Pituffik Space Base

Thule Air Base
Part of Air Force Space Command (AFSC)
Located near: Thule, Greenland
Aerial Picture Of Thule Air Base
Coordinates	76°31′52″N 068°42′12″W
Site information
Controlled by	United States Air Force
Site history
Built	1943
In use	1943-Present
Garrison information
Garrison	821st Air Base Group

Airfield information
IATA: THU ICAO: BGTL
Summary
Elevation AMSL	251 ft / 77 m
Website	www.peterson.af.mil/units/821stairbase
Runways
Direction Length Surface ft m 08T/26T 9,997 3,047 Asphalt

Thule AB

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Location of Thule Air Base, Greenland

Thule Air Base control tower, 1989.

1989 Aerial view

BMEWS, shown in red

Thule Air Base or Thule Air Base/Pituffik Airport (IATA: THU, ICAO: BGTL), is the United States Air Force's northernmost base, located 1,118 km (695 mi) north of the Arctic Circle and 1,524 km (947 mi) from the North Pole on the northwest side of the island of Greenland. It is approximately 885 km (550 mi) east of the North Magnetic Pole.

Overview

Thule Air Base is the U.S. Armed Forces' northernmost installation, located 750 miles north of the Arctic Circle. Thule's arctic environment offers some of the most spectacular scenery found anywhere in the world, including majestic icebergs in the North Star Bay, the massive polar ice cap and Wolstenholme Fjord--the only place on earth where three active glaciers join together.

Thule Air Base is home to the 21st Space Wing's global network of sensors providing missile warning, space surveillance and space control to North American Aerospace Defense Command and Air Force Space Command.

Thule Air Base is also home to the 821st Air Base Group and is responsible for air base support within the Thule Defense Area for the multinational population of "Team Thule." The base hosts the 12th Space Warning Squadron who operates a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System designed to detect and track ICBMs launched against North America. Thule is also host to Detachment 1 of the 23rd Space Operations Squadron, part of the 50th Space Wing's global satellite control network. In addition, our modern airfield boasts a 10,000-foot runway and more than 3,000 U.S. and international flights per year. Finally, Thule is home to the northernmost deep water port in the world.

History

The settlement prior to the establishment of the base was Pituffik and was also known as Dundas after the nearby Dundas Mountain and likely by British explorers in the area after Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville.

World War II

The first military installations at Thule were constructed during World War II, after the US Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Danish Ambassador Henrik Kauffmann signed The Agreement relating to the Defense of Greenland in Washington on April 9, 1941. President Roosevelt approved it on June 7, 1941. In the agreement, the United States agreed to take over the security of Greenland. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the allies established weather stations at Narsarsuaq Airport (Bluie West-1), Sondrestrom Air Base (Bluie West-8), Ikateq (Bluie East-2), and Gronnedal (Bluie West-9). In 1943 the Army Air Forces set up weather stations, Scoresbysund (Bluie East-3) on the east coast around the southern tip of Greenland, and Thule (Bluie West-6) to be operated by Danish personnel. The weather stations gave the allies an edge over the Germans in battle planning and was of great value in the preparation of Operation Overlord.

Modern Air Base

Reconnaissance route from Thule AB to Soviet Union.

Construction of a worldwide system of modern air bases was one of the Air Force's most important tasks following World War II. The US studied the possibility of establishing a major operating base in Greenland when it became clear that round trip flights of planes carrying atomic bombs between US or Canadian bases and European objectives were impractical. Thule became a key point in the whole American military strategy. Strategic Air Command (SAC) bombers flying over the Arctic presented less risk of early warning than using bases in England. Defensively, Thule could serve as a base for intercepting bomber attacks along the northeastern approaches to Canada and the US.

A board of Air Force officers made a recommendation to pursue a base at Thule in November 1950. It was subsequently supported by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and approved by President Truman. To replace the agreement entered into during WWII between the US and Denmark, a new agreement with respect to Greenland was ratified on April 27, 1951 (effective on June 8, 1951). At the request of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), the agreement became a part of the NATO defense program. The pact specified that the two nations would arrange for the use of facilities in Greenland by NATO forces in defense of the NATO area known as the Greenland Defense Area.

Thule AB was constructed in secret under the code name Operation Blue Jay. Construction for Thule AB began in 1951 and was completed in 1953. The construction of Thule is said to have been comparable in scale to the enormous effort required to build the Panama Canal. The United States Navy transported the bulk of men, supplies, and equipment from the naval shipyards in Norfolk, Virginia. On June 6, 1951 an armada of 120 shipments sailed from Naval Station Norfolk. On board were 12,000 men and 300,000 tons of cargo. They arrived Thule on July 9, 1951. Construction took place around the clock. The workers lived on-board the ship until quarters were built. Once they moved into the quarters, the ships returned home.

Strategic Air Command

Originally established as a SAC installation, Thule would periodically serve as a dispersal base for B-36 Peacemaker and B-47 Stratojet aircraft during the 1950s, as well as providing an ideal site to test the operability and maintainability of these weapon systems in extreme cold weather. Similar operations were also conducted with B-52 Stratofortress aircraft in the 1950s and 1960s.

In 1954, Globecom Tower, a tower for military radio communication, was built. At the time of its completion it was the third tallest man-made structure on earth.

In the winter of 1956/57 three KC-97 tankers and alternately one of two RB-47H aircraft made polar flights to inspect Soviet defenses. Five KC-97s prepared for flight with engines running in at temperatures of −50 °F (−46 °C) in order to ensure three could achieve airborne status. After a two hour head start, a B-47 would catch up with them at the northeast coastline of Greenland where two would offload fuel to top off the B-47's tanks (the third was an air spare). The B-47 would then fly seven hours of reconnaissance, while the tankers would return to Thule, refuel, and three would again fly to rendezvous with the returning B-47 at northeast Greenland. The B-47 averaged ten hours and 4,500 km (2,800 mi) in the air, unless unpredictable weather closed Thule. In that case the three tankers and the B-47 had to additionally fly to one of three equidistant alternates: England, Alaska, or Labrador. All of this in sometimes moonless, 24 hour Arctic darkness, December through February. These flights demonstrated the capability of American nuclear power also known as Strategic Air Command to Soviet Anti-Air Defense.

In 1959, the airbase was the main staging point for the construction of Camp Century, some 150 mi (240 km) from the base. Carved into the ice, Camp Century was a scientific research base. Powered by nuclear reactor PM-2A, the camp operated from 1959 until 1967.

Aerospace Defense

In 1961, a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) radar was constructed at "J-Site," 21 km (13 mi) northeast of main base. BMEWS was developed by the Raytheon Corporation in order to provide North America warning of a transpolar missile attack from the Russian mainland and submarine-launched missiles from the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans. At this time, Thule was at its peak with a population of about 10,000. Starting in July 1965, there was a general downsizing of activities at Thule. The base host unit was deactivated. By January 1968, the population of Thule was down to 3,370. On January 21, 1968, a B-52G bomber carrying four nuclear weapons crashed just outside Thule – see below.

Thule is the location where the fastest recorded sea level surface wind speed in the world was measured when a peak speed of 333 kilometres per hour (207 mph) was recorded on March 8, 1972 prior to the instrument's destruction.

Modern era

Thule became an Air Force Space Command base in 1982. Today Thule is still a military base, home to the 821st Air Base Group, which exercises Air Base support responsibilities within the Thule Defense Area. The base hosts the 12th Space Warning Squadron, a Ballistic Missile Early Warning Site designed to detect and track Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) launched against North America. The 21st Space Wing operates around the world to provide missile warning and space surveillance information to North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) command centers located in Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado. Thule is also host to Detachment 1 of the 22nd Space Operations Squadron, part of the 50th Space Wing's global satellite control network, as well as operating many new weapons systems. In addition, the modern airfield boasts a 3,047 by 42 m (9,997 by 138 ft) asphalt runway and 2,600 U.S. and international flights per year.

At Northmountain there is a 378 m (1,240 ft) tall radio mast called Globecom Tower, which was the tallest structure north of the Arctic Circle in the Western hemisphere. The world's northernmost deep water port is also located at Thule. Thule is the only Air Force Base with an assigned tugboat. The tugboat is used to assist ship movements in the harbor during the summer, and is hauled onto shore during the winter season. The tugboat is also used for daily sightseeing tours of Northstar Bay during the summer months.

A delegation from NATO's Parliamentary Assembly visited Thule in early September 2010 and were told by the base commander that, at that time (summer), approximately 600 personnel were serving at Thule, a mix of mostly U.S. and Danish active duty personnel and contractors.

There is only a brief period each year in the summer when sea ice thins sufficiently to send supply ships to the base. The US sends one heavy supply ship each summer in what is called Operation Pacer Goose.

Major commands to which assigned

• Northeast Air Command, July 1, 1951 - April 1, 1957
• Strategic Air Command

  Eighth Air Force, April 1, 1957 – July 1, 1960

• Air Defense Command (later redesignated Aerospace Defense Command) 15 January 1968), July 1, 1960 - December 1, 1979
• Strategic Air Command, December 1, 1979 - September 30, 1992
• Air Force Space Command, September 30, 1992 – present

Major Air units assigned

• 6622d Air Base Squadron, July 20, 1951

  Redesignated: 6612th Air Base Group, January 1, 1952

  Redesignated: 6607th Air Base Wing, June 1, 1954 – April 1, 1957

• 318th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, July 1, 1953 – August 5, 1954
• 74th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, August 20, 1954 – June 25, 1958
• 320th Air Refueling Squadron, May 4, 1955 – June 10, 1957

  Detached from 320th Bombardment Wing, March AFB, California

• 509th Air Refueling Squadron, c. June 17, 1955 – c. August 3, 1955

  Detached from 509th Bombardment Wing, Walker AFB, New Mexico

• 96th Air Refueling Squadron, July 13, 1955 – September 14, 1955

  Detached from 96th Bombardment Wing, Altus AFB, Oklahoma

• 26th Air Refueling Squadron, September 9, 1955 – November 2, 1955; September 5, 1956 – December 15, 1956

  Detached from 380th Bombardment Wing, Plattsburgh AFB, New York

• 42d Air Refueling Squadron, November 2, 1955 – December 28, 1955; January 1, 1957 – March 7, 1957

  Detached from 42d Bombardment Wing, Loring AFB, Maine

• 71st Air Refueling Squadron, December 29, 1955 – March 27, 1956

  Detached from 2d Bombardment Wing, Barksdale AFB, Louisiana

• 341st Air Refueling Squadron, March 27, 1956 – June 26, 1956

  Detached from 341st Bombardment Wing, Dyess AFB, Texas

• 40th Air Refueling Squadron, June 27, 1956 – September 4, 1956; c. October 1, 1958 – January, 9 1959

  Detached from 40th Bombardment Wing, Smoky Hill AFB, Kansas

• 340th Air Refueling Squadron, October 29, 1956 – December 30, 1956

  Detached from 340th Bombardment Wing, Whiteman AFB, Missouri

• 4083d Strategic Wing, April 1, 1957 – July 1, 1959
• 4083d Air Base Group, April 1, 1957

  Redesignated: 4083d Air Base Wing, July 1, 1960

  Redesignated: 4083d Air Base Group, October 1, 1960

  Redesignated: 4683d Combat Support Group, July 1, 1965

  Redesignated: 4683d Air Base Group, July 1, 1970 – October 1, 1977

• 4683d Air Defense Wing, July 1, 1960 – July 1, 1965
• 327th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, July 3, 1958 – March 25, 1960
• 332d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, September 1, 1960 – July 1, 1965
• OL-5, 6594th Test Wing (Satellite), Air Force Systems Command, October 15, 1961

  Redesignated: 22nd Space Operations Squadron, June 1, 1997

  Redesignated: Det. 3, 22d Space Operations Squadron, May 1, 2004 – present

• 12th Missile Warning Group, March 31, 1977

  Redesignated: 12th Missile Warning Squadron on June 15, 1983

  Redesignated: 12th Missile Warning Group on October 1, 1989

  Redesignated: 12th Space Warning Squadron on May 15, 1992 – present

• 4711th Air Base Squadron, March 31, 1977

  Redesignated: 4685th Air Base Squadron, October 1, 1980 – March 31, 1981

• 821st Air Base Group, June 1, 2002 – present

Source for major commands and major units assigned:

Major Army units assigned

• 4Bn. 55th Artillery. 1-Sept-1958 to 20-Dec-1965. (Nike)

[2]

B-52 nuclear bomber crash

Main article: B-52 Crash at Thule Air Base

On January 21, 1968, a B-52G bomber crashed and burned on the ice near Thule Air Base. The impact detonated the high explosives in the primary units of all four of the B28 nuclear bombs it carried, but nuclear and thermonuclear reactions did not take place due to the PAL and fail-safe mechanisms in the weapons. More than 700 Danish civilians and U.S. military personnel worked under hazardous conditions without protective gear to clean up the nuclear waste. In 1987, nearly 200 of the Danish workers unsuccessfully attempted to sue the United States. However, some information has been released by the U.S. authorities under the Freedom of Information Act. But Kaare Ulbak, chief consultant to the Danish National Institute of Radiation Hygiene, said Denmark had carefully studied the health of the Thule workers and found no evidence of increased mortality or cancer.

The Pentagon maintained that all four weapons had been destroyed. In November 2008, an investigative reporter from BBC News made use of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act to gain access to the files and claimed that the aircraft had been carrying four nuclear bombs and that investigators piecing together the fragments realized that only three of the weapons could be accounted for. By August 1968, the Star III submarine was sent to the base to look for the lost bomb, serial number 78252, under the sea ice. In 2009, the assertions of the BBC were refuted in a Danish report, according to which Star III was searching for a small piece of uranium metal, the spark plug of a secondary.

Airlines and destinations

Airlines	Destinations
Air Greenland	Qaanaaq
Air Greenland (settlement flights)	Moriusaq, Savissivik
Air Greenland (charters)	Copenhagen, Kangerlussuaq

There are also charters to Thule Air Base.

Geography

Thule is an unincorporated enclave within Qaasuitsup municipality in northern Greenland. It is the site of the former town of Dundas, which was moved to Qaanaaq for the construction of the base. The permanent population of the base was 235 as of January 1, 2005.

See also

• Etah, Greenland
• Annoatok
• Eastern Air Defense Force (Air Defense Command)
• Qaanaaq Airport
• Thule people
• Kee Bird
• Camp Fistclench

Other sources

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
• This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Thule Air Base
• Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1961 (republished 1983, Office of Air Force History, ISBN 0-912799-02-1).
• Ravenstein, Charles A. Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History 1984. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
• Fletcher, Harry R. (1989) Air Force Bases Volume II, Active Air Force Bases outside the United States of America on 17 September 1982. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0912799536

External links

• The Ultimate Guide to Thule Air Base
• Analysis (2005) by Danish journalist Joergen Dragsdahl on the US-Danish politics on Thule Air Base: A few dilemmas bypassed in Denmark and Greenland
• Greenland Photos and Stories from Thule Air Base
• Current aviation weather for Thule Air Base
• Current weather for BGTL at NOAA/NWS
• Accident history for THU at Aviation Safety Network