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====Birth====
====Birth====
Is unknown the exact birth date of the daughter of Władysław of Opole. The approximate year of birth was established on the basis of one of the two supplications addressed to the Pope, but their credibility is now called into question.<ref>T. Jurek, ''Plany koronacyjne Henryka Probusa'', [in:] ''Śląsk w czasach Henryka IV Prawego'' (Wratislavia antiqua 8), ed. by K. Wachowski, Wrocław 2005, pp. 27–28.</ref> In this documents her brothers (considered by historians as the authors of the two complaints) requested an adjournment to his sister's wedding with Henry IV, since they felt that her age wasn't appropriate for a bride. Since the marriage's date was established between 1277-1280, she could born about 1265.<ref>K. Jasiński fixed the birth of Władysław of Opole's daughter approximately in 1265, because he claimed that her marriage to Henry IV Probus took place between the second half of 1277 and early 1280; K. Jasiński, ''Rodowód Piastów śląskich'', Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, p. 524; J. Tęgowski, ''Konstancja'', "Poczet żon królewskich" [in:] "Magazyn Razem", 1987, No 1, pp. 31–32, didn't give directly a date of birth. He merely stated that marrying her husband in 1277 or 1278 (probably in the second half of 1277), she was about 10-12 years old, and died in 1351 aged over 84 years. In modern historiography can meet up another date of birth gave to her, about 1256, although without justification; J. Sperka, ''Konstancja'', [in:] ''Książęta i księżne Górnego Śląska'', ed. by A. Barciak, Katowice 1995, p. 78, and S. A. Sroka, ''Konstancja'', [in:] ''Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny'', ed. by K. Ożóg and S. Szczur, Kraków 1999, p. 728.</ref> Her birth probably took place in [[Opole]], the capital of her father's Duchy, or in [[Racibórz]].<ref>M. Małecki, ''Konstancja – księżna wodzisławska i jej księstwo'', Wodzisław Śląski 1997, p. 2, he relied on the findings of J. Tęgowski (although he didn't put this information in their work) and then developed this hypothesis in footnote 3.</ref> By convention, among the offspring of Władysław of Opole and Euphemia of Greater Poland she is placed at the fifth and last child, although it could be older than Przemysław of Racibórz.<ref>K. Jasiński, ''Rodowód Piastów śląskich'', Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, p. 524.</ref> If her name was Constance, she probably was named after her cousin [[Constance of Greater Poland|Constance]], daughter of [[Przemysł I of Greater Poland]].<ref>This view was expressed by K. Jasiński, ''Rodowód Piastów śląskich'', Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, p. 542, note 3, presenting this conjecture to identify the daughter of Władysław of Opole from occurring in the 14th century sources of Constance. However, the researcher agreed to the hypothesis given that she was the daughter of Przemysław of Racibórz.</ref>
Is unknown the exact birth date of the daughter of Władysław of Opole. The approximate year of birth was established on the basis of one of the two supplications addressed to the Pope, but their credibility is now called into question.<ref>T. Jurek, ''Plany koronacyjne Henryka Probusa'', [in:] ''Śląsk w czasach Henryka IV Prawego'' (Wratislavia antiqua 8), ed. by K. Wachowski, Wrocław 2005, pp. 27–28.</ref> In this documents her brothers (considered by historians as the authors of the two complaints) requested an adjournment to his sister's wedding with Henry IV, since they felt that her age wasn't appropriate for a bride. Since the marriage's date was established between 1277-1280, she could born about 1265.<ref>K. Jasiński fixed the birth of Władysław of Opole's daughter approximately in 1265, because he claimed that her marriage to Henry IV Probus took place between the second half of 1277 and early 1280; K. Jasiński, ''Rodowód Piastów śląskich'', Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, p. 524; J. Tęgowski, ''Konstancja'', "Poczet żon królewskich" [in:] "Magazyn Razem", 1987, No 1, pp. 31–32, didn't give directly a date of birth. He merely stated that marrying her husband in 1277 or 1278 (probably in the second half of 1277), she was about 10-12 years old, and died in 1351 aged over 84 years. In modern historiography can meet up another date of birth gave to her, about 1256, although without justification; J. Sperka, ''Konstancja'', [in:] ''Książęta i księżne Górnego Śląska'', ed. by A. Barciak, Katowice 1995, p. 78, and S. A. Sroka, ''Konstancja'', [in:] ''Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny'', ed. by K. Ożóg and S. Szczur, Kraków 1999, p. 728.</ref> Her birth probably took place in [[Opole]], the capital of her father's Duchy, or in [[Racibórz]].<ref>M. Małecki, ''Konstancja – księżna wodzisławska i jej księstwo'', Wodzisław Śląski 1997, p. 2, he relied on the findings of J. Tęgowski (although he didn't put this information in their work) and then developed this hypothesis in footnote 3.</ref> By convention, among the offspring of Władysław of Opole and Euphemia of Greater Poland she is placed at the fifth and last child, although it could be older than Przemysław of Racibórz.<ref>K. Jasiński, ''Rodowód Piastów śląskich'', Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, p. 524.</ref> If her name was Constance, she probably was named after her cousin [[Constance of Greater Poland|Constance]], daughter of [[Przemysł I of Greater Poland]].<ref>This view was expressed by K. Jasiński, ''Rodowód Piastów śląskich'', Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, p. 542, note 3, presenting this conjecture to identify the daughter of Władysław of Opole from occurring in the 14th century sources of Constance. However, the researcher agreed to the hypothesis given that she was the daughter of Przemysław of Racibórz.</ref>

====Marriage with Henry IV Probus====
Władysław of Opole's daughter was married with [[Henry IV Probus]], Duke of [[Wrocław]]. Historians placed the wedding between the second half of 1277 and March 1280, this is, between the six-months of captivity of Henry IV by his uncle [[Bolesław II the Bald]] (since [[22 July]] [[1277]]) and the Congress of [[Vienna]] in March 1280. The wedding couldn't take place prior to 1277, because in the description of the events of the period of Henry IV's slavery in the ''Polish-Silesian Chronicle'', the Duke of Wrocław is identified as a boy, which would be impossible if he was then married. In the Congress of Vienna was settled the dispute between the Dukes of Wrocław and Opole, proved in a document were Władysław called Henry IV his son-in-law. It's possible that the consolidation of the agreement was just the wedding between Henry IV and Władysław's daughter.

According to one hypothesis, the marriage between the daughter of Władysław of Opole and Henry IV Probus took place only between 1277-1278. This is based on the following considerations:

In a letter of King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] to [[Bruno of Schauenberg]], [[Bishop of Olomouc]] dated [[15 August]] [[1277]], the King referred to his allies the Opole Dukes. Since they wanted to arranged a meeting in Racibórz, he request the presence of Duchess Euphemia of Opole and her daughter, calling a Congress to discuss matters relating to the wedding of Władysław's daughter and Henry IV. The treatments of King Ottokar II were explained in his desire to obtain the support of Henry IV and Władysław of Opole in the war against [[Rudolf I of Habsburg]], [[King of Germany]]. According to this hypothesis, there is a proof that in the second half of 1277, there was an alliance between the Dukes of Wrocław and Opole. Among the documents issued by Władysław of Opole and his sons, was found an act who provide support for all the plans of Henry IV. This document was issued after the marriage, because there Duke of Opole called Henry IV his son in law, and later in 1278, was added a clause that guarantees the obligations of the Duke of Opole with King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who fell on [[26 August]] [[1278]] in the [[Battle of the Marchfeld]]. It's believed that the marriage took place in 1277 after Henry IV regaining his freedom at the cost of gave Bolesław II the third part of his lands, included [[Środa Śląska]] and [[Strzegom]] (both inherited by Henry IV from his uncle [[Ladislaus of Salzburg|Władysław]]); at that time, the conclusion of an alliance with the Dukes of Opole was the most favorable for Henry IV. The complains presented to the Pope supported the hypothesis that the wedding took place in [[Opole]], and was chaired by the [[Bishop of Wrocław]], [[Thomas II Zaremba]]. Władysław's daughter probably reunited with her husband in Wrocław after she had the proper age to consumated the marriage.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 00:09, 14 December 2009

Constance (d. 1351), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast and sovereign Duchess of Wodzisław Śląski since 1324 until her death.

Her name appears twice in contemporary sources: firstly, in a letter of Pope John XXII dated 22 September 1321, where she is named "Duchess of Racibórz",[1] and secondly in the Chronicle of Racibórz, who give her the title of "Duchess of Wodzisław" (księżną wodzisławską) and mentions her death in 1351.[2] None of this sources showed Constance's parentage. Historians and sources are agreed that she was a member of the Piast dynasty; however, the difficult of establishing who was her father, caused that two theories emerged about her origins.

The first hypothesis[3] states that Constance was the daughter of Duke Władysław of Opole. Married with Henry IV Probus, Duke of Wrocław, who repudiated her after several years of union. She moved to Racibórz at the court of her brothers Mieszko I and Przemysław, who given to her the district of Wodzisław as her own Duchy, where she remained until her death. Historians who dispute this theory alleged that Władysław of Opole had a daughter of unknown name, who died shortly after her marriage with Henry IV,[4] or between her repudiation and Henry IV's subsequent marriage.[5]

According to the second hypothesis,[6] based on Constance's titles showed in sources: Duchess of Racibórz and Duchess of Wodzisław, she was the daughter of Duke Przemysław of Racibórz. Certainly she remained unmarried and settled in Wodzisław (who probably was her own independent Duchy) until her death.

Life

Daughter of Władysław of Opole

Problems about her identification

In medieval sources is only known that from the marriage between Euphemia, daughter of Władysław Odonic, Duke of Greater Poland, and Władysław, Duke of Opole, was born a daughter who married with Henry IV Probus, Duke of Wrocław. Any source directly specified her name, and therefore the historiography is divided about this fact and her correct identification in the Piast dynasty. Some historians shares the view that she was Constance of Wodzisław,[7] but the opponents of this idea argue that her name remains unknown.[8] Also, not gained universal approval hypothesis who argued that Władysław of Opole's daughter was named either Margareta[9] or Grzymisława.[10] In the absence of proper sources who could clarify this matter, all the informations and theories only created more difficulties in resconstructed her life.

Birth

Is unknown the exact birth date of the daughter of Władysław of Opole. The approximate year of birth was established on the basis of one of the two supplications addressed to the Pope, but their credibility is now called into question.[11] In this documents her brothers (considered by historians as the authors of the two complaints) requested an adjournment to his sister's wedding with Henry IV, since they felt that her age wasn't appropriate for a bride. Since the marriage's date was established between 1277-1280, she could born about 1265.[12] Her birth probably took place in Opole, the capital of her father's Duchy, or in Racibórz.[13] By convention, among the offspring of Władysław of Opole and Euphemia of Greater Poland she is placed at the fifth and last child, although it could be older than Przemysław of Racibórz.[14] If her name was Constance, she probably was named after her cousin Constance, daughter of Przemysł I of Greater Poland.[15]

Marriage with Henry IV Probus

Władysław of Opole's daughter was married with Henry IV Probus, Duke of Wrocław. Historians placed the wedding between the second half of 1277 and March 1280, this is, between the six-months of captivity of Henry IV by his uncle Bolesław II the Bald (since 22 July 1277) and the Congress of Vienna in March 1280. The wedding couldn't take place prior to 1277, because in the description of the events of the period of Henry IV's slavery in the Polish-Silesian Chronicle, the Duke of Wrocław is identified as a boy, which would be impossible if he was then married. In the Congress of Vienna was settled the dispute between the Dukes of Wrocław and Opole, proved in a document were Władysław called Henry IV his son-in-law. It's possible that the consolidation of the agreement was just the wedding between Henry IV and Władysław's daughter.

According to one hypothesis, the marriage between the daughter of Władysław of Opole and Henry IV Probus took place only between 1277-1278. This is based on the following considerations:

In a letter of King Ottokar II of Bohemia to Bruno of Schauenberg, Bishop of Olomouc dated 15 August 1277, the King referred to his allies the Opole Dukes. Since they wanted to arranged a meeting in Racibórz, he request the presence of Duchess Euphemia of Opole and her daughter, calling a Congress to discuss matters relating to the wedding of Władysław's daughter and Henry IV. The treatments of King Ottokar II were explained in his desire to obtain the support of Henry IV and Władysław of Opole in the war against Rudolf I of Habsburg, King of Germany. According to this hypothesis, there is a proof that in the second half of 1277, there was an alliance between the Dukes of Wrocław and Opole. Among the documents issued by Władysław of Opole and his sons, was found an act who provide support for all the plans of Henry IV. This document was issued after the marriage, because there Duke of Opole called Henry IV his son in law, and later in 1278, was added a clause that guarantees the obligations of the Duke of Opole with King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who fell on 26 August 1278 in the Battle of the Marchfeld. It's believed that the marriage took place in 1277 after Henry IV regaining his freedom at the cost of gave Bolesław II the third part of his lands, included Środa Śląska and Strzegom (both inherited by Henry IV from his uncle Władysław); at that time, the conclusion of an alliance with the Dukes of Opole was the most favorable for Henry IV. The complains presented to the Pope supported the hypothesis that the wedding took place in Opole, and was chaired by the Bishop of Wrocław, Thomas II Zaremba. Władysław's daughter probably reunited with her husband in Wrocław after she had the proper age to consumated the marriage.

References

  1. ^ "Constantie Ducisse Ratiboriensi". Ref: Vetera monumenta Poloniae et Lithuaniae, ed. by A. Theiner, Rome 1860, vol. I, p. 170, No 259.
  2. ^ "Anno MCCCLI feria quinta obiit Constantina preclarissima princeps Ladislawiensis". Ref: Ratiborer Chronik [in:] "Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte und Alterthum Schlesiens", ed. by A. Weltzel, vol. IV, 1862, p. 115.
  3. ^ This theory is supported by: J. Tęgowski, Konstancja, "Poczet żon królewskich", [in:] "Magazyn Razem", 1987, No 1, pp. 31–32; J. Sperka, Konstancja, [in:] Książęta i księżne Górnego Śląska, red. by A. Barciak, Katowice 1995, pp. 78–79; S.A. Sroka, Konstancja, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, red. by K. Ożóg and S. Szczur, Kraków 1999, pp. 728–729. Kazimierz Jasiński treated this as a conjecture; K. Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich, Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, pp. 542–543, note 3.
  4. ^ T. Jurek, Plany koronacyjne Henryka Probusa, [in:] Śląsk w czasach Henryka IV Prawego (Wratislavia antiqua 8), ed. by K. Wachowski, Wrocław 2005, pp. 27–29.
  5. ^ R. Grodecki, Dzieje polityczne Śląska do r. 1290, [in:] Historia Śląska od najdawniejszych czasów do roku 1400, ed. by S. Kutrzeba, vol. I, Kraków 1933, pp. 293–294; K. Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich, Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, pp. 524–526.
  6. ^ This theory is supported by: K. Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich, Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, pp. 542–543; M. Furmanek, S. Kulpa, Zamek wodzisławski i jego właściciele, Wodzisław Śląski 2003, pp. 21–22; J. Horwat, Piastowie górnośląscy, [in:] "Rocznik Muzeum Górnośląskiego w Bytomiu. Historia", No. 8, Bytom 2007, p. 46.
  7. ^ J. Tęgowski, Konstancja, "Poczet żon królewskich", [in:] "Magazyn Razem", 1987, No 1, pp. 31–32; J. Sperka, Konstancja, [in:] Książęta i księżne Górnego Śląska, ed. by A. Barciak, Katowice 1995, pp. 78–79; S. A. Sroka, Konstancja, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, ed. by K. Ożóg and S. Szczur, Kraków 1999, pp. 728–729.
  8. ^ K. Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich, , Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, pp. 524–526 (although he later presented the conjecture of the identification of Władysław of Opole as Constance; K. Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich, , Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, pp. 542–543, note 3); J. Horwat, Piastowie górnośląscy, [in:] "Rocznik Muzeum Górnośląskiego w Bytomiu. Historia", No 8, Bytom 2007, pp. 45–48 (although he put forward the hypothesis -which later retreated- about the possible name of Władysław of Opole's daughter as Grzymisława, in basis of the Obituary of the St. Vincent Abbey; J. Horwat, Grzymisława, księżniczka opolska, [in:] "Rocznik Muzeum w Gliwicach", vol. VII-VIII, Gliwice 1991–1992, pp. 380–384); T. Jurek, Plany koronacyjne Henryka Probusa, [in:] Śląsk w czasach Henryka IV Prawego (Wratislavia antiqua 8), ed. by K. Wachowski, Wrocław 2005, pp. 27–29.
  9. ^ Eva Maleczyńska, Wrocławskie panie piastowskie i ich partnerzy, Wrocław 1966, p. 79. See P. Boroń, Wizerunki Henryka Probusa w historiografii, [in:] Piastowie śląscy w kulturze i europejskich dziejach, ed. by A. Barciak, Katowice 2007, pp. 353–354.
  10. ^ J. Horwat, Grzymisława, księżniczka opolska, [in:] "Rocznik Muzeum w Gliwicach", vol. VII-VIII, Gliwice 1991–1992, pp. 380–384, identified her with certain Grzymisława, which appears in the Obituary of the St. Vincent Abbey with the title of Duchess of Opole. J. Horwat, Piastowie górnośląscy, [in:] "Rocznik Muzeum Górnośląskiego w Bytomiu. Historia", No 8, Bytom 2007, p. 46, rejected this hypothesis, stating that if Grzymisława was the wife of Henry IV Probus she wouldn't styled Duchess of Opole, but Duchess of Wrocław and Silesia.
  11. ^ T. Jurek, Plany koronacyjne Henryka Probusa, [in:] Śląsk w czasach Henryka IV Prawego (Wratislavia antiqua 8), ed. by K. Wachowski, Wrocław 2005, pp. 27–28.
  12. ^ K. Jasiński fixed the birth of Władysław of Opole's daughter approximately in 1265, because he claimed that her marriage to Henry IV Probus took place between the second half of 1277 and early 1280; K. Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich, Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, p. 524; J. Tęgowski, Konstancja, "Poczet żon królewskich" [in:] "Magazyn Razem", 1987, No 1, pp. 31–32, didn't give directly a date of birth. He merely stated that marrying her husband in 1277 or 1278 (probably in the second half of 1277), she was about 10-12 years old, and died in 1351 aged over 84 years. In modern historiography can meet up another date of birth gave to her, about 1256, although without justification; J. Sperka, Konstancja, [in:] Książęta i księżne Górnego Śląska, ed. by A. Barciak, Katowice 1995, p. 78, and S. A. Sroka, Konstancja, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, ed. by K. Ożóg and S. Szczur, Kraków 1999, p. 728.
  13. ^ M. Małecki, Konstancja – księżna wodzisławska i jej księstwo, Wodzisław Śląski 1997, p. 2, he relied on the findings of J. Tęgowski (although he didn't put this information in their work) and then developed this hypothesis in footnote 3.
  14. ^ K. Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich, Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, p. 524.
  15. ^ This view was expressed by K. Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich, Second Edition, Kraków 2007, part III, p. 542, note 3, presenting this conjecture to identify the daughter of Władysław of Opole from occurring in the 14th century sources of Constance. However, the researcher agreed to the hypothesis given that she was the daughter of Przemysław of Racibórz.
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