Colonial architecture in Jakarta: Difference between revisions
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Several [[Portuguese colonial architecture]] also exist, usually outside the walled city of Batavia. Tugu Church and [[Gereja Sion|Sion Church]], with its plain facade and domed windows, are some surviving examples. |
Several [[Portuguese colonial architecture]] also exist, usually outside the walled city of Batavia. Tugu Church and [[Gereja Sion|Sion Church]], with its plain facade and domed windows, are some surviving examples. |
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In 1808, [[Daendels]] officially moved the city center to south because of the deteriorating condition of the inner town as well as the malaria outbreak. As a result, many buildings and structures from this period were left to deteriorated |
In 1808, [[Daendels]] officially moved the city center to south because of the deteriorating condition of the inner town as well as the malaria outbreak. As a result, many buildings and structures from this period were left to deteriorated. Because of financial issues, many buildings were demolished in 19th century and the debris were used to construct newer structure in the south (such as the Palace of Governor-General Daendels (now the Financial Department of Indonesia) from the debris of Batavia Castle, and Batavia Theater (now [[Gedung Kesenian Jakarta]]) from the debris of the ''Spinhuis''. |
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Later, these empty lots in Jakarta Old Town were filled with newer 20th century structures. Surviving 17th-18th structures were later converted as Jakarta's cultural heritage, e.g. Toko Merah, [[Gereja Sion]] and [[Jakarta History Museum]]. |
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Other dominant architecture style from these period were the Chinese merchant houses, many were built during the 18th century. Many of these structures show eclectic mix of Dutch and Chinese influences.<ref name=Heritage6></ref> |
Other dominant architecture style from these period were the Chinese merchant houses, many were built during the 18th century. Many of these structures show eclectic mix of Dutch and Chinese influences.<ref name=Heritage6></ref> |
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|Volksraad or Council of the Indies Building or ''Raad van Indië'' (1918) / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyoosakai or [[BPUPKI|Badan Penyidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan]]<ref name="jakarta-bp7">http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/179-jakarta-pusat/662-gedung-bp7</ref> |
|Volksraad or Council of the Indies Building or ''Raad van Indië'' (1918) / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyoosakai or [[BPUPKI|Badan Penyidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan]]<ref name="jakarta-bp7">http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/179-jakarta-pusat/662-gedung-bp7</ref> |
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|1830 |
|1830 |
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|J. Tromp<ref name="jakarta |
|J. Tromp<ref name="jakarta-bp7"></ref> |
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|[[image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het oudste gebouw van de Vrijmetselarij in Weltevreden Batavia. TMnr 60005555.jpg|120px]] |
|[[image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het oudste gebouw van de Vrijmetselarij in Weltevreden Batavia. TMnr 60005555.jpg|120px]] |
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|[[Gedung Kesenian Jakarta]] |
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|Stadtsschouwburg / Bataviasch Schouwburg / "Gedung Komidi" / Sin'tsu Cekizyoo<ref name="ency-schouwburg">http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/2789/schouwburg</ref> |
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| Batavia Theatre or ''Schouwburg te Batavia'' (original) |
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|1821{{#tag:ref|The material for the construction of the building were taken from the 17th century ''Spinhuis'' in Jakarta Old Town.<ref name="ency-schouwburg"></ref> |group="nb"}} |
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|J.C. Schultze |
|J.C. Schultze |
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|Cafe Batavia |
|Cafe Batavia |
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|Residence / Warehouse / Office / Coffeeshop / Gallery |
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|between 1805-1850<ref>history description from Cafe Batavia's Menu</ref> |
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|Canisius College |
|[[Jakarta Canisius College|Canisius College]] |
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|Canisius College HBS |
|Canisius College HBS |
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|1927 |
|1927 |
Revision as of 17:34, 29 June 2011
List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta
Colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta include those that were constructed during the Dutch colonial period of Indonesia. The period (and the subsequent style) succeeded the earlier period when Jakarta (known as Jayakarta) was governed by the Sultanate of Banten, whose buildings were completely eradicated by the Dutch colonist. Dominant style of these period can be divided into three style according to its period: the architecture of the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century - 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Dutch colonial architecture in Jakarta is apparent in buildings such as houses or villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices; mostly concentrated in the administrative city of Central Jakarta and West Jakarta.
Below is a list of colonial buildings and structures found in Jakarta. The list is sorted alphabetically according to its official (local) name. The list can also be sorted to each category.
Buildings which undertook complete renovation which resulted in different form are listed separately to distinguish the different architectural form.
Some notable Chinese-style buildings and Islamic mosques that were built during these period are included in the list for comparison.
Dutch East India Company period - 17th to late 18th century
The first type of colonial architecture grew from the early Dutch settlements in the 17th century, when settlements were generally within walled defences to protect them from attack by other European trade rivals and native revolt. Following the siege of Jayakarta (previously known as Sunda Kelapa) and its demolition by the Dutch in 1619, it was decided to build the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company on the site. Simon Stevin was commissioned to design a plan for the future settlement based on his concept of the 'ideal city'. His reponse was a rectangular, walled town, bisected by the river Ciliwung which was to be channeled into a straight canal (later known as also known as Grote Rivier or Kali Besar or "Big River" in this area). In accordance to Stevin's model, the fortress of Batavia was the most prominent building in the city, symbolizing the center of power, while townhall, markets, and other public buildings were distributed. This layout of Jakarta can still be clearly recognized today in Jakarta Old Town through the layout of the streets and canals, although most of the original 17th structures had been destroyed or replaced by newer early 20th century structures.[1]
The architecture style of this period were the tropical counterparts of 17th century Dutch architecture. Typical features include the typically Dutch high sash windows with split shutters[1], gable roofs[1], and white-coral painted wall (as opposed to exposed brick architecture in the Netherlands). This earlier period of Jakarta had many of the buildings solidly built with relatively enclosed structures, a structure that is not very friendly to tropical climate as compared to the architecture of the next period in Jakarta.[1] Best example of these buildings were located along the Tygersgracht (now Jalan Muka Timur), all had been demolished.[1] Best surviving example is Toko Merah.
Several Portuguese colonial architecture also exist, usually outside the walled city of Batavia. Tugu Church and Sion Church, with its plain facade and domed windows, are some surviving examples.
In 1808, Daendels officially moved the city center to south because of the deteriorating condition of the inner town as well as the malaria outbreak. As a result, many buildings and structures from this period were left to deteriorated. Because of financial issues, many buildings were demolished in 19th century and the debris were used to construct newer structure in the south (such as the Palace of Governor-General Daendels (now the Financial Department of Indonesia) from the debris of Batavia Castle, and Batavia Theater (now Gedung Kesenian Jakarta) from the debris of the Spinhuis.
Later, these empty lots in Jakarta Old Town were filled with newer 20th century structures. Surviving 17th-18th structures were later converted as Jakarta's cultural heritage, e.g. Toko Merah, Gereja Sion and Jakarta History Museum.
Other dominant architecture style from these period were the Chinese merchant houses, many were built during the 18th century. Many of these structures show eclectic mix of Dutch and Chinese influences.[1]
Last official name | Former names | Year | Architect | Location | Latest image | Oldest image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baijen’s Country House and the Outer Hospital (demolished) | Baijen’s Country House and the Outer Hospital[2] | before 1669, later a hospital, from 1743 until 1820.[2] | ||||
Bastion Amsterdam (demolished) | Amsterdam poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°07′46″S 106°48′54″E / 6.129527°S 106.815078°E | ||
Bastion Buren (demolished) | Buren poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°07′41″S 106°48′28″E / 6.128014°S 106.807904°E | ||
Bastion Diest (demolished) | Diest poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°08′12″S 106°48′42″E / 6.136733°S 106.811704°E | ||
Bastion Enkhuizen(demolished) | Enkhuizen poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°08′05″S 106°48′59″E / 6.134680°S 106.816474°E | ||
Bastion Friesland (demolished) | Friesland poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°07′55″S 106°48′22″E / 6.131831°S 106.806058°E | ||
Bastion Gelderland (demolished) | Gelderland poort, Punt Gelderland | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°08′15″S 106°49′00″E / 6.137472°S 106.816785°E | ||
Bastion Grimbergen (demolished) | Grimbergen poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | |||
Bastion Groningen (demolished) | Groningen poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°07′37″S 106°48′17″E / 6.126864°S 106.804796°E | ||
Bastion Hollandia (demolished) | Hollandia poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°08′19″S 106°48′46″E / 6.138544°S 106.812822°E | ||
Bastion Middelburg (demolished) | Middelburg poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°07′51″S 106°48′55″E / 6.130719°S 106.815397°E | ||
Bastion Nassau (demolished) | Nassau poort | before 1650[3] | ||||
Bastion Oranje (demolished) | Oranje poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°08′15″S 106°48′52″E / 6.137377°S 106.814514°E | ||
Bastion Overrijsel (demolished) | Overrijsel poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°07′47″S 106°48′20″E / 6.129746°S 106.805465°E | ||
Bastion Rotterdam (demolished) | Rotterdam poort | before 1650[3] | 6°07′58″S 106°48′57″E / 6.132779°S 106.815928°E | |||
Bastion Utrecht (demolished) | Utrecht poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°08′07″S 106°48′25″E / 6.135285°S 106.806872°E | ||
Bastion Vierkant (demolished) | Vierkant poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°07′36″S 106°48′28″E / 6.126775°S 106.807857°E | ||
Bastion Zeeburch (demolished) | Zeeburch poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°07′34″S 106°48′28″E / 6.126119°S 106.807639°E | ||
Bastion Zeeland (demolished) | Zeeland poort | before 1650[3] | anonymous | 6°08′16″S 106°48′28″E / 6.137890°S 106.807708°E | ||
Batavia City Hall (2nd) (replaced with Batavia City Hall (3rd)) | Batavia City Hall or Batavia Stadhuis | 1627 | 6°08′07″S 106°48′48″E / 6.135348°S 106.813372°E | |||
Batavia Fort (dismantled in 1890-1910) | Kasteel Batavia | 1619 | anonymous | 6°07′40″S 106°48′41″E / 6.127854°S 106.811338°E | ||
Binnen Hospital (demolished) | Binnen Hospital[2] | 6°08′14″S 106°48′46″E / 6.137185°S 106.812856°E | ||||
Sinees Sieken Huys / Chinese hospital and home for the aged (demolished) | Sinees Sieken Huys | 1646 | 6°08′05″S 106°48′27″E / 6.134812°S 106.807577°E[3] | |||
De Middelpunt | De Middelpunt | |||||
Gerbang Amsterdam or "Amsterdam Gate" (demolished in 1950s) | Amsterdamsepoort, Pinangpoort, Kasteelpoort | 17th century | 6°07′51″S 106°48′43″E / 6.130834°S 106.812062°E | |||
De Portugese Stadskerk (burned down in 1808)[4] | De Portugese Stadskerk | |||||
Fort Ansjol (demolished) | Fort Ansjol[5] | |||||
Fort Angke(demolished) | Fort Angke | 1657[6] | ||||
Fort Buitenwacht[6] | Fort Buitenwacht | |||||
Fort Jacarta Buiten Batavia (demolished) | Fort Jacarta Buiten Batavia | 6°08′43″S 106°49′50″E / 6.145389°S 106.830442°E | ||||
Fort Noordwijk (demolished in 1808) | Fort Noordwijk[5] | 1658 | 6°10′04″S 106°49′51″E / 6.167773°S 106.830801°E | |||
Fort Zevenhoek (demolished) | Fort Zevenhoek | 1657[6] | ||||
Fort Rijswijk (demolished) | Fort Rijswijk[5] | |||||
Fort Zouteland (demolished) | Fort Zouteland | 1656[7] | Ancol | |||
Galangan VOC Restaurant and Ta San Yen | Carpenter's shop of the Dutch East Indies | before 1650[3] or 1727[8] | unknown | 6°07′42″S 106°48′32″E / 6.128344°S 106.808937°E | ||
Gedung Candranaya (1957)[9] | Landhuis Kroet / Landhuis Van Majoor der Chinezen Khouw Kim An or "residence of Chinese Mayor Khouw Kim An"[10] | 18th century[10] | Khouw Tjoen (first resident) | 6°08′50″S 106°48′55″E / 6.147337°S 106.815284°E | ||
Gereja Sion | De Portugese Buitenkerk | 1695 | E. Ewout Verhagen | 6°08′17″S 106°49′05″E / 6.138009°S 106.817920°E | ||
Gereja Tugu | Portuguese Church | 1676-1678, rebuilt in 1737-1738 | Melchior Leidecker, later rebuilt by Julius Vinck[11] | 6°07′26″S 106°55′27″E / 6.123844°S 106.924070°E | ||
Government House | Government House | before 1650[3] | 6°08′31″S 106°48′55″E / 6.141976°S 106.815156°E | |||
Great Palace of Weltevreden (demolished in 1820, now Rumah Sakit Pusat AD Gatot Subroto or Army Main Hospital)[12][13] | Great Palace of Weltevreden / Landhuis Weltevreden[13] | 1761[12] | for Jacob Mossel[12][nb 1] | 6°10′36″S 106°50′12″E / 6.176726°S 106.836608°E | ||
Jembatan Gantung Kota Intan | Engelse Brug[15] / Het Middelpuntbrug[16] / Grote Boom or "Large Tree Bridge"[16] / Djembatan Hoenderpasser Kali Besar or Hoenderpasserbrug or "Chicken Market Bridge" (1900s)[16][17][15] / Ophalsbrug Juliana (1938)[16] | 1628/1630[16] or 1655 (after the demolition of earlier English Bridge)[15], 1937 (renovated)[16] | 6°07′53″S 106°48′38″E / 6.131259°S 106.810579°E | |||
Menara Syahbandar | Bastion Cuylenburg, Bastion Cullenburch[5], De Uitkijk | 1839[18] | 6°07′39″S 106°48′33″E / 6.127527°S 106.809071°E | |||
Mohr Observatory (Demolished in 1812) | Mohr Observatory | 1765 | Johan Maurits Mohr | 6°08′38″S 106°48′46″E / 6.143863°S 106.812911°E | ||
Museum Bahari | Warehouse | 1652–1771 | 6°07′36″S 106°48′30″E / 6.126753°S 106.808279°E | |||
Museum Sejarah Jakarta or Museum Fatahillah | Batavia City Hall (3rd) | 1710 | W.J. van der Velde | 6°08′07″S 106°48′48″E / 6.135348°S 106.813372°E | ||
Nieuwe Hollandse Kerk or "New Church of Holland" (destroyed by earthquake in 1808, Wayang Museum is now on its site) | Nieuwe Hollandse Kerk, Groote Hollandse Kerk | 1736 | 6°08′06″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134882°S 106.812603°E | |||
Nieuwe Poort or "New Gate" (demolished) | Nieuwe Poort | anonymous | 6°08′18″S 106°48′50″E / 6.138424°S 106.813777°E | |||
Old Gelderland defence works | Old Gelderland defence works | before 1650[3] | 6°08′06″S 106°48′56″E / 6.135031°S 106.815689°E | |||
Oude Hollandse Kerk or "Old Church of Holland" (demolished in 1732, replaced by Nieuwe Hollandse Kerk)[nb 2] | Oude Hollandse Kerk / Kruiskerk or "Cross Church" | 1640 | 6°08′06″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134882°S 106.812603°E | |||
Oude Utrechtse Poort or "Old Utrecht Gate" (demolished) | Oude Utrechtse Poort | 6°08′10″S 106°48′26″E / 6.136034°S 106.807207°E | ||||
Pasar Ikan, or "Fish Market" | Pasar Ikan | |||||
Raja Kuring Restaurant | Carpenter's shop of the Chinese | before 1650[3] | 6°07′48″S 106°48′35″E / 6.130012°S 106.809692°E[3] | |||
Spinning-house for single women (demolished) | Spinning-house for single women / Spinhuis, Spinhuys | before 1650[3] | 6°08′04″S 106°48′27″E / 6.134435°S 106.807492°E | |||
The Latin and Greek School (demolished)[1] | The Latin and Greek School | 1662[1] | ||||
Toko Merah or "Red Shop" | Residence of Gustaaf Willem, Baron van Imhoff / Residence of other Governor General of Batavia, Jacob Mossel (1750-1761), Petrus Albertus van der Parra (1761-1775), Reinier de Klerk (1777-1780), Nicolaas Hartingh, Baron van Hohendorf / Academie de Marine (1734)[20][21] / Kantoor van de Bank voor Indië / Hotel[21] / Shop of Oey Liauw Kong (1851)[20] | 1730[nb 3] | for Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff | 6°08′09″S 106°48′41″E / 6.135955°S 106.811285°E | ||
Vihara Dharma Bhakti | Jin De Yuan Klenteng | 1650, 1755 (restored) | 6°08′38″S 106°48′46″E / 6.143973°S 106.812736°E | |||
Vismarkt or "Fish Market" (earlier structure) (demolished) | Vismarkt | before 1650[3] | 6°07′50″S 106°48′36″E / 6.130653°S 106.80995°E | |||
Waterkasteel (demolished) | Waterkasteel / "Hornwerk"[22] | 1741, 1750[23] | 6°06′58″S 106°48′24″E / 6.116205°S 106.806601°E |
Colonialism - Late 18th century to 1870
After the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800 the Batavian Republic expanded all the VOC's territorial claims into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies. From the company's regional headquarters Batavia now evolved into the capital of the colony. In 1808 Daendels moved the old town center to higher ground and urbanised the area known as Weltevreden. During the British interregnum Daendels was replaced by Raffles who governed until 1816.
As the Dutch become more securely established in the region, towns grew up beyond the walls of the fort. Batavia, together with Semarang and Ujung Pandang, were the most important urban centers. During this time, Batavia became congested and wealthier merchants and other men of influence began to build their residences on the outskirts of town and in the surrounding countryside.
The period shows a gradual adaptation to the tropical climate form on the part of the Dutch colonial architecture. These new form of architecture is called the Indies. Typical styles include large roof overhang, high roof and ceiling, and front and rear verandahs that opened on to gardens. Indies style can be described as a mix of Indonesian, Chinese, and European influence. Very often the local Javanese style limasan roof was employed, but with addition of 19th century European architectural elements such as Tuscan columns, doors, windows, and a flight of three to four steps leading up to a verandah running the full width of the house.
Neoclassicism was a popular style for buildings in Jakarta during this period, which is considered to be the best representation of the greatness of the empire.[24]
Last official name | Former names | Year | Architect | Location | Latest image | Oldest image |
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Aley Cramerus Residence | ||||||
C. Schultze Residence | ||||||
H. Vaupel Residence | ||||||
W.C. van Benthem Jutting Residence | Kebon Sirih, Weltevreden | |||||
Arsip Nasional | Reiner de Klerk house[1] | 1760 | Reiner de Klerk | 6°09′14″S 106°49′01″E / 6.153761°S 106.817036°E | ||
Asrama Polisi Sektor Pal Merah | Landhuis Kebayoran Lama / Gedung Tinggi or "tall building"[nb 4] / Rumah Grogol or "Grogol house" / Residence of Andreas Hartink | 18th century[25] | W.J. Van de Velde[25] | Jl. Pal Merah Barat , Kel. Pal Merah, Kec. Palmerah, Jakarta Barat | ||
Balai Kota or City Hall | Burgemeesterswoning / Jakarta Tokubetsusi (1942-1945) | 19th century[26] | ||||
Biara Santa Ursula, Kapel, dan Sekolah Santa Ursula or St Ursula cloister, chapel, and school | Ursulinen Klooster, "Kleine Klooster" [27] | 1859 (cloister), 1888 (chapel), 1912 (school) | ||||
BP7 | Volksraad or Council of the Indies Building or Raad van Indië (1918) / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyoosakai or Badan Penyidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan[24] | 1830 | J. Tromp[24] | 6°10′31″S 106°49′59″E / 6.175200°S 106.833073°E | ||
Citadel Prins Frederik (Demolished, now Istiqlal Mosque) | Citadel Prins Frederik[2] | 1831[2] | 6°10′13″S 106°49′51″E / 6.170386°S 106.830742°E | |||
Departemen Keuangan | Palace of Governor-General Daendels / Het Groote Huis / Het Witte Huis[nb 5] | March 7, 1809[28] | J.C. Schultze, completed by J. Tromp (1828)[28] | 6°10′09″S 106°50′14″E / 6.169257°S 106.837096°E | ||
Dewan Kerajinan Nasional (February 24, 1992)[29] | Residence / Office of Hamengkubuwono IX (1945)[29] | 1860-1870[29] | Jl. Prapatan No. 42 Kel. Senen, Kec. Senen, Jakarta 10410[29] | |||
Freemasonry buildings in Weltevreden | Vrijmetselarij in Weltevreden | |||||
Gedung Kesenian Jakarta | Stadtsschouwburg / Bataviasch Schouwburg / "Gedung Komidi" / Sin'tsu Cekizyoo[30] | 1821[nb 6] | J.C. Schultze | 6°10′00″S 106°50′04″E / 6.166540°S 106.834417°E | ||
Gedung Pancasila or Pancasila Building[31] / Gedung Departemen Luar Negeri or Building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs[32] | Residence of Hertog Bernhard (original)[31] / residence of Dutch Royal Army Commander / Volksraad or Council of the Indies Building or Raad van Indië (1918) / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyoosakai or Badan Penyidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan[33] | 1830[32] | J. Tromp[32] | 6°10′28″S 106°50′01″E / 6.174350°S 106.833632°E | ||
Gereja Immanuel or Emmanuel Church | Willemskerk or "Williams Church" | 6°10′36″S 106°49′55″E / 6.176703°S 106.832081°E | ||||
Grand Hôtel Java (Demolished in the 1950s and replaced with Markas besar TNI Angkatan Darat (headquarters of the National Indonesian Army Land Forces))[34] | Private residence (original)[34] / Grand Hôtel Java (1834) | early 19th century | 6°10′06″S 106°49′42″E / 6.168221°S 106.828216°E | |||
Hotel der Nederlanden (demolished and replaced with Bina Graha Presidential Office in 1969)[35][36] | Pieter Tenzy residence (original)[35] / W.H. van Eijsseldijk residence[35] / Thomas Stamford Raffles residence (1811)[35] / Hotel Palace Royale (1840)[35] / Hotel der Nederlanden (1846)[35] / Hotel Dharma Nirmala (1950s)[36] / Markas Cakrabirawa (1950s)[36] | 1794[36] | 6°10′05″S 106°49′30″E / 6.167956°S 106.824918°E | |||
Hotel des Indes 1st form (renovated in 1930)[37] | a residential / Hotel Chaulan (1828)[nb 7] / Hotel de Provence (1835) / Hotel Rotterdamsch (1854) / Hotel des Indes (1 May 1856) | 1930 | 6°09′56″S 106°49′11″E / 6.165495°S 106.819806°E | |||
Hotel Sriwijaya (1950)[38] | Hotel Cavadino (1863) / Hotel Lion d’Or (1899) / Park Hotel (1941)[38] | 1863 | for Conrad Alexander Willem Cavadino | 6°10′08″S 106°49′47″E / 6.168918°S 106.829860°E | ||
Hotel Wisse (1890, replaced with Hotel des Galeries in 1920) | Residence of GG Petrus Albertus van der Parra / Hotel Ernst (1860)[39] | around 1750 | for GG Petrus Albertus van der Parra | 6°10′01″S 106°49′16″E / 6.166930°S 106.821007°E | ||
Istana Merdeka | Governor General's Palace or Paleis van de Gouverneur-Generaal, "Gambir Palace" | 1873 | Drossares | 6°10′13″S 106°49′27″E / 6.170170°S 106.824177°E | ||
Istana Negara (1949) | Residence of Jacob Andries van Braam (original); Schonburg Building; Paleis Z. E. Gouverneur Generaal te Rijswijk | 1796-1804, 1848 (renovated after an earthquake)[40] | 6°10′05″S 106°49′26″E / 6.168084°S 106.823956°E | |||
Jean Belle Residence (demolished, replaced with Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te Weltevreden in 1910)[41] | Jean Belle Residence[41] | |||||
Kantor pusar Kimia Farma or "main office of Kimia Farma" (1958) | Volksapotheek te Rijswijk[42] | 1857; 1913 (renovated) | unknown; Edward Cuypers (renovation) | 6°10′05″S 106°49′36″E / 6.168194°S 106.826802°E | ||
Kleedingmagazijn M. De Koning in Noordwijk (Demolished in 1950s, now Grand Brilliant Palace Restaurant) | Kleedingmagazijn M. De Koning in Noordwijk[43] | 6°10′02″S 106°49′39″E / 6.167146°S 106.827491°E | ||||
Magazijn Onderlinge Hulp in Noordwijk (demolished, replaced with Kantor Departemen Keuangan RI bagian KPPN (Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara) | Magazijn Onderlinge Hulp in Noordwijk[43] | 6°10′01″S 106°49′37″E / 6.167054°S 106.827050°E | ||||
Mahkamah Agung or "Indonesia Supreme Court Building" | Hoogerechshaf | 1828 | J.C. Schultze, completed by J. Tromp (1828)[28][44] | 6°10′06″S 106°50′12″E / 6.168203°S 106.836664°E | ||
Mercu Suar Sunda Kelapa or "Sunda Kelapa lighthouse"[45] | Vuurtoren Batavia | 1862 | 6°06′18″S 106°48′19″E / 6.105129°S 106.805397°E | |||
Mesjid Jami Kebon Jeruk or "Kebon Jeruk Mosque" | 1786[46] | for Tuan Tschoa (Kapten Tamien Dosol Seeng)[46] | 6°09′20″S 106°49′07″E / 6.155555°S 106.818506°E | |||
Military Society Concordia (demolished in 1960s, now occupied by Gedung A.A. Maramis II Departemen Keuangan) | Military Society Concordia / Kantor Pusar DPR[47] | 21 September 1833 (inauguration); 1836, 1874, 1990 (building extension) | 6°10′13″S 106°50′16″E / 6.170186°S 106.837689°E | |||
Museum Nasional, "Museum Gajah" | The Batavian Society of Arts and Science Building / Museum of the Batavian Society | 1862 | 6°10′35″S 106°49′20″E / 6.176434°S 106.822115°E | |||
Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik | Palais van Justitie ("Justice Palace") | 1870 | 6°08′04″S 106°48′51″E / 6.134310°S 106.814212°E | |||
Museum Tekstil (1978) | Residence; Headquarter of Barisan Keamanan Rakyat ("Front of People Safety"); Institution for aged people (1947) | 6°11′17″S 106°48′35″E / 6.188019°S 106.809620°E | ||||
Passer Baroe, Pasar Baru | Passer Baroe | 1821[48] | 6°09′55″S 106°50′05″E / 6.165375°S 106.834602°E | |||
Photographisch Atelier Walter Woodbury (demolished, replaced by Gedung Bina Graha) | Residence of Van Dorp (original) / Photographisch Atelier Walter Woodbury (1861-1908)[49] | 6°10′04″S 106°49′31″E / 6.167701°S 106.825144°E | ||||
Post- en Telegraafkantoor te Weltevreden | Post- en Telegraafkantoor te Weltevreden | (before 1885) | ||||
Postkantoor Weltevreden (demolished and replaced with a new building in 1913) | Postkantoor Weltevreden | 1853 | ||||
Rumah Sakit Cikini or "Cikini hospital" | Raden Saleh Residence (original); Hospital and a Nurse Academy (1898)[50] | 1852 | Raden Saleh | Jalan Raden Saleh 40, Menteng-Cikini, Jakarta Pusat 10330 | ||
SMK Santa Maria | Groote Klooster[27] / Mater Dei (1920)[51] | 1856[51] | ||||
Societeit Harmonie or "Harmony Society" (demolished for road widening and parking area in 1985)[52] | Societeit Harmonie or "Harmony Society" (original) | 18 January 1815 | J.C. Schultze | 6°10′05″S 106°49′16″E / 6.167927°S 106.821246°E | ||
Topografische Dienst te Weltevreden | Topografische Dienst te Weltevreden |
Post Cultuurstelsel abolition - 1870 to mid 20th century
The abolition of the Cultuurstelsel in 1870 made way for the rapid development of private enterprises in the Dutch Indies. Numerous trading companies and financial institutions established themselves in Java, most of them settled in Batavia. Jakarta Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, typically along the Kali Besar. These private companies owned or managed plantations, oil fields, and mines. Railway stations were designed during this period, with characteristic style of this period.[1]
Architecturally, neoclassicism fell out of favor to be replaced by Neogothic and Dutch Rationalism. Apparent architectural style were Nieuwe Kunst (e.g. Bank Tabungan Negara), Art Deco or De Stijl, and Amsterdam School. This architecture styles were also the tropical counterpart of the original style, resulting in a style called the Indies.
Two dominant architectural bureaus during this period were AIA Bureau (Ghijsels) and AA Fermont and Cuypers Bureau (Eduard Cuypers).[1]
Colonnades are required during this period to provide protection against monsoon rains and tropical sun, which in turns transformed the appearance of buildings in the city centers.[1]
Last official name | Former names | Year | Architect | Location | Latest image | Oldest image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
St. Aloysius Broederschool[53] | ||||||
Batavia Petroleum Maatschappij Building | Office | |||||
Batavia Newspaper Office Building | ||||||
Batavia Yacht Club in Tanjung Priok | Tanjung Priok | |||||
Bioscoop Manggarai or "Manggarai Cinema" | File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Affiches voor Bollywood-films op de voorgevel van Bioscoop Manggarai TMnr 20018017.jpg | |||||
Binnacle (Schakelhuis) | ||||||
Chinese Christian Church | ||||||
Unie Gebouw | ||||||
Office | ||||||
Frans Consulaat Koningsplein | ||||||
City Press Factory | ||||||
Electrification of the State Railway Company at Meester Cornelis (Electrificatie van de Staatsspoor- en Tramwegen (SS en T) bij het spoorwegstation te Meester Cornelis) | ||||||
Kantoor van de Nederlandsch Indische Escompto Maatschappij te Weltevreden | ||||||
KPM Hospital | ||||||
Laboratory for Pasar Ikan Marine Research | ||||||
Marine Hotel | ||||||
Mayestik Bioscoop | ||||||
Modernist villas of Westerpark | 1920-1930s | |||||
Oranje Beer Brewery | ||||||
Rathkamp and Co. Pharmacy | ||||||
Van Arcken and Co. Shop | ||||||
Artesian well at Koningsplein (Demolished) | Artesian well at Koningsplein | Lapangan Merdeka Utara | ||||
Artesian well at Meester Cornelis (Demolished) | Artesian well at Meester Cornelis | 1881 | Meester Cornelis | |||
Artesian well at Postweg (Demolished) | Artesian well at Postweg | |||||
Artesian well at Salemba (Demolished) | Artesian well at Salemba | |||||
Asuransi Jiwasraya (1957, front facade demolished for road widening)[54] | Nillmij (Nederlandsch-Indische Levensverzekerings en Lijfrente Maatschappij) | 1909-1910 [55] | P.A.J.Moojen dan S. Snuyft[55] | 6°10′01″S 106°49′24″E / 6.166923°S 106.823224°E | ||
Asuransi Wahana Tata | Office | 19th century | unknown | Jl. Kali Besar Barat no. 5, Kel. Pekojan, Kec. Tambora, Jakarta 11110 | ||
Athena Diskotik | Gebouw van Het Nieuws van den Dag | 1925–1927 | Ir. W. Selle | 6°08′07″S 106°48′40″E / 6.135152°S 106.811078°E | ||
Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir (BAPETEN) | Gebouw van Burgerlijke Openbare Werken[56] | 6°09′50″S 106°49′11″E / 6.163912°S 106.819607°E | ||||
Bahtera Adhiguna Office | The Ships Agency Ltd Office | 19th century[57] | 6°08′08″S 106°48′44″E / 6.135544°S 106.812098°E | |||
Bank Indonesia | N.V. De Javasche Bank | 1909 | Eduard Cuypers and Hulswit | 6°08′14″S 106°48′46″E / 6.137185°S 106.812856°E | ||
Bank Mandiri | Kantoor van de Nederlandsch Indische Escompto Maatschappij / Bank Dagang Negara / Bank Mandiri | 1920 | Eduard Cuypers | 6°08′11″S 106°48′46″E / 6.136417°S 106.812845°E | ||
Bank Mandiri | Bank Export Import | late 19th century | Ir. J. de Bruyn, Ir. A.P. Smiths dan C. Van de Linde[58] | |||
Bank Mandiri (1999) | Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij Office Building; or Factorij Batavia / Bank Koperasi Tani dan Nelayan (1960) / Bank Export Import (Bank Exim) (1968) / Bank Exim bersama Bank Dagang Negara / Bank Bumi Daya / Bank Pembangunan Indonesia | 1929 | Ir. J.F.L. Blankenberg dan Wolff Schoemaker[59], Ir. Fermont – Eduard Cuypers [60] | 6°08′17″S 106°48′47″E / 6.138170°S 106.813085°E | ||
Bank Mandiri | Standard Chartered Bank Office of India, Australia, and China / Bank Umum Negara (1965)[61] / Bank Bumi Daya (1968)[61] | February 27, 1921[61] | Eduard Cuypers | 6°08′12″S 106°48′41″E / 6.136532°S 106.811417°E | ||
Bank Tabungan Negara Office (1968)[62] | Kantoor van de Postspaarbank (1920)[62] / Tyokin Kyoku (1942)[62] / Bank Tabungan Pos (1945)[63] | 1920, 1936 (renovated to current form)[62] | RLA Schoenmaker (1920), J. van Gendt (1936)[62] | 6°10′02″S 106°49′13″E / 6.167185°S 106.820338°E | ||
Banteng Building \ Kantor Advokat dan Pengacara | 20th century | 6°08′10″S 106°48′41″E / 6.136108°S 106.811337°E | ||||
Bengkel Praktek Kerja Pendidikan Teknik (1974)[64] | Nederlandsch Indie Gas Maatschappij | 1924 | Jl. Budi Utomo No. 3 Kel. Pasar Baru Kec. Sawah Besar Jakarta 10710 | |||
Bhanda Graha Reksa Office | Offices[nb 8] | 19th century[66] | 6°08′10″S 106°48′44″E / 6.136135°S 106.812264°E | |||
Bappenas or "Board of National Planning and Development" | Freemason Lodge[67] | Ir Frans Johan Lauwrens Ghijsels | 6°12′02″S 106°49′57″E / 6.200663°S 106.832426°E | |||
Buddha Bar | Bataviasche Kunstkring (original); Immigration office of Central Jakarta | 1913 | 6°11′20″S 106°50′01″E / 6.188898°S 106.833497°E | |||
Building at Jl. Kunir no. 2[68] | Geo. Wehry & Co Office building | 1927 | Ir. FJL Ghijsels (AIA Bureau)[69] | 6°07′57″S 106°48′53″E / 6.132514°S 106.814826°E | ||
Cafe Batavia | Residence / Warehouse / Office / Coffeeshop / Gallery | between 1805-1850[70] | 6°08′04″S 106°48′46″E / 6.134410°S 106.812740°E | File:Cafebatavia.jpg | ||
Canisius College | Canisius College HBS | 1927 | ||||
Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral | ||||||
Departemen Pertahanan dan Keamanan or Department of Defense and Security (1964) | Rechts Hoge School[71] | 1924[71] | J.F. van Hoytema[71] | |||
Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Laut | Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (original) / Japanese Marine Department (1942) | 1916-1918[72] | F.J.L. Ghijsels, Heins von Essen, and Stoltz (AIA Bureau)[72] | |||
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia or the medicine faculty of the University of Indonesia | de Geneeskundige Hoogeschool ("Medical College") | 6°11′42″S 106°50′56″E / 6.194962°S 106.848907°E | ||||
Filateli Jakarta | Main Post and Telegraph Office | 6°10′02″S 106°50′02″E / 6.167137°S 106.833818°E | ||||
Former office of Nederlandsch Indische Handelsbank (NIHB) | First office of Nederlandsch Indische Handelsbank (NIHB) | 6°07′59″S 106°48′38″E / 6.133186°S 106.810616°E | ||||
Gebouw van de Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (KPM) bij de Sluisbrug (Demolished for road widening) | Gebouw van de Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (KPM) bij de Sluisbrug | 1888 | 6°10′04″S 106°49′53″E / 6.167754°S 106.831296°E | |||
Gereja Katedral Jakarta (final form) | Batavia Cathedral | 1901 | 6°10′08″S 106°49′59″E / 6.169013°S 106.833114°E | |||
Gereja Koinonia | 1889[73] | 6°12′50″S 106°51′43″E / 6.213764°S 106.861818°E | ||||
Gereja St Yoseph Matraman | St. Joseph Church Matraman | 1906-June 22, 1909[74] | Ir Frans Johan Lauwrens Ghijsels (AIA Bureau)[75]; Ir Erawan Kartawidjaja (renovation in 2001) | 6°12′30″S 106°51′35″E / 6.208243°S 106.859596°E | ||
Gereja St Theresia or St Theresia Church | Nassaukerk | 6°11′20″S 106°49′32″E / 6.188929°S 106.825490°E | ||||
Gunung Sahari Lock Bridge (Demolished) | Gunung Sahari Lock Bridge | |||||
Hotel Duta Indonesia (demolished in 1972, replaced with Duta Merlin Plaza)[37] | Hotel des Indes | 1930 | Burhoven Jaspers[37] | 6°09′56″S 106°49′11″E / 6.165495°S 106.819806°E | ||
Hotel Melati | Hotel des Galeries | 1914 | 6°10′01″S 106°49′16″E / 6.166930°S 106.821007°E | |||
J.P. Coen Statue (demolished) | J.P. Coen Statue | 6°10′10″S 106°50′13″E / 6.169353°S 106.836808°E | ||||
Jasa Raharja | Zee en Brand Verzekerings Maatschapij Sluyters & Co / Lloyd Insurance (1950)[76] | 6°08′08″S 106°48′44″E / 6.135694°S 106.812086°E | ||||
Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Jakarta Tambora or "Tambora Tax Office" | HSBC[77] | 19th century[78] | 6°08′08″S 106°48′40″E / 6.135680°S 106.811241°E | |||
Kerta Niaga Office (1966)[79] | 6°08′09″S 106°48′44″E / 6.135830°S 106.812145°E | |||||
Landsdrukkerij Weltevreden | Landsdrukkerij Weltevreden | |||||
Lembaga Biologi Molekul Eijkman or "Eijkman Institute of Molecular Biology"[80] | Eijkman Instituut | 1914 (built), 1916 (inauguration)[81] | H von Essen[81] | 6°11′53″S 106°50′47″E / 6.198011°S 106.846399°E | ||
Lembaga Pendidikan Jurnalistik | Antara News Office | 6°09′57″S 106°50′02″E / 6.165816°S 106.833924°E | ||||
Mesjid Angke or "Angke Mosque" | Angke Mosque | Jakarta Utara | ||||
Mesjid Cut Mutiah (1987) | N.V. de Bouwploeg (original) / post office, Train Company (1942–1945) / office of Home and Religion (1964–1970). | 1922 | Pieter Adriaan Jacobus Moojen | 6°11′14″S 106°50′00″E / 6.187285°S 106.833358°E | ||
Mesjid Luar Batang or "Luar Batang Mosque" | Luar Batang Mosque | 6°07′26″S 106°48′24″E / 6.123765°S 106.806533°E | ||||
Metropole | Megaria Cinema; Menteng Cinema | 6°12′00″S 106°50′37″E / 6.200059°S 106.843688°E | ||||
Michiels Monument (Upper part moved to Taman Prasasti Museum) | Michiels Monument | 6°10′16″S 106°50′00″E / 6.171074°S 106.833451°E | ||||
Monument for J.B. van Heutsz (demolished in 1960) | Monument for J.B. van Heutsz | 1927 | 6°11′13″S 106°50′03″E / 6.186994°S 106.834119°E | |||
Museum Joang '45 (1975)[82] | Hotel Schomper[82] / Ganseikanbu Sendenbu (1942-1945) | 1920s[82] | ||||
Museum Taman Prasasti | Europese Kerkhof | 6°10′20″S 106°49′08″E / 6.172196°S 106.818946°E | ||||
Museum Wayang | Museum of Old Batavia (1939); Geo Wehry & Co Warehouse | 1912[1] | 6°08′06″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134882°S 106.812603°E | |||
Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te 22 Noordwijk (Demolished in 1984, replaced with Kantor Departemen Keuangan RI bagian KPPN (Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara)[41] | Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te 22 Noordwijk / "Factorij"[41] | 1910 | Eduard Cuypers | 6°10′01″S 106°49′39″E / 6.167017°S 106.827407°E | ||
Office (abandoned) | G.J. Kolff & Co[83] | 6°08′03″S 106°48′43″E / 6.134228°S 106.811806°E | ||||
Office | NV. Handelsvereniging / NV. Reiss & Co[84] | 19th century[85] | 6°08′09″S 106°48′41″E / 6.135787°S 106.811279°E | |||
Office building at Jl. Taman Fatahillah no. 2 | Gebouw West Java (WEVA) | 1920 | Eduard Cuypers and Hulswit | Jl. Taman Fatahillah No. 2 Kel. Penjaringan, Kec. Taman Sari Jakarta Barat | ||
Oger Frères[86] (demolished, replaced with Singer Building in the 1930s) | Oger Frères | 1823 (store opened) | 6°10′05″S 106°49′15″E / 6.168118°S 106.820704°E | |||
Pasar Gambir Market Structures/Pavilions (demolished) | Pasar Gambir Market Structures/Pavilions | 6°10′44″S 106°49′33″E / 6.178931°S 106.825833°E | ||||
Perpustakaan Nasional Jakarta or "National Library" (March 11, 1989)[87] | Koning Willem III School (original) | |||||
Post Office Building | ||||||
PT Djakarta Lloyd Office (abandoned)[88] | Asurantie Kantoor van Ongevallen verzekering mij FATUM en Onderlinge elvensverzekering van EIGEN HULP | 1890 | 6°08′03″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134077°S 106.812596°E | |||
PT. Samudera Indonesia Commercial Fleet Division (Breakbulk & NVOCC) office building[89] | Maintz & Co Office[89] | 1920s[89] | F.J.L. Ghijsels[89] | 6°07′59″S 106°48′38″E / 6.132948°S 106.810554°E | ||
PT Tjipta Niaga | Gebouw van de Koloniale Zee en Brand Assurantie[90] / Gebouw van de Internationale Credit en Handelsvereeniging Rotterdam[91] | 25 May 1912[90][91] | Eduard Cuypers, Hulswit[90] | 6°08′04″S 106°48′43″E / 6.134519°S 106.811900°E | ||
Rumah Sakit Umum Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo | Medicine warehouse for the Ministry of Health of the Dutch Colonial Government / Teaching Hospital (1919) / Het Centrale Burgerlijke Hospitaal (CBZ) or "Central Civil Hospital of Batavia" / Ika Dai Gakku Byoin (1942-1945)[92] | 1919-1926 [92] | 6°11′50″S 106°50′51″E / 6.197111°S 106.847549°E | |||
Singer Building[93] | Singer Building | 1930 | F.W. Brinkman | 6°10′05″S 106°49′15″E / 6.168118°S 106.820704°E | ||
SMA 7 or "State Primary School No. 1"[94] | Carpentier Alting Stichting School[nb 9] / Sekolah Menengah Atas 7 or "Senior High School no. 7"[95] | 1902[94] | Koningsplein Oost 14 (now Jalan Medan Merdeka Timur)[94] | |||
SMK Santa Maria | Koningin Emma School[51] | 20th century[51] | ||||
Stasiun Kota / Stasiun BEOS | Kota Station | F.J.L. Ghijsels | 6°08′16″S 106°48′52″E / 6.137672°S 106.814421°E | |||
Stasiun Gambir | Weltevreden Station (1884) / Batavia Koningsplein Station (1937) / Gambir Station (post-independence) | 6°10′36″S 106°49′50″E / 6.176660°S 106.830617°E | ||||
Stasiun Tanjung Priok or "Tanjung Priok Station" | State Railway Company's Railway Station | 1914 | C.W. Koch | 6°06′38″S 106°52′53″E / 6.110642°S 106.881511°E | ||
Station Tandjong Priok (demolished in 1917) | Station Tandjong Priok | 1885 | 6°06′40″S 106°52′51″E / 6.111039°S 106.880963°E | |||
Taman Makam Menteng Pulo or Menteng Pulo Cemetery | Ereveld Menteng Poelo | |||||
Topografisch Bureau (abandoned and destroyed)[96] | Topografisch Bureau | 1868, 1907 (older building demolished and replaced)[96] | ||||
Telefoonkantoor aan het Koningsplein or "Telephone office at the Koningsplein" (demolished) | Telefoonkantoor aan het Koningsplein | 6°07′53″S 106°48′38″E / 6.131250°S 106.810594°E | ||||
Toko Eigen Hulp (replaced with Postspaarbank office in 1920)[62] | Toko Eigen Hulp | 1897[62] | 6°10′02″S 106°49′13″E / 6.167185°S 106.820338°E | |||
Toshiba Office | John Peet & Co Office | around 1920[97] | Ir. FJL Ghijsels [97] | 6°08′00″S 106°48′38″E / 6.133426°S 106.810650°E | ||
Vereniging Toeristenverkeer - Official Tourist Bureau (demolished) | Vereniging Toeristenverkeer te Rijswijk - Official Tourist Bureau | 1910[98] | 6°10′04″S 106°49′22″E / 6.167891°S 106.822847°E | |||
Warehouse (abandoned) | Dasaad Musin Building / Residence of the Director of NV. Pabrik Tenoen Kantjil Mas, Bangil, Djawa Timoer | 1920 | 6°08′02″S 106°48′46″E / 6.133967°S 106.812800°E | |||
Wilhelmina Park Atjeh Monument (demolished in 1950s, on its site stand the Istiqlal Mosque) | Wilhelmina Park Atjeh Monument | 1898 | Bart van Hove, Pierre Cuypers[99] | 6°10′06″S 106°49′51″E / 6.168333°S 106.830884°E | ||
Wilhelmina Pavilion (demolished) | Wilhelmina Pavilion | |||||
Zoological and Plant Society Building (demolished) | Zoological and Plant Society Building |
Post Dutch colonial period
Colonial style in Jakarta lingers some years after the official independence of Indonesia in 1945. Many of these buildings still employed a Dutch architect.
Last official name | Former names | Year | Architect | Location | Newest image | Oldest image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bioscoop Menteng (demolished, on its site stands Menteng Plaza) | Bioscoop Menteng | 1951[100] | Han Groenewegen | 6°11′00″S 106°50′03″E / 6.183443°S 106.834165°E | ||
Departement Keuangan | Ika Dai Gaku College Dormitory[101] | 1942[101] | Jl. Prapatan No. 10, Kel. Senen, Kec. Senen, Jakarta 10410 |
Notes and references
- Notes
- ^ The house was bought by Van der Parra in 1767.[14]
- ^ The Old Church of Holland was demolished to make way for the organ that was too large for the church.[19]
- ^ According to a plaque in front of Toko Merah.
- ^ so called because it was the tallest building in Grogol during the colonial area.[25]
- ^ Material for the building was collected from Kasteel Batavia, dismantled in 1809.[28]
- ^ The material for the construction of the building were taken from the 17th century Spinhuis in Jakarta Old Town.[30]
- ^ established by A. Chaulan and J.J. Didero.[37]
- ^ Firma TIEDEMAN & VAN KERCHEM / - NV. Assurantie Maatschappij "De Nederlanden van 1845". FATUM. LABOR. / NEDERLANDSCH-INDISHE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / TWEEDE NEDERLANDSCH-INDISHE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / KOLONIALE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / TWEEDE KOLONIALE, Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / Zee-en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij "De Oosterling" / NV. Cult. Mij. Bodjong Datar / NV. Landb.Mij. Dajeuh Manggoeng / NV. Cult.Mij. Gandasoli / NV. The Indo Java, Rubber Planting & Trading Cy. / NV. Cult.Mij. Juliana / NV. Landb.Mij. Kertamanah / NV. Lebak Palantations Cy.Ltd. / NV. Marywattie Tea Cy./ NV. Landb. Mij. Radjamandala / NV. Cult.Mij. Takokak / NV. Cult.Mij. Tandjong Oost / NV. Landb.Mij. Tjiletab / NV. Bombay Java Trading Cy[65]
- ^ The school was founded in 1902 by Dutch Protestant pastor and prominent Freemason Albertus Samuel Carpentier Alting(1837-1915). CAS developed into a lyceum (primary school); MULO (Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs), junior highschool; and HBS (Hogere Burger School), senior highschool. After independence in 1945, the CAS remained operational to serve Djakarta's large remaining white settler community, although the Indonesian government forced the school to admit students from all races. All the Dutch students and teachers of CAS was expelled by Indonesian government by 1961, on which year the school was abolished and its premises turned into SDN 01 (State Primary School No. 1).[94]
- References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). Architecture. Indonesian Heritage. Vol. 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
- ^ a b c d e Teeuwen, Dirk (2011). [Rendez-vous-Batavia.nl Batavia’s Wilhelmina Park – Jakarta’s Mosque Istiqlal].
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(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Abdurrachman Surjomihardjo (1977). Pemekaran Kota (The Growth of Jakarta). Jakarta: Djambatan.
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(help) - ^ A. Algra and H. Algra (1978). Twintig eeuwen historie van de Nederlanden. Deel 4. Franeker: T. Wever. p. 31. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
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(help) - ^ a b c d Die Rhede von Batavia, 1655 Batavia Map. Homann Heirs Nuremberg Publication
- ^ a b c http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/726
- ^ "1001 Warna Teluk Jakarta". National Geographic Traveller Indonesia (in Indonesian). National Geographic Traveller Indonesia. October 26, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ^ http://masoye.multiply.com/photos/photo/4/56
- ^ "Candra Naya". Nile Guide. Nile Project. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ a b http://prov.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/2964/candranaya
- ^ Windoro Adi (2010). Batavia 1740: menyisir jejak Betawi (in Indonesian). PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. p. 226. ISBN 979225451X, 9789792254518. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
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(help) - ^ a b c http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t73769.html
- ^ a b http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/3569
- ^ http://atlasofmutualheritage.nl/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=nl&id=4328
- ^ a b c http://masoye.multiply.com/photos/photo/4/74
- ^ a b c d e f http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/178-jakarta-barat/544-jembatan-gantung-kota-intan
- ^ http://djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com/photos/photo/11/120
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- ^ http://prov.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/2135
- ^ a b http://masoye.multiply.com/photos/photo/4/59
- ^ a b Thomas B Ataladjar. Toko Merah Saksi Kejayaan Batavia Lama Di Tepi Sungai Ciliwung.
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(help) - ^ http://www.atlasofmutualheritage.nl/detail.aspx?page=dafb&lang=en&id=4703
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- ^ a b c http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/178-jakarta-barat/1074-asrama-polisi-sektor-pal-merah
- ^ http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/63
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- ^ a b c http://www.jakarta.go.id/m/news/kategori/162/baca/3030/m/1.3.59
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- ^ a b c d e f "Der Nederlanden, Hotel". Ensiklopedi Jakarta. Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c d http://arkeologi.web.id/articles/arkeologi-kesejarahan/268-rumah-raffles-hotel-der-nederlanden-hingga-bina-graha
- ^ a b c d http://djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com/photos/photo/391/3
- ^ a b http://djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com/photos/photo/391/29
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- ^ a b c d Priambodo Prayitno. "Djawa Tempo Doeloe". Retrieved April 2, 2011.
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- ^ a b c d http://djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com/photos/photo/391/18
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- ^ http://digilib.petra.ac.id/viewer.php?page=1&submit.x=0&submit.y=0&qual=high&fname=/jiunkpe/s1/eman/1998/jiunkpe-ns-s1-1998-31492085-12593-asuransi_jiwasraya-chapter3.pdf
- ^ a b http://djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com/photos/photo/391/14
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- ^ http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/178-jakarta-barat/1176-bank-mandiri
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- ^ http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/179-jakarta-pusat/1230-bengkel-praktek-kerja-pendidikan-teknik
- ^ http://masoye.multiply.com/photos/photo/4/61
- ^ http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/178-jakarta-barat/1146-kantor-pt-banda-graha-reksa
- ^ http://mahandisyoanata.multiply.com/journal/item/28/Trails_of_Ghijsels_in_Batavia_The_Order_of_Freemasons_Lodge
- ^ http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/178-jakarta-barat/1234-bangunan-gedung-jl-kunir-no-2-
- ^ http://mahandisyoanata.multiply.com/journal/item/16/16
- ^ history description from Cafe Batavia's Menu
- ^ a b c http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/179-jakarta-pusat/1229-departemen-pertahanan-dan-keamanan-hankam
- ^ a b http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/179-jakarta-pusat/1217-direktorat-jenderal-perhubungan-laut
- ^ Rinno Widianto (2009). Gereja-Koinonia (PDF) (in Indonesian). Depok: FIB UI. p. 88. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
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(help) - ^ Yustina M Widhartantri (July 3, 2009). "Gereja St Yoseph Matraman, Saksi Sejarah Kota Militer". Wisata Kota Tua (in Indonesian). Kompas. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
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- ^ http://masoye.multiply.com/photos/photo/4/48
- ^ Nurul Ulfah (11 December 2009). "Melawan Virus Bersama Eijkman" (in Indonesian). DetikHealth. Retrieved April 2, 2011.</>
- ^ a b http://bataviase.co.id/node/372552
- ^ a b c http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/3807/joang
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- ^ Google Earth - 3d Model
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- ^ a b c d http://masoye.multiply.com/photos/photo/4/75
- ^ a b c http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/178-jakarta-barat/1182-gedung-pt-tjipta-niaga
- ^ a b http://masoye.multiply.com/photos/photo/4/89
- ^ a b http://prov.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/285
- ^ http://djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com/photos/photo/391/8
- ^ a b c d http://prov.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/2135 Cite error: The named reference "grandfather" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Tineke Nauta-Meertens (30 Juni 1997). "CAS historie". Stichting CAS-Reünisten. Stichting CAS-Reünisten. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
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(help) - ^ a b http://djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com/photos/photo/11/213
- ^ a b http://masoye.multiply.com/photos/photo/4/68
- ^ http://djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com/photos/photo/391/16
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- ^ http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail/1903/bioskop
- ^ a b http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/bangunan-cagar-budaya/179-jakarta-pusat/1101-gedung-departemen-keuangan-kantor-badan-urusan-piutang-negara