour. After a coup by General Suharto, Chris Soumokil, who declared the self-proclaimed Republic of South Moluccas and placed himself as a president, was arrested and later executed by order of President Suharto in Onrust Island on April 21, 1966.[6][7]
In 1972 Ali Sadikin, then governor of Jakarta, declared Onrust Island a protected historical site. In 2002 the administration made Onrust and its three neighbors - the island of Cipir, Kelor and Bidadari - an archaeological park to protect the artifacts and ruins on the islands that date back to the time of the Dutch East India Company.
Ecology
An area of 107,489 hectares of land and sea was declared by the Minister of Agriculture in 1982 and designated by a Forestry Ministrial Decree in 2002 as the Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu (Thousand Islands Marine National Park). Public access is prohibited on two of the islands, Panjaliran Barat and Panjaliran Timur, where sea turtles are conserved.[8]
The Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park is located 45 km north of Jakarta. It is mostly located on the Kecamatan of Kepulauan Seribu Utara (the northern part of Kepulauan Seribu island chain). The complex contains 342 reef platforms, with 110 formes an island larger than half an acre. There may be as many as 700 individual reefs in the complex.[9]
In general, the plants that grow in the Park are dominated by coastal species like coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), pandan (Pandanus sp.), cemara laut (Casuarina equisetifolia), cangkudu (Morinda citrifolia), butun (Barringtonia asiatica), mangroves (Bruguiera sp.), breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), and kecundang (Cerbena adollam).
Sea vegetation commonly found in the Park consists of seaweed divisions like Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta as well as classes of sea grasses like Halimeda sp., Padina sp., Thalasia sp., Sargasum sp., and Caulerpa sp.
The dominant animals in the Park include 54 sea biota species which form part of the coral reef ecosystem, 144 species of fish, 2 species of giant clam, 6 species of sea grass, sea worms of various colours and 17 species of coastal bird.
This Park forms a hatching site for hawksbill sea turtle, and green sea turtle. The hawksbill turtle is an endangered species and is rarely found in other waters. These turtles are bred on Pramuka Island. This activity is aimed at recovering the turtle population, which had almost reached extinction. Breeding activities include egg hatching in a semi-natural way and caring for the baby turtles till they are ready to be released into their natural habitat.
Most coastal areas of this Park are surrounded by mangrove forest, where iguanas, golden ring snakes and pythons can be found.
Islands and administrative divisions
Pulau Seribu Regency is divided into two kecamatan: The Kecamatan of Kepulauan Seribu Selatan or South Thousand Islands, and the Kecamatan of Kepulauan Seribu Utara or North Thousand Islands. Each of this kecamatan is divided into three kelurahan.
Below are the complete list of the islands in Pulau Seribu:[10]
Kecamatan Kepulauan Seribu Selatan (South Thousand Islands Subdistrict)
The South Thousand Islands Subdistrict is the closest subdistrict of Thousand Islands to the coast of Jakarta. Being relatively closer to the coast of Jakarta, the water is affected by the pollution from the Jakarta Bay. The pollution is caused by the poor living condition by the majority of people living along the bay, as well as nutrient inputs from agricultural runoff, industrial pollution, and wastewater.
The Kecamatan of Kepulauan Seribu Selatan can be divided into three Kelurahan: Kelurahan Pulau Untung Jawa, Kelurahan Pulau Pari, and Kelurahan Pulau Tidung.
Kelurahan Pulau Untung Jawa
Kelurahan Pulau Untung Jawa (postal code 14510) is the closest kelurahan to the coast of Jakarta.
| Island | Location | Remarks | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Air Besar | 6°00′15″S 106°46′53″E / 6.004167°S 106.781389°E | Also known as Ayer, it is privately developed as a resort. [3] | |
| Air Kecil | 5°59′00″S 106°46′00″E / 5.983333°S 106.766667°E | ||
| Bidadari | "Angel or heavenly nymph". The Dutch named the island Purmerend eiland after the town of Purmerend in the Netherlands. In 1850 the Dutch built a Martello tower here as part of a set of fortifications that protected the approaches to Batavia. The tower was operational until 1878, when it became a storage site. It too was badly damaged by the Krakatoa explosion and was abandoned in 1908. All that remains now is the base up to a meter or two above ground. Bidadari was also known as Pulau Sakit (Sick Island) as it housed a leper colony during the 17th century. More recently, the island came to be called "Angel Island", to honor the leprosarium that had been there. Bidadari is a privately developed resort island with some tourist facilities.[3] | ||
| Bokor | |||
| Cipir | Also known as Pulau Khayangan. The Dutch originally named this island de Kuyper Eiland; The British called it Kuyper's Island or Cooper's Island. During the Dutch colonial area, a shipyard was established in the island. In the early 20th Century a narrow, floating bridge linked Cipir and Onrust islands. At the time, it too functioned as a quarantine station. | ||
| Dapur | |||
| Edam/Damar Besar | 5°57′26″S 106°50′40″E / 5.957222°S 106.844444°E | Contains Dutch ruins. The island contains a 65 meter lighthouse, built in 1879, known as Vast Licht. | 
|
| Kelor | 6°01′33″S 106°44′43″E / 6.025746°S 106.745393°E | The Dutch first referred to this island as Engelse (English) Onrust and started to use it as a cemetery. It then became known as Kerkhof eiland (Cemetery island) and eventually Kelor. The island contains a circular tower-like structure, often referred to as Martello tower, though it is not one. | |
| Monyet/Damar Kecil | 6°00′23″S 106°49′55″E / 6.006341°S 106.831928°E | ||
| Nirwana | |||
| Nusi | |||
| Onrust | The Dutch called this island Eijland Onrust (Dutch for "Unrest"). Onrust is also known as Pulau Kapal (Ship Island) or Pulau Damar Besar. Onrust was the site of a major shipyard and five-sided fort that had belonged to the by then defunct Dutch East India Company. The Dutch had to rebuild the naval base on Onrust several times due to British attacks, such as the one in 1800. The last restoration was in 1840. In 1883 the explosion of Krakatoa sent a huge tidal wave that destroyed the last Dutch naval base on the island. During the 19th Century Onrust held a sanitorium for people suffering from tuberculosis and a quarantine station for pilgrims returning from the Hajj to Mecca.[Note 1] The quarantine barracks took up some two-thirds of the island and could hold 3,500 pilgrims. Over the years erosion reduced Onrust from its original 12 hectares to 7.5 hectares (2002). The administration then built concrete retaining walls around the island but these are now in a dilapidated state. | _of_Kuiper_(oftewel_Poelau_Tjipir)_TMnr_60016054.jpg)
| |
| Rambut | formerly Middleburgh Eiland | ||
| Talak | |||
| Ubi Besar | 6°00′02″S 106°44′27″E / 6.000556°S 106.740833°E | formerly Rotterdam Eiland, the island has been submerged. | |
| Ubi Kecil | 6°00′24″S 106°42′52″E / 6.006667°S 106.714444°E | formerly Schiedam Eiland | |
| Undrus | |||
| Untung Jawa | formerly Amsterdam Eiland, is the capital of Kelurahan Pulau Untung Jawa | 
|
Kelurahan Pulau Pari
Kelurahan Pulau Pari (postal code 14520)
| Island | Location | Remarks | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bokor | |||
| Burung | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Karang Kudus/Gudus | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Lancang Besar | |||
| Lancang Kecil | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Pari | |||
| Kongsi | |||
| Tengah | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Tikus |
Kelurahan Pulau Tidung
Kelurahan Pulau Tidung (postal code 14520).
| Island | Location | Remarks | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cangkir | |||
| Kali | |||
| Karang Jong | |||
| Laki | The island was formerly developed as a resort, it is now nonoperational.[3] | ||
| Payung Kecil | |||
| Payung | |||
| Tidung Besar | 
| ||
| Tidung Kecil | Privately owned. [3] |
Kecamatan Kepulauan Seribu Utara (North Thousand Islands)
The Kecamatan of Kepulauan Seribu Utara or North Thousand Islands. The Subdistrict is located relatively farther from Jakarta than the Subdistrict of South Thousand Islands, and therefore the water is free from pollution of Bay of Jakarta and is able to sustain greater marine life.
On January 1st, 1982, some of the islands of the North Thousand Island is declared a Marine National Park under the name Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu or "Thousand Islands Marine National National Park".[11]
The Kecamatan of Kepulauan Seribu Utara can be divided into three Kelurahan: Kelurahan Pulau Panggang, Kelurahan Pulau Kelapa, and Kelurahan Pulau Harapan.
Kelurahan Pulau Panggang
Kelurahan Pulau Panggang (postal code 14530)
| Island | Location | Remarks | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gosong Air | 
| ||
| Gusung Pan | |||
| Gusung Sekat | |||
| Karang Balik | |||
| Karang Beras | 5°46′14″S 106°33′37″E / 5.770556°S 106.560278°E | Privately owned. [3] | |
| Karang Lebar | |||
| Karya | |||
| Kotok Besar | Developed as a resort.[3] | ||
| Kotok Kecil | |||
| Panggang | 5°44′19″S 106°36′04″E / 5.738720°S 106.601189°E | the capital of Kelurahan Pulau Panggang. The island is densely populated with fishing villages. | |
| Panjang | the only island which contains a landing strip. | ||
| Peniki | |||
| Pramuka | 5°44′45″S 106°36′51″E / 5.745886°S 106.614065°E | the capital of the Regency of Kepulauan Seribu | 
|
| Semak Daun |
Kelurahan Pulau Kelapa
Kelurahan Pulau Kelapa (postal code 14540)
| Island | Location | Remarks | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Belanda | |||
| Bulat | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Bundar | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Cina | |||
| Dua Barat | |||
| Gentang Besar | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Genteng Kecil | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Hantu Barat | The island is privately developed by Pantara as resort island. [3] | ||
| Hantu Timur | The island is privately developed by Pantara as resort island. [3] | ||
| Jukung | |||
| Kaliage Besar | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Kaliage Kecil | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Karang Bongkok | |||
| Kayu Angin Penjalir | |||
| Kayu Angin | |||
| Kayu Angin. BS | |||
| Kayu Angin. GT | |||
| Kayu Angin. M | |||
| Kayu Angin. MELT | |||
| Kayu Angin. P | |||
| Kelapa | The capital of the Kelurahan of Pulau Kelapa. The island contains a fishing village. It is the most populous island in the Kepulauan Seribu.[citation needed] | ||
| Kelor Barat | |||
| Kelor Timur | |||
| Kuburan Cina | |||
| Lipan | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Macan Besar | Also known as Pulau Matahari, the island is privately developed by Matahari Impian Indah as a resort.[3] | ||
| Macan Kecil | |||
| Melinjo | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Melintang Besar | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Melintang Kecil | |||
| Nyamplung | |||
| Opak Besar | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Opak Kecil | |||
| Pabelokan | |||
| Panjang Bawah | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Panjang Besar | |||
| Panjang Kampung | |||
| Panjang Kecil | |||
| Pembelikan | |||
| Perak | |||
| Peteloran | |||
| Petondan Barat-Timur | |||
| Putri Barat | Privately developed by Buana Bintang Samudera as a resort.[3] | ||
| Putri Timur | Developed as a resort.[3] | ||
| Rakit Tiang | |||
| Saktu | |||
| Satu | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Tongkeng | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Yu Barat | |||
| Yu Timur |
Kelurahan Pulau Harapan
Kelurahan Pulau Harapan (postal code 14540)
| Island | Location | Remarks | Image |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bira Besar | The island is privately developed by Pulau Seribu Paradise as a resort island[3] | ||
| Bira Kecil | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Dua Timur | |||
| Harapan | The capital of the Kelurahan of Pulau Harapan. | ||
| Jagung | |||
| Pemagaran | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Penjaliran Barat | |||
| Penjaliran Timur | |||
| Rengit | |||
| Sabira | Formerly known as Noord Wachter or "North Guard", this is the northernmost island of the Kepulauan Seribu. Situated around 126 km from the coast of Jakarta, this 10 hectare island is surrounded by coral reefs. The island is covered in coconut and breadfruit trees. There is a 60 meter lighthouse in the island, built in 1869. On the door of the lighthouse, a plaque is placed with inscription: "Onder de regering van Z.M Willem III Koning der Nederlander enz. opgericht voor draailicht 1869" (Translation:"Under the reign of His Majesty King William III of Netherlands etc., rotating light erected 1869" | ||
| Sebaru Besar | |||
| Sebaru Kecil | |||
| Semut Besar | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Semut Kecil | Privately owned. [3] | ||
| Semut Sekampung | |||
| Semut | |||
| Sepak Barat | Also known as Sepa Besar, the island is privately developed by Sepa Permai as a resort.[3] | 
| |
| Sepak Timur | |||
| Tondan Barat/Pelangi | Also known as Pulau Pelangi, the island is now privately developed by Pulau Seribu Paradise as a resort island.[3] | ||
| Tondan Timur |
References
- ^ SK Gubernur KDKI No. 1986/2000
- ^ (SK Gubernur KDKI No. 1814/198
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak PARIWISATA KEPULAUAN SERIBU: Potensi Pengembangan dan Permasalahannya
- ^ a b c d e http://bentengindonesia.org/sejarah.php?id=194
- ^ Photo
- ^ Tineke Hellwig, Eric Tagliacozzo, ed. (2009). The Indonesia Reader. Duke University Press. p. 322. ISBN 978-0822344247.
- ^ Antoine Hol, John Vervaele, ed. (2005). Security and Civil Liberties: The Case of Terrorism. Intersentia. p. 81. ISBN 978-9050955089.
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/28/sri-andajani-thousand-islands-conservation-or-submersion.html
- ^ Tomascik, Tomas; Janice Mah, Anmarie; Nontji, Anugerah; Kasim Moosa, Mohammad (1997). The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas - Part Two. Singapore: Eric Oey. ISBN 962-593-163-5. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
- ^ http://kodepos.posindonesia.co.id Kode Pos Indonesia
- ^ [1]
Note
- ^ It was the pilgrim flow to Mecca that caused the Netherlands Trading Society to establish a bank branch in Jeddah in 1926. Until 1948 this was the only bank of any kind in what is now Saudi Arabia. This bank branch became what is now Saudi Hollandi Bank.
External links
- Template:Id icon Webpage on the official site of Jakarta
- Template:Id icon PulauSeribu.net
- Template:Id icon Information of the national park
- Template:Wikitravel
Template:Administrative divisions of the Thousand Islands
