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Special effects (abbreviated SPFX or SFX) are used in the film, television, and entertainment industry to create effects that cannot be achieved by normal means, such as depicting travel to other star systems. They are also used when creating the effect by normal means is prohibitively expensive, such as an enormous explosion. They are also used to enhance previously filmed elements, by adding, removing or enhancing objects within the scene.

Many different visual special effects techniques exist, ranging from traditional theater effects or elaborately staged as in the "machine plays" of the Restoration spectacular, through classic film techniques invented in the early 20th century, such as aerial image photography and optical printers, to modern computer graphics techniques (CGI). Often several different techniques are used together in a single scene or shot to achieve the desired effect.

Special effects are often "invisible." That is to say that the audience is unaware that what they are seeing is a special effect. This is often the case in historical movies, where the architecture and other surroundings of previous eras is created using special effects.

Developmental History

In 1895, when the film industry was just starting out, Alfred Clarke created what is commonly accepted as the first ever special effect. While filming a reenactment of the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots, Clarke instructed an actor to step up to the block in Mary's costume. As the executioner brought the axe above his head, Clarke stopped the camera, had all of the actors freeze, and had the person playing Mary step off the set. He placed a Mary dummy in the actor's place, rolled the tape, and allowed the executioner to bring the axe down, severing the dummy's head. “Such… techniques would remain at the heart of special effects production for the next century” (Rickitt, 10). This was the first time an effect was used in film to make the audience believe that something that wasn't happening was. Clarke tricked his audience into believing what they saw was real, and from that moment on, nothing shown in film could be believed to have happened. In 1935, RKO studios produced Becky Sharp (1935), the first commercial film to use Technicolor. The ability to produce color films added to the look of reality of film. During World War II, black and white films were the most common in the new popular war movies, but a new phenomenon had reached filmmakers; the use of miniatures.

To create complex shots of airplanes leaving a ship, or a fleet of aircraft carriers moving across the ocean, the producers of the movie used a large tank of water with model boats and planes and filmed the shot. Using special machines to produce waves, the filmmakers were able to create realistic shots of boats and airplanes. “Films such as Ships with Wings (1942) relied on model ships, planes, and miniature pyrotechnics for their portrayal of war” (Rickitt, 23). This posed a question to audiences; how do we know what is real and what is unreal? Also, with the production of these war films, violence became more culturally acceptable. As people watched movies of submarines getting blown up, the news of a real submarine sinking must not have seemed as shocking. They had seen it before! The movies of the 1940's were some of the first to desensitize their audiences to violence, death, and gruesome images.

Then, in 1977, a new blockbuster movie hit the market. Star Wars, directed by George Lucas. What made Star Wars so unique was that it created so many of its own original effects. The light-sabers that the actors fought with got their glowing effect by drawing directly on the film stock, and the same technique was later applied to the laser beams the Tie-fighters shot at the X-wings. Lucas also perfected the art of stop motion animation. Although it had been done for more than 50 years, Lucas was able to create animation so smooth that it looked as though real space ships had been filmed soaring around the galaxy. He incorporated the blue screen effect to digitally erase the stands that the space ships were on so that it really looked like they were flying. But in a mere 16 years, the ability to fool an audience by shooting a movie frame-by frame became obsolete as a new technology was perfected.

In 1993, Lucas's close friend, Steven Spielberg, directed Jurassic Park. Jurassic Park used Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) to create realistic monsters without the use of stop motion, which was not always successful. What Spielberg did was to film the scene with the actors acting as though their dinosaur counterparts were there, then he scanned the film into a computer, and added the dinosaurs in afterwards. This new technology really pushed special effects to new heights. Two years later, entire films could be made on a computer such as Toy Story (1995). Audiences had lost all sense of reality in film, if indeed there had been any since 1896, with the new CGI. Everything on screen now looked so real that it was almost impossible to tell what was a backlot set, or an actor in costume, or what was entirely or mostly produced on a computer. Many fear that we have lost the comfort of knowing that what we see isn't real, due to the ever changing effect industry.

Notable special effects companies:

Visual special effects techniques (in rough order of invention):

Notable special effects artists:

Effects that are created via computers, or during editing are known as CGI (Computer generated Imagery) Effects, or Visual Effects - not "Special" Effects. "Special" Effects are those effects which are created during filming on-set, such as bullet hits, fire, flame, and explosions, wind, rain, etc.

References

External links

Description of animation and special effects

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 Special effects are often "invisible." That is to say that the audience is unaware that what they are seeing is a special effect. This is often the case in historical movies, where the [[architecture]] and other surroundings of previous eras is created using special effects.
+==Developmental History==
+In 1895, when the film industry was just starting out, Alfred Clarke created what is commonly accepted as the first ever special effect.  While filming a reenactment of the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots, Clarke instructed an actor to step up to the block in Mary's costume.  As the executioner brought the axe above his head, Clarke stopped the camera, had all of the actors freeze, and had the person playing Mary step off the set.  He placed a Mary dummy in the actor's place, rolled the tape, and allowed the executioner to bring the axe down, severing the dummy's head.  “Such… techniques would remain at the heart of special effects production for the next century” (Rickitt, 10).   This was the first time an effect was used in film to make the audience believe that something that wasn't happening was.  Clarke tricked his audience into believing what they saw was real, and from that moment on, nothing shown in film could be believed to have happened.  In 1935, RKO studios produced Becky Sharp (1935), the first commercial film to use Technicolor.  The ability to produce color films added to the look of reality of film.  During World War II, black and white films were the most common in the new popular war movies, but a new phenomenon had reached filmmakers; the use of miniatures.
+To create complex shots of airplanes leaving a ship, or a fleet of aircraft carriers moving across the ocean, the producers of the movie used a large tank of water with model boats and planes and filmed the shot.  Using special machines to produce waves, the filmmakers were able to create realistic shots of boats and airplanes.  “Films such as Ships with Wings (1942) relied on model ships, planes, and miniature pyrotechnics for their portrayal of war” (Rickitt, 23).  This posed a question to audiences; how do we know what is real and what is unreal?  Also, with the production of these war films, violence became more culturally acceptable.  As people watched movies of submarines getting blown up, the news of a real submarine sinking must not have seemed as shocking.  They had seen it before!  The movies of the 1940's were some of the first to desensitize their audiences to violence, death, and gruesome images.
+Then, in 1977, a new blockbuster movie hit the market.  Star Wars, directed by George Lucas.  What made Star Wars so unique was that it created so many of its own original effects.  The light-sabers that the actors fought with got their glowing effect by drawing directly on the film stock, and the same technique was later applied to the laser beams the Tie-fighters shot at the X-wings.  Lucas also perfected the art of stop motion animation.  Although it had been done for more than 50 years, Lucas was able to create animation so smooth that it looked as though real space ships had been filmed soaring around the galaxy.  He incorporated the blue screen effect to digitally erase the stands that the space ships were on so that it really looked like they were flying.  But in a mere 16 years, the ability to fool an audience by shooting a movie frame-by frame became obsolete as a new technology was perfected.
+In 1993, Lucas's close friend, Steven Spielberg, directed Jurassic Park.  Jurassic Park used Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) to create realistic monsters without the use of stop motion, which was not always successful.  What Spielberg did was to film the scene with the actors acting as though their dinosaur counterparts were there, then he scanned the film into a computer, and added the dinosaurs in afterwards.  This new technology really pushed special effects to new heights.  Two years later, entire films could be made on a computer such as Toy Story (1995).  Audiences had lost all sense of reality in film, if indeed there had been any since 1896, with the new CGI.  Everything on screen now looked so real that it was almost impossible to tell what was a backlot set, or an actor in costume, or what was entirely or mostly produced on a computer.  Many fear that we have lost the comfort of knowing that what we see isn't real, due to the ever changing effect industry.
 Notable special effects companies:
@@ Line 68: / Line 78: @@
 Effects that are created via computers, or during editing are known as CGI (Computer generated Imagery) Effects, or Visual Effects - not "Special" Effects.  "Special" Effects are those effects which are created during filming on-set, such as bullet hits, fire, flame, and explosions, wind, rain, etc.
+==References==
 == External links ==
 * [http://www.saunalahti.fi/animato Description of animation and special effects]
 [[Category:Special effects|*]]