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Revision as of 09:42, 6 August 2011

Jayakarta around 1605–8, before its complete eradication by the Dutch, showing earlier pre-colonial structures before Batavia was founded.

Colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta include those that were constructed during the Dutch colonial period of Indonesia. The period (and the subsequent style) succeeded the earlier period when Jakarta (known then as Jayakarta) was governed by the Sultanate of Banten, whose buildings were completely eradicated by the Dutch colonists and replaced with a new city named Batavia.[1] The dominant styles of the colonial period can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Dutch colonial architecture in Jakarta is apparent in buildings such as houses or villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the administrative city of Central Jakarta and West Jakarta.

Below is a list of colonial buildings and structures found in Jakarta. The list is sorted alphabetically according to its official (local) name. The list can also be sorted to each category.

Buildings which undertook complete renovation which resulted in different form are listed separately to distinguish the different architectural form.

Some notable Chinese-style buildings and Islamic mosques that were built during these period are included in the list for comparison.

Dutch East India Company period – 17th to late 18th century

Map of Batavia in 1627

The first type of colonial architecture grew from the early Dutch settlements in the 17th century, when settlements were generally within walled defences to protect them from attack by other European trade rivals and native revolt. Following the siege of Jayakarta (previously known as Sunda Kelapa) and its demolition by the Dutch in 1619, it was decided to build the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company on the site. Simon Stevin was commissioned to design a plan for the future settlement based on his concept of the 'ideal city'. His response was a rectangular, walled town, bisected by the river Ciliwung which was to be channeled into a straight canal (later known as also known as Grote Rivier or Kali Besar or "Big River" in this area). This new city is called Batavia (now Jakarta). In accordance to Stevin's model, the fortress of Batavia was the most prominent building in the city, symbolizing the center of power, while townhall, markets, and other public buildings were distributed. This layout of Jakarta can still be clearly recognized today in Jakarta Old Town through the layout of the streets and canals, although most of the original 17th structures had been destroyed or replaced with newer early 20th century structures.[2]

Map of Batavia in 1667, showing the expansion of the city towards the west (north is to the left of the map)

The architecture style of this period were the tropical counterparts of 17th century Dutch architecture. Typical features include the typically Dutch high sash windows with split shutters,[2] gable roofs,[2] and white-coral painted wall (as opposed to exposed brick architecture in the Netherlands). This earlier period of Jakarta had many of the buildings solidly built with relatively enclosed structures, a structure that is not very friendly to tropical climate as compared to the architecture of the next period in Jakarta.[2] Best example of these buildings were located along the Tygersgracht (now Jalan Muka Timur), all had been demolished.[2] Best surviving example is Toko Merah.

Several Portuguese colonial architecture also exist, usually outside the walled city of Batavia. Tugu Church and Sion Church, with its plain facade and domed windows, are some surviving examples.

In 1808, Daendels officially moved the city center to south because of the deteriorating condition of the inner town as well as the malaria outbreak. As a result, many buildings and structures from this period were left to deteriorated. Because of financial issues, many buildings were demolished in 19th century and the debris were used to construct newer structure in the south (such as the Palace of Governor-General Daendels (now the Financial Department of Indonesia) from the debris of Batavia Castle, and Batavia Theater (now Gedung Kesenian Jakarta) from the debris of the Spinhuis.

Later, these empty lots in Jakarta Old Town were filled with newer 20th century structures. Surviving 17th–18th structures were later converted as Jakarta's cultural heritage, e.g. Toko Merah, Gereja Sion and Jakarta History Museum.

Other dominant architecture style from these period were the Chinese merchant houses, many were built during the 18th century. Many of these structures show eclectic mix of Dutch and Chinese influences.[2]

Last official name Former names Year Architect Location Latest image Oldest image
Baijen’s Country House and the Outer Hospital (demolished, replaced by Citadel Prins Frederik) Baijen’s Country House and the Outer Hospital[3] before 1669, later a hospital, from 1743 until 1820.[3] 6°10′13″S 106°49′51″E / 6.170386°S 106.830742°E / -6.170386; 106.830742
Bastion Amsterdam (demolished) Amsterdam poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°07′46″S 106°48′54″E / 6.129527°S 106.815078°E / -6.129527; 106.815078
Bastion Buren (demolished) Buren poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°07′41″S 106°48′28″E / 6.128014°S 106.807904°E / -6.128014; 106.807904
Bastion Cuylenburg (demolished, on its site stands Menara Syahbandar) Bastion Cuylenburg, Bastion Cullenburch,[5] before 1650[4][6] anonymous 6°07′39″S 106°48′33″E / 6.127527°S 106.809071°E / -6.127527; 106.809071
Bastion Diest (demolished) Diest poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°08′12″S 106°48′42″E / 6.136733°S 106.811704°E / -6.136733; 106.811704
Bastion Enkhuizen(demolished) Enkhuizen poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°08′05″S 106°48′59″E / 6.134680°S 106.816474°E / -6.134680; 106.816474
Bastion Friesland (demolished) Friesland poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°07′55″S 106°48′22″E / 6.131831°S 106.806058°E / -6.131831; 106.806058
Bastion Gelderland (demolished) Gelderland poort, Punt Gelderland before 1650[4] anonymous 6°08′15″S 106°49′00″E / 6.137472°S 106.816785°E / -6.137472; 106.816785
Bastion Grimbergen (demolished) Grimbergen poort before 1650[4] anonymous
Bastion Groningen (demolished) Groningen poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°07′37″S 106°48′17″E / 6.126864°S 106.804796°E / -6.126864; 106.804796
Bastion Hollandia (demolished) Hollandia poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°08′19″S 106°48′46″E / 6.138544°S 106.812822°E / -6.138544; 106.812822
Bastion Middelburg (demolished) Middelburg poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°07′51″S 106°48′55″E / 6.130719°S 106.815397°E / -6.130719; 106.815397
Bastion Nassau (demolished) Nassau poort before 1650[4]
Bastion Oranje (demolished) Oranje poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°08′15″S 106°48′52″E / 6.137377°S 106.814514°E / -6.137377; 106.814514
Bastion Overrijsel (demolished) Overrijsel poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°07′47″S 106°48′20″E / 6.129746°S 106.805465°E / -6.129746; 106.805465
Bastion Rotterdam (demolished) Rotterdam poort before 1650[4] 6°07′58″S 106°48′57″E / 6.132779°S 106.815928°E / -6.132779; 106.815928
Bastion Utrecht (demolished) Utrecht poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°08′07″S 106°48′25″E / 6.135285°S 106.806872°E / -6.135285; 106.806872
Bastion Vierkant (demolished) Vierkant poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°07′36″S 106°48′28″E / 6.126775°S 106.807857°E / -6.126775; 106.807857
Bastion Zeeburch (demolished) Zeeburch poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°07′34″S 106°48′28″E / 6.126119°S 106.807639°E / -6.126119; 106.807639
Bastion Zeeland (demolished) Zeeland poort before 1650[4] anonymous 6°08′16″S 106°48′28″E / 6.137890°S 106.807708°E / -6.137890; 106.807708
Batavia City Hall (2nd) (replaced with Batavia City Hall (3rd)) Batavia City Hall or Batavia Stadhuis 1627 6°08′07″S 106°48′48″E / 6.135348°S 106.813372°E / -6.135348; 106.813372
Batavia Fort (dismantled in 1890–1910) Kasteel Batavia 1619 anonymous 6°07′40″S 106°48′41″E / 6.127854°S 106.811338°E / -6.127854; 106.811338
Binnen Hospital (demolished) Binnen Hospital[3] 6°08′14″S 106°48′46″E / 6.137185°S 106.812856°E / -6.137185; 106.812856
Sinees Sieken Huys / Chinese hospital and home for the aged (demolished) Sinees Sieken Huys 1646 6°08′05″S 106°48′27″E / 6.134812°S 106.807577°E / -6.134812; 106.807577[4]
De Middelpunt De Middelpunt
Gerbang Amsterdam or "Amsterdam Gate" (demolished in 1950s) Amsterdamsepoort, Pinangpoort, Kasteelpoort 17th century 6°07′51″S 106°48′43″E / 6.130834°S 106.812062°E / -6.130834; 106.812062 1947
De Portugese Stadskerk (burned down in 1808)[7] De Portugese Stadskerk
Fort Ancol (demolished) Fort Ancol, Fort Ansjol[5]
Fort Angke(demolished) Fort Angke 1657[8]
Fort Buitenwacht[8] Fort Buitenwacht
Fort Jacarta Buiten Batavia (demolished) Fort Jacarta Buiten Batavia 6°08′43″S 106°49′50″E / 6.145389°S 106.830442°E / -6.145389; 106.830442
Fort Noordwijk (demolished in 1808) Fort Noordwijk[5] 1658 6°10′04″S 106°49′51″E / 6.167773°S 106.830801°E / -6.167773; 106.830801
Fort Zevenhoek (demolished) Fort Zevenhoek 1657[8]
Fort Rijswijk (demolished) Fort Rijswijk[5]
Fort Zouteland (demolished) Fort Zouteland 1656[9] Ancol
Galangan VOC Restaurant and Ta San Yen Carpenter's shop of the Dutch East Indies before 1650[4] or 1727[10] unknown 6°07′42″S 106°48′32″E / 6.128344°S 106.808937°E / -6.128344; 106.808937
Gedung Candranaya (1957)[11] Landhuis Kroet / Landhuis Van Majoor der Chinezen Khouw Kim An or "residence of Chinese Mayor Khouw Kim An"[12] 18th century[12] Khouw Tjoen (first resident)[12] 6°08′50″S 106°48′55″E / 6.147337°S 106.815284°E / -6.147337; 106.815284
Gereja Sion De Portugese Buitenkerk 1695 E. Ewout Verhagen 6°08′17″S 106°49′05″E / 6.138009°S 106.817920°E / -6.138009; 106.817920
Gereja Tugu Portuguese Church 1676–1678, rebuilt in 1737–1738 Melchior Leidecker, later rebuilt by Julius Vinck[13] 6°07′26″S 106°55′27″E / 6.123844°S 106.924070°E / -6.123844; 106.924070
Government House Government House before 1650[4] 6°08′31″S 106°48′55″E / 6.141976°S 106.815156°E / -6.141976; 106.815156
Great Palace of Weltevreden (demolished in 1820, now Rumah Sakit Pusat AD Gatot Subroto or Army Main Hospital)[14][15] Great Palace of Weltevreden / Landhuis Weltevreden[15] 1761[14] for Jacob Mossel[14][nb 1] 6°10′36″S 106°50′12″E / 6.176726°S 106.836608°E / -6.176726; 106.836608
Jembatan Gantung Kota Intan Engelse Brug[17] / Het Middelpuntbrug[18] / Grote Boom or "Large Tree Bridge"[18] / Djembatan Hoenderpasser Kali Besar or Hoenderpasserbrug or "Chicken Market Bridge" (1900s)[17][18][19] / Ophalsbrug Juliana (1938)[18] 1628/1630[18] or 1655 (after the demolition of earlier English Bridge),[17] 1937 (renovated)[18] 6°07′53″S 106°48′38″E / 6.131259°S 106.810579°E / -6.131259; 106.810579
Mohr Observatory (Demolished in 1812) Mohr Observatory 1765 Johan Maurits Mohr 6°08′38″S 106°48′46″E / 6.143863°S 106.812911°E / -6.143863; 106.812911
Museum Bahari Warehouse 1652–1771 6°07′36″S 106°48′30″E / 6.126753°S 106.808279°E / -6.126753; 106.808279
Museum Sejarah Jakarta or Museum Fatahillah Batavia City Hall (3rd) 1710 W.J. van der Velde 6°08′07″S 106°48′48″E / 6.135348°S 106.813372°E / -6.135348; 106.813372
Nieuwe Hollandse Kerk or "New Church of Holland" (destroyed by earthquake in 1808, Wayang Museum is now on its site) Nieuwe Hollandse Kerk, Groote Hollandse Kerk 1736 6°08′06″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134882°S 106.812603°E / -6.134882; 106.812603
Nieuwe Poort or "New Gate" (demolished) Nieuwe Poort anonymous 6°08′18″S 106°48′50″E / 6.138424°S 106.813777°E / -6.138424; 106.813777
Old Gelderland defence works Old Gelderland defence works before 1650[4] 6°08′06″S 106°48′56″E / 6.135031°S 106.815689°E / -6.135031; 106.815689
Oude Hollandse Kerk or "Old Church of Holland" (demolished in 1732, replaced by Nieuwe Hollandse Kerk)[nb 2] Oude Hollandse Kerk / Kruiskerk or "Cross Church" 1640 6°08′06″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134882°S 106.812603°E / -6.134882; 106.812603
Oude Utrechtse Poort or "Old Utrecht Gate" (demolished) Oude Utrechtse Poort 6°08′10″S 106°48′26″E / 6.136034°S 106.807207°E / -6.136034; 106.807207
Pasar Ikan, or "Fish Market" Pasar Ikan
Raja Kuring Restaurant Carpenter's shop of the Chinese before 1650[4] 6°07′48″S 106°48′35″E / 6.130012°S 106.809692°E / -6.130012; 106.809692[4]
Spinning-house for single women (demolished) Spinning-house for single women / Spinhuis, Spinhuys before 1650[4] 6°08′04″S 106°48′27″E / 6.134435°S 106.807492°E / -6.134435; 106.807492
The Latin and Greek School (demolished)[2] The Latin and Greek School 1662[2]
Toko Merah or "Red Shop" Residence of Gustaaf Willem, Baron van Imhoff / Residence of other Governor General of Batavia, Jacob Mossel (1750–1761), Petrus Albertus van der Parra (1761–1775), Reinier de Klerk (1777–1780), Nicolaas Hartingh, Baron van Hohendorf / Academie de Marine (1734)[21][22] / Kantoor van de Bank voor Indië / Hotel[22] / Shop of Oey Liauw Kong (1851)[21] 1730[nb 3] for Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff 6°08′09″S 106°48′41″E / 6.135955°S 106.811285°E / -6.135955; 106.811285
Vihara Dharma Bhakti Jin De Yuan Klenteng 1650, 1755 (restored) 6°08′38″S 106°48′46″E / 6.143973°S 106.812736°E / -6.143973; 106.812736
Vismarkt or "Fish Market" (earlier structure) (demolished) Vismarkt before 1650[4] 6°07′50″S 106°48′36″E / 6.130653°S 106.80995°E / -6.130653; 106.80995
Waterkasteel (demolished) Waterkasteel / "Hornwerk"[23] 1741, 1750[24] 6°06′58″S 106°48′24″E / 6.116205°S 106.806601°E / -6.116205; 106.806601

Colonialism – late 18th century to 1870

After the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800 the Batavian Republic expanded all the VOC's territorial claims into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies. From the company's regional headquarters Batavia now evolved into the capital of the colony. In 1808 Daendels moved the old town center to higher ground to the south and urbanized the area known as Weltevreden. During the British interregnum Daendels was replaced by Raffles who governed until 1816.

Map of Batavia in 1840. Multiple villas started to appear to the south of the old Batavia.

As the Dutch become more securely established in the region, towns grew up beyond the walls of the fort.[2] Batavia, together with Semarang and Ujung Pandang, were the most important urban centers.[2] During this time, Batavia became congested and wealthier merchants and other powerful men began to build their residences on the outskirts of town and in the surrounding countryside.[2]

The period shows a gradual adaptation to the tropical climate form on the part of the Dutch colonial architecture. These new form of architecture is called the Indies. Typical style during this period include large roof overhang, high roof and ceiling, and front and rear verandahs that opened on to gardens. Indies style can be described as a mix of Indonesian, Chinese, and European influence. Very often the local Javanese style limasan roof was employed, but with addition of 19th century European architectural elements such as Tuscan columns, doors, windows, and a flight of three to four steps leading up to a verandah running the full width of the house.[2]

Neoclassicism was a popular style for buildings in Jakarta during this period, which is considered to be the best representation of the greatness of the empire.[25]

Last official name Former names Year Architect Location Latest image Oldest image
Aley Cramerus Residence
C. Schultze Residence
H. Vaupel Residence
W.C. van Benthem Jutting Residence Kebon Sirih, Weltevreden
Arsip Nasional Reiner de Klerk house[2] 1760 Reiner de Klerk 6°09′14″S 106°49′01″E / 6.153761°S 106.817036°E / -6.153761; 106.817036
Asrama Polisi Sektor Pal Merah Landhuis Kebayoran Lama / Gedung Tinggi or "tall building"[nb 4] / Rumah Grogol or "Grogol house" / Residence of Andreas Hartink 18th century[26] [27] W.J. Van de Velde[26] Jl. Pal Merah Barat , Kel. Pal Merah, Kec. Palmerah, Jakarta Barat
Balai Kota or City Hall Burgemeesterswoning / Jakarta Tokubetsusi (1942–1945) 19th century[28]
Biara Santa Ursula, Kapel, dan Sekolah Santa Ursula; St Ursula cloister, chapel, and school Ursulinen Klooster, "Kleine Klooster" [29] 1859 (cloister), 1888 (chapel), 1912 (school) 6°10′07″S 106°50′03″E / 6.168618°S 106.834143°E / -6.168618; 106.834143
BP7 Volksraad or Council of the Indies Building or Raad van Indië (1918) / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyoosakai or Badan Penyidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan[25] 1830 J. Tromp[25] 6°10′31″S 106°49′59″E / 6.175200°S 106.833073°E / -6.175200; 106.833073
Citadel Prins Frederik (demolished, on its site stands the Istiqlal Mosque) Citadel Prins Frederik[3] 1831[3] 6°10′13″S 106°49′51″E / 6.170386°S 106.830742°E / -6.170386; 106.830742
De Club Burger Societeit (demolished) Residence ((1815, 1819) / Hotel Marine (1833)[30] 1815
Departemen Keuangan Palace of Governor-General Daendels / Het Groote Huis / Het Witte Huis[nb 5] March 7, 1809[31] J.C. Schultze, completed by J. Tromp (1828)[31] 6°10′09″S 106°50′14″E / 6.169257°S 106.837096°E / -6.169257; 106.837096
Dewan Kerajinan Nasional (February 24, 1992)[32] Residence / Office of Hamengkubuwono IX (1945)[32] 1860–1870[32] Jl. Prapatan No. 42 Kel. Senen, Kec. Senen, Jakarta 10410[32]
Freemasonry buildings in Weltevreden Vrijmetselarij in Weltevreden
Gedung Kesenian Jakarta Stadtsschouwburg / Bataviasch Schouwburg / "Gedung Komidi" / Sin'tsu Cekizyoo[33] 1821[nb 6] J.C. Schultze 6°10′00″S 106°50′04″E / 6.166540°S 106.834417°E / -6.166540; 106.834417
Gedung Pancasila or Pancasila Building[34] / Gedung Departemen Luar Negeri or Building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs[35] Residence of Hertog Bernhard (original)[34] / residence of Dutch Royal Army Commander / Volksraad or Council of the Indies Building or Raad van Indië (1918) / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyoosakai or Badan Penyidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan[36] 1830[35] J. Tromp[35] 6°10′28″S 106°50′01″E / 6.174350°S 106.833632°E / -6.174350; 106.833632
Gereja Immanuel or Emmanuel Church Willemskerk or "Williams Church" 6°10′36″S 106°49′55″E / 6.176703°S 106.832081°E / -6.176703; 106.832081
Grand Hôtel Java (Demolished in the 1950s and replaced with Markas besar TNI Angkatan Darat (headquarters of the National Indonesian Army Land Forces))[37] Private residence (original)[37] / Grand Hôtel Java (1834) early 19th century 6°10′06″S 106°49′42″E / 6.168221°S 106.828216°E / -6.168221; 106.828216
Hotel der Nederlanden (demolished and replaced with Bina Graha Presidential Office in 1969)[38][39] Pieter Tenzy residence (original)[38] / W.H. van Eijsseldijk residence[38] / Thomas Stamford Raffles residence (1811)[38] / Hotel Palace Royale (1840)[38] / Hotel der Nederlanden (1846)[38] / Hotel Dharma Nirmala (1950s)[39] / Markas Cakrabirawa (1950s)[39] 1794[39] 6°10′05″S 106°49′30″E / 6.167956°S 106.824918°E / -6.167956; 106.824918
Hotel des Indes 1st form (renovated in 1930)[40] a residential / Hotel Chaulan (1828)[nb 7] / Hotel de Provence (1835) / Hotel Rotterdamsch (1854) / Hotel des Indes (1 May 1856) 1930 6°09′56″S 106°49′11″E / 6.165495°S 106.819806°E / -6.165495; 106.819806
Hotel Sriwijaya (1950)[41] Hotel Cavadino (1863) / Hotel Lion d’Or (1899) / Park Hotel (1941)[41] 1863 for Conrad Alexander Willem Cavadino 6°10′08″S 106°49′47″E / 6.168918°S 106.829860°E / -6.168918; 106.829860
Hotel Wisse (1890, replaced with Hotel des Galeries in 1920) Residence of GG Petrus Albertus van der Parra / Hotel Ernst (1860)[42] around 1750 for GG Petrus Albertus van der Parra 6°10′01″S 106°49′16″E / 6.166930°S 106.821007°E / -6.166930; 106.821007
Istana Merdeka Governor General's Palace or Paleis van de Gouverneur-Generaal, "Gambir Palace" 1873 Drossares 6°10′13″S 106°49′27″E / 6.170170°S 106.824177°E / -6.170170; 106.824177
Istana Negara (1949) Residence of Jacob Andries van Braam (original); Schonburg Building; Paleis Z. E. Gouverneur Generaal te Rijswijk 1796–1804, 1848 (renovated after an earthquake)[43] 6°10′05″S 106°49′26″E / 6.168084°S 106.823956°E / -6.168084; 106.823956
Jean Belle Residence (demolished, replaced with Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te Weltevreden in 1910)[44] Jean Belle Residence[44]
J.P. Coen Statue (demolished in March 7, 1943 during Japanese occupation)[45] J.P. Coen Statue 1869[45] 6°10′10″S 106°50′13″E / 6.169353°S 106.836808°E / -6.169353; 106.836808
Kimia Farma (1958) Volksapotheek te Rijswijk[46] 1857; 1913 (renovated) unknown; Eduard Cuypers (renovation) 6°10′05″S 106°49′36″E / 6.168194°S 106.826802°E / -6.168194; 106.826802
Kleedingmagazijn M. De Koning in Noordwijk (Demolished in 1950s, now Grand Brilliant Palace Restaurant) Kleedingmagazijn M. De Koning in Noordwijk[47] 6°10′02″S 106°49′39″E / 6.167146°S 106.827491°E / -6.167146; 106.827491
Magazijn Onderlinge Hulp in Noordwijk (demolished, replaced with Kantor Departemen Keuangan RI bagian KPPN (Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara) Magazijn Onderlinge Hulp in Noordwijk[47] 6°10′01″S 106°49′37″E / 6.167054°S 106.827050°E / -6.167054; 106.827050
Mahkamah Agung or "Indonesia Supreme Court Building" Hoogerechshaf 1828 J.C. Schultze, completed by J. Tromp (1828)[31][48] 6°10′06″S 106°50′12″E / 6.168203°S 106.836664°E / -6.168203; 106.836664
Menara Syahbandar De Uitkijk 1839[49] 6°07′39″S 106°48′33″E / 6.127527°S 106.809071°E / -6.127527; 106.809071
Mercu Suar Sunda Kelapa or "Sunda Kelapa lighthouse"[50] Vuurtoren Batavia 1862 6°06′18″S 106°48′19″E / 6.105129°S 106.805397°E / -6.105129; 106.805397
Mesjid Jami Kebon Jeruk or "Kebon Jeruk Mosque" 1786[51] for Tuan Tschoa (Kapten Tamien Dosol Seeng)[51] 6°09′20″S 106°49′07″E / 6.155555°S 106.818506°E / -6.155555; 106.818506
Military Society Concordia (demolished in 1960s, now occupied by Gedung A.A. Maramis II Departemen Keuangan) Military Society Concordia / Kantor Pusar DPR[52] 21 September 1833 (inauguration); 1836, 1874, 1990 (building extension) 6°10′13″S 106°50′16″E / 6.170186°S 106.837689°E / -6.170186; 106.837689
Museum Nasional, "Museum Gajah" The Batavian Society of Arts and Science Building / Museum of the Batavian Society 1862 6°10′35″S 106°49′20″E / 6.176434°S 106.822115°E / -6.176434; 106.822115
Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik Palais van Justitie ("Justice Palace") 1870 6°08′04″S 106°48′51″E / 6.134310°S 106.814212°E / -6.134310; 106.814212
Museum Tekstil (1978) Residence; Headquarter of Barisan Keamanan Rakyat ("Front of People Safety"); Institution for aged people (1947) 6°11′17″S 106°48′35″E / 6.188019°S 106.809620°E / -6.188019; 106.809620
Oger Frères[53] (demolished, replaced with Singer Building in the 1930s) Oger Frères 1823 (store opened) 6°10′05″S 106°49′15″E / 6.168118°S 106.820704°E / -6.168118; 106.820704
Passer Baroe, Pasar Baru Passer Baroe 1821[54] 6°09′55″S 106°50′05″E / 6.165375°S 106.834602°E / -6.165375; 106.834602
Photographisch Atelier Walter Woodbury (demolished, replaced by Gedung Bina Graha) Residence of Van Dorp (original) / Photographisch Atelier Walter Woodbury (1861–1908)[55] 6°10′04″S 106°49′31″E / 6.167701°S 106.825144°E / -6.167701; 106.825144
Post- en Telegraafkantoor te Weltevreden Post- en Telegraafkantoor te Weltevreden (before 1885)
Postkantoor Weltevreden (demolished and replaced with a new building in 1913) Postkantoor Weltevreden 1853
Rumah Sakit Cikini or "Cikini hospital" Raden Saleh Residence (original); Hospital and a Nurse Academy (1898)[56] 1852 Raden Saleh Jalan Raden Saleh 40, Menteng-Cikini, Jakarta Pusat 10330
SMK Santa Maria Groote Klooster[29] / Mater Dei (1920)[57] 1856[57]
Societeit Harmonie or "Harmony Society" (demolished for road widening and parking area in 1985)[58] Societeit Harmonie or "Harmony Society" (original) 18 January 1815 J.C. Schultze 6°10′05″S 106°49′16″E / 6.167927°S 106.821246°E / -6.167927; 106.821246
Topografische Dienst te Weltevreden Topografische Dienst te Weltevreden

Post Cultuurstelsel abolition – 1870 to mid 20th century

Map of Batavia in 1897

The abolition of the Cultuurstelsel in 1870 made way for the rapid development of private enterprises in the Dutch Indies. Numerous trading companies and financial institutions established themselves in Java, most of them settled in Batavia. Jakarta Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, typically along the Kali Besar. These private companies owned or managed plantations, oil fields, and mines. Railway stations were designed during this period, with characteristic style of this period.[2]

Architecturally, neoclassicism fell out of favor to be replaced by Neogothic and Dutch Rationalism. Apparent architectural style were Nieuwe Kunst (e.g. Bank Tabungan Negara), Art Deco or De Stijl, and Amsterdam School. This architecture styles were also the tropical counterpart of the original style, resulting in a style called the Indies.

Two dominant architectural bureaus during this period were AIA Bureau (Ghijsels) and AA Fermont and Cuypers Bureau (Eduard Cuypers).[2]

Colonnades are required during this period to provide protection against monsoon rains and tropical sun, which in turns transformed the appearance of buildings in the city centers.[2]

Colonial style in Jakarta lingered some years after the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in 1942, and further after the independence of Indonesia in 1945.

Last official name Former names Year Architect Location Latest image Oldest image
Bioscoop Manggarai or "Manggarai Cinema" File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Affiches voor Bollywood-films op de voorgevel van Bioscoop Manggarai TMnr 20018017.jpg
Binnacle (Schakelhuis)
Chinese Christian Church
Office 6°10′02″S 106°49′54″E / 6.167141°S 106.831749°E / -6.167141; 106.831749
Frans Consulaat Koningsplein
City Press Factory
Electrification of the State Railway Company at Meester Cornelis (Electrificatie van de Staatsspoor- en Tramwegen (SS en T) bij het spoorwegstation te Meester Cornelis)
Kantoor van de Nederlandsch Indische Escompto Maatschappij te Weltevreden
Laboratory for Pasar Ikan Marine Research
Mayestik Bioscoop
Modernist villas of Westerpark 1920-1930s
Oranje Beer Brewery
Rathkamp and Co. Pharmacy (demolished) Rathkamp and Co. Pharmacy
Van Arcken and Co. Shop
Artesian well at Koningsplein (Demolished) Artesian well at Koningsplein Lapangan Merdeka Utara
Artesian well at Meester Cornelis (Demolished) Artesian well at Meester Cornelis 1881 Meester Cornelis
Artesian well at Postweg (Demolished) Artesian well at Postweg
Artesian well at Salemba (Demolished) Artesian well at Salemba
Asuransi Jiwasraya (1957, front facade demolished for road widening)[59] Nillmij (Nederlandsch-Indische Levensverzekerings en Lijfrente Maatschappij) 1909–1910 [60] P.A.J.Moojen dan S. Snuyft[60] 6°10′01″S 106°49′24″E / 6.166923°S 106.823224°E / -6.166923; 106.823224
Asuransi Wahana Tata Office 19th century unknown Jl. Kali Besar Barat no. 5, Kel. Pekojan, Kec. Tambora, Jakarta 11110
Athena Diskotik Gebouw van Het Nieuws van den Dag 1925–1927 Ir. W. Selle 6°08′07″S 106°48′40″E / 6.135152°S 106.811078°E / -6.135152; 106.811078
Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir (BAPETEN) Gebouw van Burgerlijke Openbare Werken[61] 6°09′50″S 106°49′11″E / 6.163912°S 106.819607°E / -6.163912; 106.819607
Bahtera Adhiguna Office The Ships Agency Ltd Office 19th century[62] 6°08′08″S 106°48′44″E / 6.135544°S 106.812098°E / -6.135544; 106.812098
Bank Indonesia N.V. De Javasche Bank 1909 Eduard Cuypers and Hulswit 6°08′14″S 106°48′46″E / 6.137185°S 106.812856°E / -6.137185; 106.812856
Bank Mandiri Kantoor van de Nederlandsch Indische Escompto Maatschappij / Bank Dagang Negara / Bank Mandiri 1920 Eduard Cuypers 6°08′11″S 106°48′46″E / 6.136417°S 106.812845°E / -6.136417; 106.812845
Bank Mandiri Bank Export Import late 19th century Ir. J. de Bruyn, Ir. A.P. Smiths dan C. Van de Linde[63]
Bank Mandiri (1999) Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij Office Building; or Factorij Batavia / Bank Koperasi Tani dan Nelayan (1960) / Bank Export Import (Bank Exim) (1968) / Bank Exim bersama Bank Dagang Negara / Bank Bumi Daya / Bank Pembangunan Indonesia 1929 Ir. J.F.L. Blankenberg dan Wolff Schoemaker,[64] Ir. Fermont – Eduard Cuypers [65] 6°08′17″S 106°48′47″E / 6.138170°S 106.813085°E / -6.138170; 106.813085
Bank Mandiri Standard Chartered Bank Office of India, Australia, and China / Bank Umum Negara (1965)[66] / Bank Bumi Daya (1968)[66] February 27, 1921[66] Eduard Cuypers 6°08′12″S 106°48′41″E / 6.136532°S 106.811417°E / -6.136532; 106.811417
Bank Tabungan Negara Office (1968)[67] Kantoor van de Postspaarbank (1920)[67] / Tyokin Kyoku (1942)[67] / Bank Tabungan Pos (1945)[68] 1920, 1936 (renovated to current form)[67] RLA Schoenmaker (1920), J. van Gendt (1936)[67] 6°10′02″S 106°49′13″E / 6.167185°S 106.820338°E / -6.167185; 106.820338
Banteng Building \ Kantor Advokat dan Pengacara 20th century 6°08′10″S 106°48′41″E / 6.136108°S 106.811337°E / -6.136108; 106.811337
Bappenas or "Board of National Planning and Development" Freemason Lodge[69] Ir Frans Johan Lauwrens Ghijsels 6°12′02″S 106°49′57″E / 6.200663°S 106.832426°E / -6.200663; 106.832426
Bengkel Praktek Kerja Pendidikan Teknik (1974)[70] Nederlandsch Indie Gas Maatschappij 1924 Jl. Budi Utomo No. 3 Kel. Pasar Baru Kec. Sawah Besar Jakarta 10710
Bhanda Graha Reksa Office Offices[nb 8] 19th century[72] 6°08′10″S 106°48′44″E / 6.136135°S 106.812264°E / -6.136135; 106.812264
Bioscoop Menteng (demolished, on its site stands Menteng Plaza) Bioscoop Menteng 1951[73] Han Groenewegen 6°11′00″S 106°50′03″E / 6.183443°S 106.834165°E / -6.183443; 106.834165
Buddha Bar Bataviasche Kunstkring (original); Immigration office of Central Jakarta 1913 6°11′20″S 106°50′01″E / 6.188898°S 106.833497°E / -6.188898; 106.833497
Building at Jl. Kunir no. 2[74] Geo. Wehry & Co Office building 1927 Ir. FJL Ghijsels (AIA Bureau)[75] 6°07′57″S 106°48′53″E / 6.132514°S 106.814826°E / -6.132514; 106.814826
Cafe Batavia Residence / Warehouse / Office / Coffeeshop / Gallery between 1805–1850[76] 6°08′04″S 106°48′46″E / 6.134410°S 106.812740°E / -6.134410; 106.812740 File:Cafebatavia.jpg
Canisius College Canisius College HBS 1927
Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral
Departement Keuangan Ika-Daigaku Dormitory[77] 1942[77] Jl. Prapatan No. 10, Kel. Senen, Kec. Senen, Jakarta 10410
Departemen Pertahanan dan Keamanan or Department of Defense and Security (1964) Rechts Hoge School[78] 1924[78] J.F. van Hoytema[78]
Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Laut, National Commitee on Sea Transportation Safety, Ministry of Transportation. Research and Development, Human Development of Transportation Ministry Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (original) / Japanese Marine Department (1942) 1916–1918[79] F.J.L. Ghijsels, Heins von Essen, and Stoltz (AIA Bureau)[79]
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia or the medicine faculty of the University of Indonesia de Geneeskundige Hoogeschool ("Medical College") 6°11′42″S 106°50′56″E / 6.194962°S 106.848907°E / -6.194962; 106.848907
Filateli Jakarta Main Post and Telegraph Office 6°10′02″S 106°50′02″E / 6.167137°S 106.833818°E / -6.167137; 106.833818
Former office of Nederlandsch Indische Handelsbank (NIHB) First office of Nederlandsch Indische Handelsbank (NIHB) 6°07′59″S 106°48′38″E / 6.133186°S 106.810616°E / -6.133186; 106.810616
Gebouw van de Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (KPM) bij de Sluisbrug (Demolished for road widening) Gebouw van de Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (KPM) bij de Sluisbrug 1888 6°10′04″S 106°49′53″E / 6.167754°S 106.831296°E / -6.167754; 106.831296
Gereja Katedral Jakarta (final form) Batavia Cathedral 1901 6°10′08″S 106°49′59″E / 6.169013°S 106.833114°E / -6.169013; 106.833114
Gereja Koinonia 1889[80] 6°12′50″S 106°51′43″E / 6.213764°S 106.861818°E / -6.213764; 106.861818
Gereja St Yoseph Matraman St. Joseph Church Matraman 1906 – June 22, 1909[81] Ir Frans Johan Lauwrens Ghijsels (AIA Bureau);[82] Ir Erawan Kartawidjaja (renovation in 2001) 6°12′30″S 106°51′35″E / 6.208243°S 106.859596°E / -6.208243; 106.859596
Gereja St Theresia or St Theresia Church Nassaukerk 6°11′20″S 106°49′32″E / 6.188929°S 106.825490°E / -6.188929; 106.825490
Gunung Sahari Lock Bridge (Demolished) Gunung Sahari Lock Bridge
Hotel Duta Indonesia (demolished in 1972, replaced with Duta Merlin Plaza)[40] Hotel des Indes 1930 Burhoven Jaspers[40] 6°09′56″S 106°49′11″E / 6.165495°S 106.819806°E / -6.165495; 106.819806
Hotel Melati Hotel des Galeries 1914 6°10′01″S 106°49′16″E / 6.166930°S 106.821007°E / -6.166930; 106.821007
Jasa Raharja Zee en Brand Verzekerings Maatschapij Sluyters & Co / Lloyd Insurance (1950)[83] 6°08′08″S 106°48′44″E / 6.135694°S 106.812086°E / -6.135694; 106.812086
Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Jakarta Tambora or "Tambora Tax Office" HSBC[84] 19th century[85] 6°08′08″S 106°48′40″E / 6.135680°S 106.811241°E / -6.135680; 106.811241
Kerta Niaga Office (1966)[86] 6°08′09″S 106°48′44″E / 6.135830°S 106.812145°E / -6.135830; 106.812145
Koninklijke Bataviasche Jacht Club (demolished) Koninklijke Bataviasche Jacht Club 6°05′55″S 106°53′53″E / 6.098545°S 106.898009°E / -6.098545; 106.898009
Landsdrukkerij Weltevreden Landsdrukkerij Weltevreden
Lembaga Biologi Molekul Eijkman or "Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology"[87] Eijkman Instituut 1914 (built), 1916 (inauguration)[88] H von Essen[88] 6°11′53″S 106°50′47″E / 6.198011°S 106.846399°E / -6.198011; 106.846399
Lembaga Pendidikan Jurnalistik Antara News Office 6°09′57″S 106°50′02″E / 6.165816°S 106.833924°E / -6.165816; 106.833924
Mesjid Angke or "Angke Mosque" Angke Mosque Jakarta Utara
Mesjid Cut Mutiah (1987) N.V. de Bouwploeg (original) / post office, Train Company (1942–1945) / office of Home and Religion (1964–1970). 1922 Pieter Adriaan Jacobus Moojen 6°11′14″S 106°50′00″E / 6.187285°S 106.833358°E / -6.187285; 106.833358
Mesjid Luar Batang or "Luar Batang Mosque" Luar Batang Mosque 6°07′26″S 106°48′24″E / 6.123765°S 106.806533°E / -6.123765; 106.806533
Metropole Bioscoop Metropol / Megaria 1932 Liauw Goan Sing 6°12′00″S 106°50′37″E / 6.200059°S 106.843688°E / -6.200059; 106.843688
Michiels Monument (upper part moved to Taman Prasasti Museum) Michiels Monument 6°10′16″S 106°50′00″E / 6.171074°S 106.833451°E / -6.171074; 106.833451
Monument for J.B. van Heutsz (demolished in 1960) Monument for J.B. van Heutsz 1927 6°11′13″S 106°50′03″E / 6.186994°S 106.834119°E / -6.186994; 106.834119
Museum Joang '45 (1975)[89] Hotel Schomper[89] / Ganseikanbu Sendenbu (1942–1945) 1920s[89]
Museum Taman Prasasti Europese Kerkhof 6°10′20″S 106°49′08″E / 6.172196°S 106.818946°E / -6.172196; 106.818946
Museum Wayang Museum of Old Batavia (1939) / Geo Wehry & Co Warehouse 1912[2] 6°08′06″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134882°S 106.812603°E / -6.134882; 106.812603
Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te 22 Noordwijk (Demolished in 1984, replaced with Kantor Departemen Keuangan RI bagian KPPN (Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara)[44] Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te 22 Noordwijk / "Factorij"[44] 1910 Eduard Cuypers 6°10′01″S 106°49′39″E / 6.167017°S 106.827407°E / -6.167017; 106.827407
Office (abandoned) G.J. Kolff & Co[90] 6°08′03″S 106°48′43″E / 6.134228°S 106.811806°E / -6.134228; 106.811806
Office NV. Handelsvereniging / NV. Reiss & Co[84] 19th century[91] 6°08′09″S 106°48′41″E / 6.135787°S 106.811279°E / -6.135787; 106.811279
Office building at Jl. Taman Fatahillah no. 2 Gebouw West Java (WEVA) 1920 Eduard Cuypers and Hulswit Jl. Taman Fatahillah No. 2 Kel. Penjaringan, Kec. Taman Sari Jakarta Barat
Pasar Gambir Market Structures/Pavilions (demolished) Pasar Gambir Market Structures/Pavilions 6°10′44″S 106°49′33″E / 6.178931°S 106.825833°E / -6.178931; 106.825833
Perpustakaan Nasional Jakarta or "National Library" (March 11, 1989)[92] Koning Willem III School (original)
Pertamina headquarter (1957), front section is rented to Bank Mandiri.[93] Batavia Petroleum Maatschappij (original)[93] / Japanese Military Headquarter[93] / General Staff of the Army (before 1950)[93] 1937[93] Jalan Medan Merdeka Timur No.1 or Jalan Perwira No.2
Post Office Building
PT Djakarta Lloyd Office (abandoned)[94] Asurantie Kantoor van Ongevallen verzekering mij FATUM en Onderlinge elvensverzekering van EIGEN HULP 1890 6°08′03″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134077°S 106.812596°E / -6.134077; 106.812596
PT. Samudera Indonesia Commercial Fleet Division (Breakbulk & NVOCC) office building[95] Maintz & Co Office[95] 1920s[95] F.J.L. Ghijsels[95] 6°07′59″S 106°48′38″E / 6.132948°S 106.810554°E / -6.132948; 106.810554
PT Tjipta Niaga Gebouw van de Koloniale Zee en Brand Assurantie[96] / Gebouw van de Internationale Credit en Handelsvereeniging Rotterdam[97] 25 May 1912[96][97] Eduard Cuypers, Hulswit[96] 6°08′04″S 106°48′43″E / 6.134519°S 106.811900°E / -6.134519; 106.811900
Rumah Sakit PELNI, "PELNI Hospital" KPM Hospital[98] 1914-1915, 1920 (extension) F.J.L. Ghijsels 6°11′35″S 106°48′13″E / 6.193155°S 106.803531°E / -6.193155; 106.803531
Rumah Sakit Umum Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Medicine warehouse for the Ministry of Health of the Dutch Colonial Government / Teaching Hospital (1919) / Het Centrale Burgerlijke Hospitaal (CBZ) or "Central Civil Hospital of Batavia" / Ika Dai Gakku Byoin (1942–1945)[99] 1919–1926 [99] 6°11′50″S 106°50′51″E / 6.197111°S 106.847549°E / -6.197111; 106.847549
Singer Building[100] Singer Building 1930 F.W. Brinkman 6°10′05″S 106°49′15″E / 6.168118°S 106.820704°E / -6.168118; 106.820704
SMA 7 or "State Primary School No. 1"[20] Carpentier Alting Stichting School[nb 9] / Sekolah Menengah Atas 7 or "Senior High School no. 7"[101] 1902[20] Koningsplein Oost 14 (now Jalan Medan Merdeka Timur)[20]
SMK Santa Maria Koningin Emma School[57] 20th century[57]
St. Aloysius Broederschool (demolished, on its site stands carpark of Pertamina Headquarter) St. Aloysius Broederschool[102] 6°10′24″S 106°49′51″E / 6.173346°S 106.830867°E / -6.173346; 106.830867
Stasiun Jatinegara Station Meester Cornelis 1910[103] S. Snuyff[103] 6°12′55″S 106°52′13″E / 6.215183°S 106.870276°E / -6.215183; 106.870276
Stasiun Kota Station BEOS 1926 F.J.L. Ghijsels 6°08′16″S 106°48′52″E / 6.137672°S 106.814421°E / -6.137672; 106.814421
Stasiun Gambir 2nd form (post-independence) Station Weltevreden (1884) / Station Batavia Koningsplein (1937)[104] 1927[104] 6°10′36″S 106°49′50″E / 6.176660°S 106.830617°E / -6.176660; 106.830617
Stasiun Tanjung Priok or "Tanjung Priok Station" State Railway Company's Railway Station 1914 C.W. Koch 6°06′38″S 106°52′53″E / 6.110642°S 106.881511°E / -6.110642; 106.881511
Statiun Batavia Koninsplein 1st form (renovated into current form in 1927)[104] Station Weltevreden (1884) 1884[104] 6°10′36″S 106°49′50″E / 6.176660°S 106.830617°E / -6.176660; 106.830617
Station Tandjong Priok (demolished in 1917) Station Tandjong Priok 1885 6°06′40″S 106°52′51″E / 6.111039°S 106.880963°E / -6.111039; 106.880963
Taman Kehormatan Belanda Menteng Pulo or "Menteng Pulo Netherlands Field of Honour"[105][106] Ereveld Menteng Poelo 1947[105]; Simultaankerk, columbarium in 1950[106] H. van Oerle from Royal Netherlands Engineers[105] 6°13′22″S 106°50′23″E / 6.222654°S 106.839678°E / -6.222654; 106.839678
Topografisch Bureau (abandoned and destroyed)[107] Topografisch Bureau 1868, 1907 (older building demolished and replaced)[107]
Telefoonkantoor aan het Koningsplein or "Telephone office at the Koningsplein" (demolished) Telefoonkantoor aan het Koningsplein 6°07′53″S 106°48′38″E / 6.131250°S 106.810594°E / -6.131250; 106.810594
Eigen Hulp aan de Molenvliet West (replaced with Postspaarbank office in 1920)[67] Eigen Hulp aan de Molenvliet West 1897[67] 6°10′02″S 106°49′13″E / 6.167185°S 106.820338°E / -6.167185; 106.820338
Toshiba Office John Peet & Co Office around 1920[108] Ir. FJL Ghijsels [108] 6°08′00″S 106°48′38″E / 6.133426°S 106.810650°E / -6.133426; 106.810650
Unie Gebouw (demolished) Unie Gebouw 6°09′47″S 106°49′14″E / 6.163179°S 106.820677°E / -6.163179; 106.820677
Vereniging Toeristenverkeer – Official Tourist Bureau (demolished) Vereniging Toeristenverkeer te Rijswijk – Official Tourist Bureau 1910[109] 6°10′04″S 106°49′22″E / 6.167891°S 106.822847°E / -6.167891; 106.822847
Warehouse (abandoned) Dasaad Musin Building / Residence of the Director of NV. Pabrik Tenoen Kantjil Mas, Bangil, Djawa Timoer 1920 6°08′02″S 106°48′46″E / 6.133967°S 106.812800°E / -6.133967; 106.812800
Wilhelmina Park Atjeh Monument (demolished in 1950s, on its site stand the Istiqlal Mosque) Wilhelmina Park Atjeh Monument 1898 Bart van Hove, Pierre Cuypers[110] 6°10′06″S 106°49′51″E / 6.168333°S 106.830884°E / -6.168333; 106.830884
Wilhelmina Pavilion (demolished) Wilhelmina Pavilion
Zoological and Plant Society Building (demolished) Zoological and Plant Society Building

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ^ The house was bought by Van der Parra in 1767.[16]
  2. ^ The Old Church of Holland was demolished to make way for the organ that was too large for the church.[20]
  3. ^ According to a plaque in front of Toko Merah.
  4. ^ so called because it was the tallest building in Grogol during the colonial area.[26]
  5. ^ Material for the building was collected from Kasteel Batavia, dismantled in 1809.[31]
  6. ^ The material for the construction of the building were taken from the 17th century Spinhuis in Jakarta Old Town.[33]
  7. ^ established by A. Chaulan and J.J. Didero.[40]
  8. ^ Firma TIEDEMAN & VAN KERCHEM / – NV. Assurantie Maatschappij "De Nederlanden van 1845". FATUM. LABOR. / NEDERLANDSCH-INDISHE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / TWEEDE NEDERLANDSCH-INDISHE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / KOLONIALE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / TWEEDE KOLONIALE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij "De Oosterling" / NV. Cult. Mij. Bodjong Datar / NV. Landb.Mij. Dajeuh Manggoeng / NV. Cult.Mij. Gandasoli / NV. The Indo Java, Rubber Planting & Trading Cy. / NV. Cult.Mij. Juliana / NV. Landb.Mij. Kertamanah / NV. Lebak Palantations Cy.Ltd. / NV. Marywattie Tea Cy./ NV. Landb. Mij. Radjamandala / NV. Cult.Mij. Takokak / NV. Cult.Mij. Tandjong Oost / NV. Landb.Mij. Tjiletab / NV. Bombay Java Trading Cy[71]
  9. ^ The school was founded in 1902 by Dutch Protestant pastor and prominent Freemason Albertus Samuel Carpentier Alting(1837–1915). CAS developed into a lyceum (primary school); MULO (Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs), junior highschool; and HBS (Hogere Burger School), senior highschool. After independence in 1945, the CAS remained operational to serve Djakarta's large remaining white settler community, although the Indonesian government forced the school to admit students from all races. All the Dutch students and teachers of CAS was expelled by Indonesian government by 1961, on which year the school was abolished and its premises turned into SDN 01 (State Primary School No. 1).[20]
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