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Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre

The Acadian Exodus (also known as the Acadian migration) happened during Father Le Loutre’s War (1749-1755) and involved almost half of the total Acadian population of Nova Scotia deciding to relocate to French controlled territories.[1] The three primary destinations were: the west side of the Mesagoueche River in the Chignectou region, Ile-Saint Jean and Ile Royale. The leader of the Exodus was Father Le Loutre, whom the British gave the code name “Moses”. The overall upheaval of the early 1750s in Nova Scotia was unprecedented. Present-day Atlantic Canada witnessed more population movements, more fortification construction, and more troop allocations than ever before in the region.[2] Along with Acadians, Mi’kmaq and “Foreign Protestants” who had recently settled Lunenburg joined in the Exodus from Nova Scotia.[3] The greatest immigration of the Acadians between 1749 and 1755 took place in 1750.[4] Primarily due to natural disasters and British raids, the Exodus proved to be unsustainable when Acadians tried to develop communities in the French territories.

Historical Context

Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Acadia was dominated by Catholic Acadians and Mi’kmaq. For over forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this time period Acadians both threatened to leave Acadia and were threatened with expulsion at various times.[5] (In fact, Acadians were expelled from present day Cape Breton after the Siege of Louisbourg (1745).) The Acadian Exodus began in 1749 primarily because the Acadians were resisting the British firmly taking control of peninsula Nova Scotia through establishing Halifax and, within eighteen months, building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (Fort Edward); Grand Pre (Fort Vieux Logis) and Chebucto (Fort Lawrence). (Of course, a British fort already existed at the other major Acadian centre of Annapolis Royal.) Acadians also left peninsula Nova Scotia to protest Edward Cornwallis’ demand that they take an unconditional oath.

Along with the desire of many Acadians to leave peninsula Nova Scotia in protest, withdrawing the Acadians to French-held territory was also the official French policy after 1748.[6] The French were invested in having Acadians migrate to the Chignecto region, in part, to protect the only land route between Louisbourg and Quebec. The land route went through Chignecto, along the Bay of Fundy and up the St. John River. This route is also the pathway many Acadians took to leave the Bay of Fundy to go to Baie Verte and on-ward to Ile St. Jean or Ile Royale.[7] To protect this vital gateway, at the beginning of 1749, La Galissoniere strategically constructed three forts within 18 months along the route: one at Baie Vert (Fort Gaspereaux), one at (Fort Beausejour) and another at the mouth of the St. John River (Fort M). When La Jonquiere reached Quebec, he instructed Le Loutre and the Mi’kmaq to support the migration of Acadians to Chignecto, which would protect the corridor between Quebec and Louisbourg.[8] The French policy promised Acadians the means and support to relocate to French terriroties. On some occasions, in conjunction with the French policy, Le Loutre and the Mi’kmaq had to force some reluctant Acadians to join the exodus.[9]

The Exodus

With the founding of Halifax, the fortification of all the major Acadian settlements, and demands for an unconditional oath, a significant number of Acadians made a stand against the British. On 18 September 1749, a document was delivered to Edward Cornwallis signed by 1000 Acadians from all the major centres. The document stated that they would leave the country before they would sign an unconditional oath.[10] Cornwallis continued to press for the unconditional oath with a deadline of 25 October. In response, hundreds of Acadians began the exodus from Nova Scotia. In fact some Acadians had begun to leave prior to hearing Cornwallis response.[11] Among the first to depart was a group of about 100 from the Chebucto region. They went to Baie des Espagnoles on Ile Royal (Sydney, Cape Breton). Groups from both Beaubassin and Annapolis Royal also requested Governor-General La Jonquiere at Quebec to support in leaving for the St. Lawrence River.[12]

By the end of 1749 several hundred Acadians had made their way to Baie Verte , where they went over to Ile St. Jean.[13] The French made considerable efforts to transport refugees to Ile Saint-Jean and by early October six or seven hundred had arrived there.[14] By 1752, the number of Acadians on Ile St. Jean was 2223, double the amount in two years.[15] On one occasion en route to Ile St. Jean, a British naval patrol intercepted Acadians in a vessel and an Acadian passenger declared "they chose rather to quit their lands and estates than possess them upon the terms propos'd by the English governor."[16]

About 1500 Acadians migrated from the east to the west side of the Missaguash river happened during the Battle of Chignecto. The Acadian village of Beaubassin was burned to prevent Lawrence from establishing a fort in the major Acadian village. Approximately, 800 Acadians left the Cobequid region, leaving only an estimated 75 Acadians behind.[17]

Under the direction of Le Loutre, Mi’kmaq and Acadians supported the Exodus by raiding the new British fortifications in the Acadian centres and the new protestant settlements.[18] During this period, Mi’kmaq and Acadians attacked on Vieux Logis (Grand Pre), they made numerous attacks on Dartmouth, and engaged in various conflicts at Fort Lawrence (Chignecto). There was also a rebellion against the British by the Foreign Protestants in Lunenburg, which was likely supported by Le Loutre.[19] (See Father Le Loutre’s War). To guard against attacks on the new protestant settlements, British fortifications were immediately erected in Halifax, Dartmouth, Lawrencetown, Bedford, and Lunenburg.

The British response to the Acadian exodus accelerated it. Cornawallis ordered, for example, Captain John Handfield and two companies of troops to Fort Vieux Logis in Grand Pre with instructions to patrol the roads to prevent Acadians from leaving.[20] Patrols also happened throughout the Cobequid. (On one such patrol, Noel Doiron’s priest Jacques Girard was arrested. This action precipitated Doiron leaving Noel, Nova Scotia for Point Prime, Ile St. Jean in the spring of 1750.[21]) The British eventually forbid all assemblies of the Acadians, they were ordered to supply the British commanders with provisions and offer their labor on demand, at prices set by regulation. Not surprizingly, many Acadians refused to supply the British and by the summer of 1750 Acadians by the hundreds were in flight from the province.[22]

Consequence

The Acadian migration to Chignectio helped to protect the corridor between Quebec and Louisbourg. During the winter of 1749-1750, Louis La Corne was dispatched from Quebec and arrived at the settlements near the Ismuth of Chignecto, along the rivers Petcoudiac, Chipoudie, and Memoramcook. La Corne asked the Acadians to affirm their allegiance to the French king, which they did. Some men, perhaps most joined the militia companies. (Johnson 150) By early 1751, over 250 Acadians had joined the French militia.[23] These Acadians and Mi’kmaq fought in the attempts to prevent Fort Lawrence from being built (1750) and eventually served in the defence of Fort Beausejour (1755).

The Conditions of the refugees who fled to Chignecto and to Ile St. Jean were very difficult. While the condition of those who went to Ile Royale prior to the Expulsion of 1758 is not well documented. Those that made it to Ile St. Jean also suffered from numerous natural disasters. There were a series of plagues that stuck the island. In 1749, swarms of black field mice destroy that years’ crop. A plague of locusts followed the year. And the year after that a blistering drought.[24]

The 1500 who went to Chignecto suffered from overcrowding.[25] They survived on rations waiting for the dykes to be built. Acadians from Minas were a constant support in providing provisions and labour on the dykes. In retaliation for the Acadian and Mi’kmaq Raid on Dartmouth (1751), the British raided Chignecto destroying the dykes and ruining hundreds of acres of crops.[26] Acadians began to defect from the Exodus and made application to return to the British colony.[27] Le Loutre immediately sought help from Quebec and then France to support re-building dykes in the area. He returned with success in 1753 and work began on the grand dyking project on riviere Au Lac (present day Aulac River, New Brunswick).[28] Unfortunately, the following year storm tides broke through the main cross-dike of the large-scale reclamation project, destroying nearly everything the Acadians had accomplished in several months of instense work. Again some Acadians tried to defect to the British.[29] Acadians, Mi’kmaq and the French lost in the Battle of Beausejour. (Le Loutre was captured and imprisoned by the British until the end of the war.) After the fall of Beausejour, the British began expulsion of the Acadians with the Bay of Fundy Campaign.

The Acadian Exodus spared most of the Acadians who joined it - particularly those who lived in other areas of New Brunswick, Ile St. Jean and Ile Royal – from the British deportation of the Acadians in 1755. (Despite the hardships they faced, most Acadian refugees had some validation of their choice to leave the British colony of Nova Scotia once the deportation began.) Of course, with the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, the Acadians who left for the French colonies were deported as well.

References

Literature Cited

  • Faragher, John. Great and Noble Scheme. New York: Norton, 2005.
  • Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008. pp. 154–155
  • Griffiths, Naomi Elizabeth Saundaus. From Migrant to Acadian: A North American border people, 1604-1755. Montreal, Kingston: McGill-Queen's UP, 2005.
  • Landry, Peter. The Lion & The Lily. Vol. 1. Victoria: Trafford, 2007.
  • Murdoch, Beamish. A History of Nova Scotia, Or Acadia. Vol 2. LaVergne: BiblioBazaar, 2009. pp. 166-167
  • Rompkey, Ronald, ed. Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749-53. Newark: U of Delaware P, Newark, 1982.
  • J. B. Johnston. French Attitudes Toward the Acadians, ca. 1680-1756. Du Grand Derangement a la Deportation. Pp. 131-166

Endnotes

  1. ^ Johnson, p. 152
  2. ^ (Johnson 152)
  3. ^ .(Faragher, p. 274)
  4. ^ (Griffith, p. 389).
  5. ^ (Griffith, p. 401).
  6. ^ (Griffith, p. 393).
  7. ^ .(Faragher, p. 268)
  8. ^ (Faragher, p. 257)
  9. ^ (Griffith, p. 393).
  10. ^ (Griffith, p. 384; Faragher, p.254)
  11. ^ (Griffith, p. 388).
  12. ^ (Faragher, p. 261).
  13. ^ (Faragher, p. 262).
  14. ^ (Griffith p. 393)
  15. ^ (Faragher, p. 268)
  16. ^ John Faragher (2005) A Great and Noble Scheme. p. 262
  17. ^ Scott and Scott, p. 38
  18. ^ (Faragher).
  19. ^ (Faragher, p. 275, 280 States that Lawrence had concluded that there was French involvement, which seems likely given the number of Foreign Protestants who joined the Exodus).
  20. ^ (Faragher, p. 262).
  21. ^ Shawn Scott and Tod Scott. Noel Doiron and the East Hants Acadians. Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society: The Journal. 2008
  22. ^ (faragher, p. 265).
  23. ^ (Faragher, p. 271)
  24. ^ (Faragher, p. 269)
  25. ^ .(Faragher, p. 270)
  26. ^ (Faragher, p. 271)
  27. ^ (Faragher, p. 275, 290).
  28. ^ Faragher, p. 277).
  29. ^ (Faragher, p. 291).
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