Ramuntcho

Ramuntcho (1897) is a novel by French author Pierre Loti. It is a love and adventure story about contraband runners in the Basque province of France. It is one of Loti's best and most popular stories, with four French film adaptations. It was first published in 5 parts, from 15 December 1896 to 15 February 1897, in the Revue de Paris and Calmann-Lévy published the novel at is now known, with two parts, on 10 March 1897.

Characters and places

The novel is notable for its documentary description of French Basque culture.

Characters

• Ramuntcho. The bastard son of Franchita (father unknown), he struggles to be an accepted member of Basque society in the village of Etchezar. An accomplished pelota player and smuggler.
• Franchita. Mother of Ramuntcho, she has a mysterious and possibly scandalous past.
• Ignatio. Franchita's oldest brother (Ramuntcho's uncle) who lives in the Americas.
• Gracieuse Detcharry (also Gatchutcha and Mary Angelique). Ramuntcho's beautiful blonde girlfriend.
• Dolores Detcharry. Gracieuse's mother.
• Arrochkoa Detcharry. Brother of Gracieuse. Friend of Ramuntcho, accomplished pelota player and smuggler.
• Pantchika Daraignaratz. Blonde girl engaged to Arrochkoa. Mother is "Madame."
• Olhagarray. Cousins of Madame Daraignaratz who live in Erribiague.
• Itchola. Leader of the band of smugglers, he is older and hardened.
• Florentiono. Ramuntcho's friend and fellow smuggler. Red hair.
• Marcos and Joachim Iragola. Two brothers who are renowned singers and lyricists. Members of the band of smugglers.
• Jose Bidegarray, mysterious stranger who brings tidings from Ignatio in the Americas.

Places and things

• Etchezar. Town in Basque France where the story mainly takes place.
• Bidasoa river that separates Spain and France. The smugglers often cross it at night.
• Gizune Mountain that dominates the landscape of Etchezar.
• Erribiague, a neighboring village higher up the mountain and more primitive.
• Amezqueta, a distant village where the nunnery is located.
• Pelota, an ancient Basque game played with a ball and wicker glove against the side of a church wall.
• Kalsomine, a white-wash used to cover stone buildings and walls.
• Mantilla, a head-dress often worn by Basque women.
• Fandango, a favorite Basque dance with castanets.

Screen adaptations

• Ramuntcho (1918 film), short silent French subject by Jacques de Baroncelli.
• Ramuntcho (1937 film), French film by René Barberis.
• Le Mariage de Ramuntcho, a 1947 French film by Max de Vaucorbeil.
• Ramuntcho (1959 film), French film by Pierre Schoendoerffer.

Notes

In December 1891 Julien Viand (Loti) took command at Hendaye of Javelot , a gunboat charged with watching the French-Spanish border at the mouth of the Bidassoa, an area where smuggling was particularly prevalent. In the first months it appeared to him a colourless place, as his diary of the time indicated, but then its charm worked upon him, to the point where he wanted to buy the house he was renting. He gave it a basque name Bakhar-Etchéa - it became the symbolic opposite of the old family home in Rochefort where his mother and father lived.

Loti took command of a gunboat in December 1891, at Hendaye , and the novel Ramuntcho was born of his encounter with the Basque country. Hendaye became a place he felt destined for him.

Two years after his arrival in the Basque country, his diary noted the start of the writing of the novel: " Tuesday 1 November 1893 - A calm day. Luminous, cold. A great malancholy of dead leaves, dead things...in the solitude of my study I conceived the plan and began to write Ramoncho, which will perhaps be the great thing I shall turn towards, against the infinite sadnesses of this winter... " At this point Loti was about to become only an episodic visitor to the Basque country so his diary, already filled with impressions and anecdotes was used almost without modification in the novel.

The novel was written as much in Rochefort as in the Basque country, to which Loti made trips however in 1894 and 1895, before returning to his post on the Javelot in May 1896. From February - June 1894 Loti visited the Holy Land ' from which he returned as atheist as before he had set out'. In 1894 too, he met Crucita Gainza (1867-1949) a Spanish Basque, a dancer and dressmaker, and installed her at his home in Rochefort. On 26 November 1893 he had written in his diary that he , " came to the Basque country to re-create my life. To choose a young girl who might be the mother of my children, to transmit me, prolong me, re-start me in the mystery of new incarnations and I feel myself full of will, of force, of youth.." In October 1894 he learned that Crucita was pregnant and wrote that he dreamt of " this little Basque who will be born of us.." Their child was born on 29 June 1895. She gave him 3 illegitimate children (1895-1900).

Themes

According to the French critic w:fr:Patrick Besnier, ( introducing a 1990 edition of the novel), Loti's book is one " shaped by the rapports between father and son - their non-existence, their impossibility.." In Ramuntcho the Basque country is presented as a quasi-paradisiacal land. Time and history do not weigh upon this Arcadie, the slow passage of days and months is simply a succession of feast days and of rejoicing. The outside world doesn't intrude, even military service is left hazy - the reader learns only that Ramuntcho departs for 'a southern land.' From this Basque paradise, Ramuntcho is going to be excluded; the novel is the story of a fall, and of an exile from Eden. Unwilling at first to do his military service ;" Non, je peux ne pas le faire, mon service! je suis Guipuzcoan, moi, comme ma mère;...français ou Espagnol, moi, ça m'est égal.. " Yet he does his service, to please Gracieuse, and he chooses a nationality , French. To the lack of differentiation French/Spanish, other themes of borders emerge - for example the border between adulthood and adolescence. According to Besnier, Loti, in his Basque life, lived protected from the realities and cruelties of existence, and in a state of perpetual adolescence. In this happy land, it seems only games and pleasures exist, the two principal occupations being pelota and dancing, and the only 'work' really evoked, smuggling, which itself is a kind of game between police and thieves. When Ramuntcho returns, having symbolically exchanged the 'pantalon rouge' of the military, for the 'tenues légères' of the players of pelota, he is changed. Even those amongst his comrades who have become fathers, continue to participate in their world as before, but not Ramuntcho. " The sentiment of exclusion from paradise which begins for the hero was one Loti knew. Lost childhood obsessed the writer, he was an exile in the world of adults where he would never truly integrate himself, neither able to take it seriously, nor to conquer the anxiety which it inspired in him. He wanted to ensorcerize it..to live in universe of a manufactured adolescence..[witness] his celebrated taste for dressing up and costume balls, disguising reality, of which so many photographs give proof - Loti as a Pharoah, Loti as Louis XI, Loti as a berber. "

External links

• Ramuntcho, trans. by Henri Pène du Bois. From Internet Archive.