Tharu people

Tharu people

Wax Statues of Tharu people in Chauni Museum, Kathmandu
Regions with significant populations
Nepal	1.9 millions
Uttarakhand	85,665
Uttar Pradesh	83,544
Languages
local variants of Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Maithili
Religion
Hinduism, traditional beliefs
Related ethnic groups
Boksa (tribe) · Bhotiya · Pokhariya · Van Rawats

The Tharu people is an Asian ethnic group indigenous to the Terai, the southern foothills of the Himalayas in Nepal and India.

The Tharus are recognized as an official nationality by the Government of Nepal.

Having lived in the malaria-infested jungle of the Terai for centuries, they were reputed to have an innate resistance to malaria. Following the deforestation and malaria eradication program using DDT in the 1960s, thousands of people from the mid-hills settled in the area. Recent medical studies among the Tharu and non-Tharu population of the Terai yielded the evidence that the prevalence of cases of residual malaria is nearly seven times lower among Tharus. The basis for their resistance to malaria is most likely a genetic factor.

Distribution

The vast majority of the Tharu people live in Nepal, where they constitute 6.6% of the total population, or 1,910,822 estimated in July 2010. There are several endogamous sub-groups of Tharus:

• Kochila Tharu in eastern Terai, i.e. in the Udayapur District;
• Lamputchwa Tharu of Morang District;
• Chitwaniya and Deshaurya Tharu in central Terai, i.e. in the Sindhuli, Chitwan and Nawalparasi districts;
• Dangaura Tharu in western Terai, i.e. in the Dang Deukhuri, Banke, Bardia districts;
• Rana Tharu in the Kailali and Kanchanpur districts of far western Terai and in Nainital and Kheri Terai districts of India, who claim to be of Rajput origin;
• Kathariya Tharu mostly concentrated in Kailali District and in India.

A smaller number of Tharus reside in the adjacent Indian districts of Champaran, Gorakhpur, Basti, Gonda and Nainital. In 2001, Tharu were the largest of five scheduled tribes in Uttarakhand, with a population of 256,129 accounting for 33.4% of all scheduled tribes. In the same year, they constituted 77.4% of the total tribal population of Uttar Pradesh with a population of 83,544.

Culture

Tharu village near Bardia National Park

A Tharu man

The Tharu people themselves say that they are a people of the forest. In Chitwan, they have lived in the forests for hundreds of years practicing a short fallow shifting cultivation. They planted rice, mustard, corn and lentils, but also collected forest products such as wild fruits, vegetables, medicinal plants and materials to build their houses; hunted deer, rabbit and wild boar, and went fishing in the rivers and oxbow lakes.

The Tharus never went abroad for employment – a life that kept them isolated in their own localities. In this isolation they developed a unique culture free from the influence of adjacent India, or from the mountain groups of Nepal. The most striking aspects of their environment are the decorated rice containers, colorfully painted verandahs and outer walls of their homes using only available materials like clay, mud, dung and grass. Much of the rich design is rooted in devotional activities and passed on from one generation to the next, occasionally introducing contemporary elements such as a bus or an airplane.

Household Structure

In the western Terai, most Rana Tharu prefer living in Badaghar called longhouses with big families of many generations, sometimes 40-50 people. All household members pool their labor force, contribute their income, share the expenditure and use one kitchen.

Language

There is no one Tharu language unifying Tharu communities in different parts of Nepal and India. Instead Tharu speak variants of Urdu and Awadhi in western Nepal (and adjacent parts of India), of Bhojpuri in and near central Nepal, and of Maithili in and near eastern Nepal. More standard versions of these dialects are widely spoken by non-Tharu neighbors in the same areas so that there are no important linguistic barriers between Tharus and their neighbors. However there are linguistic barriers between these dialects standing in the way of communication between Tharus from different regions. Hindi has been proposed as a lingua franca for communication across the Terai in general may make as much sense in that role for Tharus as others, although the Pahari (hill) community -- where Nepali is the lingua franca -- considers elevation of the official status of Hindi an insult to Nepalese sovereignty.

Tharu were already living in the Terai before Indo-Europeans arrived, raising the question what they may have been speaking at the time. Nevertheless if any linguistic features survive from that era, they have not been documented.

Marriage system

Traditionally, marriages were often arranged during the pregnancies of two women. If they gave birth to opposite sex babies, the two babies were supposed to be married if they grew up as friends. It was problematic if a boy or girl came of age and rejected their assigned fiance(e). Finding a replacement was difficult because most girls and boys were already engaged. However this custom has been disappearing. Most Tharus now practice conventional arranged marriages. They also practice love marriages, marriage after courtship and eloping.

Religion

The spiritual beliefs and moral values of the Tharu people are closely linked to the natural environment. The pantheon of their gods exhibits a large number of deities that live in the forest.

The Tharu are adherents of Hinduism. Small numbers have converted to Buddhism in the recent years. Such syncretic practices have led Tharu to practice folk Hinduism. With the advent of religious freedom, others have converted to Christianity and there are a variety of congregations active in the various districts where Tharus are found.

Traditional Tharu worship various gods in the form of animals such as horse, tiger, ox, snake and sheep. Such gods are seen in Hinduism. Every village has their own deity, commonly known as Bhuinyar. Tharu in East Nepal call their deity Gor-raja.

Most Tharu households own a statue of a traditional god. Family members often offer animal's blood sacrifices to appease the god. Animals such as pigeons and chickens are used for sacrificial purposes. Milk and silk cloth are also used. Many Tharu would also use the blood of one of the male members in the family for such rituals. Such rituals are conducted through ceremonies, and superficial cuts are made forehead, arms, throat, legs, and/or chest.

The gods are believed to have the ability to heal diseases and sickness. According to traditional legend, gods are given a bhakal, a promise of something, on condition that the sickness is cured, in any events of misfortunes, plagues and horror dreams. A relative's death is an event of great significance among Tharu, and rituals conducted varies in accordance to regions.

Tharu would approach shamans as doctors, known as Guruba. Such shamans use Buddhist medicines to cure illness. Shamans will also try to appease gods through incantations, beating drums and offering sacrifices. The Tharu believe sickness comes when the gods are displeased, and the demons are at work.

Buddhist converts among the Tharu are found in Saptari, Siraha and Udaypur. Currently it is believed that there are more than one dozen of Buddhist monks and novices among the Tharus. Such practice was possibly based on the fact that they were inspired by the discovery of Lord Buddha as a member of the Tharu tribe.

97.63% of the ethnic Tharu were Hindu according to the 2001 Census of Nepal, whereas 1.95% were Buddhists.

History

Modern history (1846 - 1999)

According to Nepali author Subodh Kumar Singh, a series of invasions by the other races, from north India across the border and from hills and mountains of Nepal, eroded the influence of the indigenous Tharus. In 1854 Jung Bahadur, the first Rana prime minister of Nepal, developed the Mulki Ain, a codification of Nepal's indigenous legal system, which divided society into a system of castes. The Tharus were placed at next to the bottom (lowest touchable, above untouchables) of the social hierarchy. Their land was taken away, disrupting their community and displacing the people.

In the 1950s, the World Health Organisation helped the Nepalese government eradicate malaria in the Terai region. This resulted in immigration of people from other areas to claim the fertile land, making many Tharus virtual slaves of the new landowners and developing the Kamaiya system of bonding generations of Tharus families to labour.

Recent history (2000-present)

The Government of Nepal outlawed the practice of bonded labour prevalent under the Kamaiya system on July 17, 2000, prohibiting anyone from employing any person as a bonded labourer and declared that the act of making one work as a bonded labourer, be punishable. Though democracy has been reinstated in the country, the Tharu community has called for a more inclusive democracy as they are fearful of remaining a backward, underprivileged people.

Further reading

• Krauskopff, Gisèle. (2007). An 'indigenous minority' in a border area: Tharu ethnic associations, NGOs, and the Nepalese state. In: Gellner, D.N. (ed.) Resistance and the state: Nepalese experiences. Berghahn Books, 2007. ISBN 184545216X, 9781845452162 online edition
• Bista, Dor Bahadur. (2004). People of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.
• Ashokakirti, Bhikshu. (1999). "Searching the Origin of Selfless Self". Journal of Nepalese Studies. Royal Nepal Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Krauskopff, Gisèle. (1989). Maîtres et possédés: Les rites et l'ordre social chez les Tharu (Népal). Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. (French)

External links

• Tharu Nepal - a non-government organization promoting cultural exchange with Tharu community projects
• The Anthropology of the Tharus: An annotated Bibliography by Gisèle Krauskopff
• Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Nepal Office: Nationalities of Nepal
• Tharu People
• The Library of Congress A Country Study: Nepal
• PBS Now program, April 2008: Documentary about slavery among the Tharu