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A proposed 4,000 MW facility, called the [[Pampa Wind Project]], is to be located near [[Pampa, Texas]], with the first 1,000 MW to come online by 2011.
A proposed 4,000 MW facility, called the [[Pampa Wind Project]], is to be located near [[Pampa, Texas]], with the first 1,000 MW to come online by 2011.


==Wind power industry and government support==
==Wind power industry==
{{See|List of wind turbine manufacturers}}
{{See|List of wind turbine manufacturers}}
{{Unclear date|date=September 2008}}


In the past, the U.S. wind industry relied largely on imported components; however, there has been a shift towards domestic manufacturing that is likely to continue. Since 2005 many turbine manufacturing leaders have opened U.S. facilities; of the top 10 global manufacturers in 2007, seven — [[Vestas]], [[GE Energy]], [[Gamesa]], [[Suzlon]], [[Siemens]], [[Acciona]], and [[Nordex]] — have an American manufacturing presence. In addition, [[Clipper Windpower]], which is based in the U.S., has joined GE as a major domestic player in the production of utility-scale wind turbines, with the two companies together accounting for 50% of the 2008 domestic turbine market.<ref name=econ>[http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/the-economic-reach-of-wind The Economic Reach of Wind]</ref>
The U.S. has a significant wind turbine industry but also relies on imports to supply its rapidly growing industry. GE Energy provided over 2.3 gigawatts of new wind capacity in North America in 2007, an increase of more than 100% over the prior year. To help GE meet the high demand for wind turbines, two component suppliers, Molded Fiber Glass Companies and TPI Composites, announced plans in 2007 to build new wind turbine blade manufacturing plants in [[Aberdeen, South Dakota]] and [[Newton, Iowa]] respectively. The new plants will enable both companies to increase their capacity for producing blades for GE's 1.5-megawatt wind turbines, which are among the most widely used machines.<ref>[http://www.gepower.com/about/press/en/2008_press/011708.htm GE Energy Reinforces Leadership Position In U. S. Wind Industry, Installing Over 2.3 Gigawatts Of Additional Capacity In 2007]</ref>


Over 100 companies are now producing components for wind turbines, employing thousands of workers in the manufacture of parts as varied as towers, composite blades, bearings and gears. Many existing companies in traditional manufacturing states have retooled to enter the wind industry. Their manufacturing facilities are spread across 40 states, employing workers from the Southeast to the Steel Belt, to the Great Plains and on to the Pacific Northwest.<ref name=econ/>
⚫
The [[U.S. Department of Energy]] (DOE) will work with six leading wind turbine manufacturers over the next 2 years with an eye toward achieving 20% wind power in the United States by 2030. The DOE announced the [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MOU) with GE Energy, [[Siemens Power Generation]], [[Vestas Wind Systems]], [[Clipper Windpower]], [[Suzlon Energy]], and [[Gamesa Corporation]]. Under the MOU, the DOE and the six manufacturers will collaborate to gather and exchange information relating to five major areas: research and development related to turbine reliability and operability; siting strategies for wind power facilities; standards development for turbine certification and universal interconnection of wind turbines; manufacturing advances in design, process automation, and fabrication techniques; and workforce development. <ref>[http://www.energy.gov/news/6305.htm Department of Energy - DOE Announces Effort to Advance U.S. Wind Power Manufacturing Capacity<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/pdfs/41869.pdf 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply, May 2008<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Plans for 30 new manufacturing facilities were announced in 2008, and the wind industry expects to see a continued shift towards domestic manufacturing in the coming years. In total, 70 manufacturing facilities have begun production, been expanded, or announced since January 2007.<ref name=econ/>

==Government support==
⚫
The [[U.S. Department of Energy]] (DOE) will work with six leading wind turbine manufacturers over the next 2 years towards achieving 20% wind power in the United States by 2030. The DOE announced the [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MOU) with GE Energy, [[Siemens Power Generation]], [[Vestas Wind Systems]], [[Clipper Windpower]], [[Suzlon Energy]], and [[Gamesa Corporation]]. Under the MOU, the DOE and the six manufacturers will collaborate to gather and exchange information relating to five major areas: research and development related to turbine reliability and operability; siting strategies for wind power facilities; standards development for turbine certification and universal interconnection of wind turbines; manufacturing advances in design, process automation, and fabrication techniques; and workforce development. <ref>[http://www.energy.gov/news/6305.htm Department of Energy - DOE Announces Effort to Advance U.S. Wind Power Manufacturing Capacity<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/pdfs/41869.pdf 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply, May 2008<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


In addition, the DOE's [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]] (NREL) has announced a number of wind technology projects, including a new [[state-of-the-art]] wind turbine [[blade test facility]] to be build in [[Ingleside, Texas]]. The Texas-NREL Large Blade Research and Test Facility will be capable of testing blades as long as 70 meters (230 feet). It will be built and operated through a partnership among NREL, DOE, and a state consortium led by [[University of Houston]], with the university owning and operating the facility's buildings, DOE funding up to $2 million in capital costs, and NREL providing technical and operational assistance. The blade test facility is estimated to cost between $12 million and $15 million and should be completed by 2010. Located on the Gulf Coast, the Texas facility will complement a similar facility that is being built on the coast of [[Massachusetts]]. <ref>[http://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2008/604.html NREL: New Wind Power Partnerships to Benefit Industry and Nation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
In addition, the DOE's [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]] (NREL) has announced a number of wind technology projects, including a new [[state-of-the-art]] wind turbine [[blade test facility]] to be build in [[Ingleside, Texas]]. The Texas-NREL Large Blade Research and Test Facility will be capable of testing blades as long as 70 meters (230 feet). It will be built and operated through a partnership among NREL, DOE, and a state consortium led by [[University of Houston]], with the university owning and operating the facility's buildings, DOE funding up to $2 million in capital costs, and NREL providing technical and operational assistance. The blade test facility is estimated to cost between $12 million and $15 million and should be completed by 2010. Located on the Gulf Coast, the Texas facility will complement a similar facility that is being built on the coast of [[Massachusetts]]. <ref>[http://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2008/604.html NREL: New Wind Power Partnerships to Benefit Industry and Nation<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Revision as of 21:12, 19 April 2009

Brazos Wind Ranch in Texas.
Fenton wind farm at sunrise.
Landowners typically receive $3,000 to $5,000 per year in rental income from each wind turbine, while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines.[1]

At the end of 2008, wind power in the United States reached 25,369 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity, pushing the U.S. above Germany (23,902 MW) as the country with the largest amount of wind power capacity installed.[2] The American Wind Energy Association has reported that wind projects installed through to the end of 2008 generated 52 million megawatt-hours (MWh), representing 1.26% of the nation’s electricity in 2008, or enough electricity for some 7 million households.[2] Texas, with 7,116 MW of capacity, produces the most wind power of any U.S. state, followed by Iowa with 2,790 MW.[3] The Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center (735 MW) in Texas is the world's largest wind farm.[4]

Over 8,500 MW of new wind power capacity was brought online in 2008, increasing the nation’s cumulative total by 50%. These new installations place the U.S. on a trajectory to generate 20% of the nation’s electricity by 2030 from wind energy, as long as there is continued government policy support for the industry.[2] Growth in 2008 channeled some $17 billion into the economy, positioning wind power as one of the leading sources of new power generation in the country along with natural gas. New wind projects completed in 2008 account for about 42% of the entire new power-producing capacity added in the U.S. during the year, and will avoid nearly 44 million tons of carbon emissions -- the equivalent of taking over 7 million cars off the road.[2]

At the end of 2008, about 85,000 people were employed in the U.S. wind industry,[5] and GE Energy was the largest wind turbine manufacturer.[1] Wind projects boosted local tax bases, and revitalized the economy of rural communities by providing steady income stream to farmers.[1]

The world's top wind producer

Map of available wind power over the United States. Color codes indicate wind power density class.

By the end of 2008, the U.S. wind power nameplate capacity became the largest in the world, followed by Germany, with Spain a close third. Because U.S. wind farms have a higher average capacity factor than those in Germany due to higher average wind speeds, the U.S. became the world's largest producer of energy from the wind in mid-2008.[6][7]

Wind power is growing rapidly worldwide and U.S. capacity has more than doubled in the past three years. Doubling U.S. wind energy capacity over the next three years would imply no change in annual growth.[8] Doubling U.S. renewable energy over the next three years will, however imply a very significant growth, as only one-eighth of renewable energy was from wind in 2008, and little growth impact is expected due to any other renewable source.[9] The largest projects are in Texas, the Great Plains, and California, with smaller projects either underway or under consideration in many states.

As of December 2008, Texas (7,116 MW) was the state with the most wind capacity installed, followed by Iowa (2,790 MW), and California (2,517 MW).

The largest operational wind farm is the 736 MW Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Texas. The Pampa Wind Farm is scheduled to surpass it by 2011.

Installed capacity growth

Over the last few years, wind power in the U.S. has been increasing exponentially. The following table compares the growth in wind power installed nameplate capacity in MW for Texas and California (until 2008 the two largest wind energy producing states), and the entire United States since 1999.[10] By the end of 2008, Iowa surpassed California with an installed capacity of 2790 MW.

Year Texas California US
1999 180 1,646 2,500
2000 181 1,646 2,566
2001 1,096 1,714 4,261
2002 1,096 1,822 4,685
2003 1,293 2,043 6,374
2004 1,293 2,096 6,740
2005 1,995 2,150 9,149
2006 2,739 2,376 11,575
2007 4,296 2,439 16,596
2008 7,116 2,517 25,176
US installed wind power, 1981-2008
Installed capacity by state as of 2008-09-30 (for an animated map of installed capacity growth, click here)

Wind power by state

In 2009 the United States indicated a target of doubling renewable energy production over the next three years. Most of the increase will come from wind power, although it would require at least 120,000 MW new capacity to double renewable energy, which in 2007 supplied 7% of U.S. energy.[11][12]

Most new wind power capacity is being built in the Great Plains region of the United States, which has a favorable combination of characteristics: ample wind resources, an extensive rail and highway network for shipping outsized turbine components, flat topography which both improves the wind and makes turbine components easier to ship, and broad acceptance from local farmers and ranchers. Other areas seeing wind development include the Pacific Northwest, the Upper Midwest, and the Northeast. The table below shows wind potential and installed capacity along with existing construction (to end of December 2008).

Kansas has high potential capacity and low existing capacity as well as low development under construction. Kansas alone has sufficient untapped wind to add 120,000 MW of capacity.[13]

State 50m
Potential
capacity
(MW)[14] 		70m
Potential
capacity
(MW) 		Existing
capacity
(MW)[14] 		Under
construction
(MW)[14] 		Estimated
in state %
by wind
end of 2007[15]
North Dakota 138,400 714 0 3.8
Texas 136,100 7,116 1,651 3.0
Kansas 121,900 814 199 2.3
South Dakota 117,200 187 51 6.0
Montana 116,000 272 0 1.9
Nebraska 99,100 73 81 0.7
Wyoming 85,200 676 0 1.7
Oklahoma 82,700 708 123 3.0
Minnesota 75,000 1,752 0 7.5
Iowa 62,900 2,790 20 7.5
Colorado 54,900 1,068 0 6.1
New Mexico 49,700 497 100 4.0
Michigan 16,560[16] 129 0
Idaho 8,290 75 71 1.5
New York 7,080 832 464 0.7
Illinois 6,980 915 201 0.8
California 6,770 2,517 275 2.8
Wisconsin 6,440 395 54
Maine 6,390 47 57 0.8
Missouri 5,960 162 146
Nevada 5,740 0 0
Pennsylvania 5,120 361 234
Oregon 4,870 1067 250 4.4
Washington 3,740 1,375 70 2.8
Massachusetts 2,880 5.4 3
Utah 2,770 19.8 200 [17]
Arkansas 2,460 0.1 0
Virginia 1,380 0 0
New Jersey 1,200 7.5 0
Arizona 1,090 0 0
North Carolina 835 0 0
West Virginia 594 330 0
Connecticut 571 0 0
Vermont 537 6.0 0
New Hampshire 502 25.4 0
Ohio 416 7.4 0
Maryland 338 0 0
Delaware 197 0 0
Tennessee 186 29 0
Georgia 171 0 0
Rhode Island 109 0.66 0
South Carolina 59 0 0
Kentucky 34 0 0
Indiana 30 40,000[18] 130 400
Hawaii unknown 63 0 2.3
Alaska unknown 3.32 0
Alabama 0 0 0
Florida 0 0 0
Louisiana 0 0 0
Mississippi 0 0 0
Total 1,230,299 25,170 4,651 1.1
  • Note: 50m Potential capacity is based on 10D by 5D spacing (D = rotor diameter) of 50 m high turbines in class 3 or better wind with moderate exclusions.[19]

Largest wind farms

Further information: List of wind farms in the United States

As of December 2008, these are some of the largest wind farms in the United States:

Farm Installed
capacity
(MW)		 Yearly
production
(TWh)		 State
Altamont Pass Wind Farm 576[20]
1.1
 California
Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 Texas
Fowler Ridge Wind Farm* 750 Indiana
Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 736 Texas
San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm 619 California
Sweetwater Wind Farm 585 Texas
Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm 690
1.3[21]
 California

* Under construction

The majority of the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm as viewed from the San Jacinto Mountains to the south. (The farm continues over the hills to the north along California State Route 62 and is not visible from this vantagepoint). The layout includes a variety of large modern and older smaller turbine designs

Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center is the world's largest wind farm at 735.5 megawatt (MW) capacity. It consists of 291 GE Energy 1.5 MW wind turbines and 130 Siemens 2.3 MW wind turbines spread over nearly 47,000 acres (190 km²) of land in Taylor and Nolan County, Texas.[22] The first phase of the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center consisted of 213 MW and was completed in late 2005; phase two consisted of 223.5 MW and was completed in the second quarter of 2006; phase three which consisted of 299 MW, was completed by the end of 2006.[22]

The Fowler Ridge Wind Farm is currently under construction in Benton County, Indiana. The wind farm will be completed in two phases and will have a maximum generating capacity of 750 MW total. The first phase of the project, consisting of 222 wind turbines, will bring the first 400 MW on-line by the end of 2008. Phase 2 (350 MW) could begin in early 2009.[23]

A proposed 4,000 MW facility, called the Pampa Wind Project, is to be located near Pampa, Texas, with the first 1,000 MW to come online by 2011.

Wind power industry

Further information: List of wind turbine manufacturers

In the past, the U.S. wind industry relied largely on imported components; however, there has been a shift towards domestic manufacturing that is likely to continue. Since 2005 many turbine manufacturing leaders have opened U.S. facilities; of the top 10 global manufacturers in 2007, seven — Vestas, GE Energy, Gamesa, Suzlon, Siemens, Acciona, and Nordex — have an American manufacturing presence. In addition, Clipper Windpower, which is based in the U.S., has joined GE as a major domestic player in the production of utility-scale wind turbines, with the two companies together accounting for 50% of the 2008 domestic turbine market.[24]

Over 100 companies are now producing components for wind turbines, employing thousands of workers in the manufacture of parts as varied as towers, composite blades, bearings and gears. Many existing companies in traditional manufacturing states have retooled to enter the wind industry. Their manufacturing facilities are spread across 40 states, employing workers from the Southeast to the Steel Belt, to the Great Plains and on to the Pacific Northwest.[24]

Plans for 30 new manufacturing facilities were announced in 2008, and the wind industry expects to see a continued shift towards domestic manufacturing in the coming years. In total, 70 manufacturing facilities have begun production, been expanded, or announced since January 2007.[24]

Government support

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) will work with six leading wind turbine manufacturers over the next 2 years towards achieving 20% wind power in the United States by 2030. The DOE announced the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with GE Energy, Siemens Power Generation, Vestas Wind Systems, Clipper Windpower, Suzlon Energy, and Gamesa Corporation. Under the MOU, the DOE and the six manufacturers will collaborate to gather and exchange information relating to five major areas: research and development related to turbine reliability and operability; siting strategies for wind power facilities; standards development for turbine certification and universal interconnection of wind turbines; manufacturing advances in design, process automation, and fabrication techniques; and workforce development. [25][26]

In addition, the DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has announced a number of wind technology projects, including a new state-of-the-art wind turbine blade test facility to be build in Ingleside, Texas. The Texas-NREL Large Blade Research and Test Facility will be capable of testing blades as long as 70 meters (230 feet). It will be built and operated through a partnership among NREL, DOE, and a state consortium led by University of Houston, with the university owning and operating the facility's buildings, DOE funding up to $2 million in capital costs, and NREL providing technical and operational assistance. The blade test facility is estimated to cost between $12 million and $15 million and should be completed by 2010. Located on the Gulf Coast, the Texas facility will complement a similar facility that is being built on the coast of Massachusetts. [27]

NREL has also recently signed agreements with Siemens Power Generation and First Wind, a wind power developer. Siemens is launching a new research and development facility in nearby Boulder, Colorado, and has agreed to locate and test a commercial-scale wind turbine at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). First Wind (formerly called UPC Wind Partners, LLC) owns and operates the 30-megawatt Kaheawa Wind Power farm in West Maui, Hawaii, and has agreed to let the NWTC establish a Remote Research Affiliate Partner Site at the facility. The Maui satellite of NWTC will collaborate with First Wind on studies to develop advanced wind energy technologies, including energy storage and integration of renewable electricity into Maui's electrical grid. [28]

In July, 2008, Texas approved a $4.93 billion expansion of the state's electric grid to bring wind energy to its major cities. Transmission companies will recoup the cost of constructing the new power lines, expected to be completed in 2013, from fees estimated at $4 per month for residential customers.[29]

The Great River Energy headquarters in Minnesota has a 160-foot tall, 200 kilowatt NEG Micon M700 wind turbine (visible from Interstate 94), and a 72-kilowatt solar array at ground level and on the rooftop.[30][31] In 2007 the wind turbine was one of only six installed in a metropolitan area in the United States. The output and building electricity usage can be monitored on the Internet.[32]

Tax credits

A federal production tax credit (PTC) of $19 per MWh generated for the first ten years for wind energy sold as well as RPS mandating a certain percentage of electricity sales come from renewable energy sources in about half of the states has boosted the development of the wind industry. In 2008 a 131 foot wind turbine blade was on display first outside the Democratic National Convention in Denver and then the Republican National Convention in Minneapolis.[33] At the time the wind power tax credit was due to expire at the end of the year, and the display was intended to bring awareness to the wind industry. Each year that the tax credit has not been renewed well before it expires the number of installations has dropped significantly the following year, and since it was not renewed until October 3, it is expected that 2009 will as well see a slowing of construction starts.[34] The 30% tax credit for installing photovoltaics was extended at the same time for eight years, but wind for only one year. The industry has asked for a long term extension, in order to provide stability, particularly because projects of long lead times for project development and construction (2 to 3 years of wind data collection, 2 years lead time on turbine orders, and 6 to 9 months for construction.)

A recent effort has ensued to make the production tax credit either refundable or transferable. Because wind energy projects do not provide returns sufficient to capture the full value of the PTC on their own, the PTCs are not currently refundable or tradable, the owner of a wind energy project must either have profits from other activities to provide "tax appetite" or include a tax equity partner in the project financing. In the fourth quarter of 2008 the cost of tax equity capital shot up as a response to the global credit crisis, making the cost of energy from wind energy projects increase by 10% or more. Refundability or transferability of the PTC would eliminate the need for tax equity, and could allow energy prices from wind projects to go back down to pre-crisis levels.

Additional income for farmers

Shiloh Wind Power Plant in Solano County, California
Main article: wind farm

There is considerable competition for wind farms among farmers in places like Iowa or ranchers in Colorado. Farmers, with no investment on their part, typically receive $3,000–5,000 per year in reliable royalties[35] from the local utility for siting a single, large, advanced-design wind turbine, which occupies a quarter-acre of land. This land would otherwise produce 40 bushels of corn worth $120 or, in ranch country, beef worth perhaps $15, and even less during years of drought or other difficulties. In coming years, thousands of ranchers could be earning more from electricity sales than from cattle sales, and the diversified income would be largely unaffected by the normal ups and downs of farming and ranching. In addition to the additional income, tax revenue, and jobs that wind farms bring, money spent on electricity generated from wind farms stays in the community, creating a ripple effect throughout the local economy.[36][37][38][39][40]

Aesthetics, the environment and quality of life

Main article: Environmental effects of wind power

Landscape and ecological issues may be significant for some wind farm proposals.[41] However, when appropriate planning procedures for site selection are followed environmental problems should be minimal. Some people may still object to wind farms, but their concerns should be weighed against the need to address the threats posed by climate change and fossil fuel depletion, the need for energy security, and the opinions of the broader community.[42][43]

Worldwide experience has shown that community consultation and direct involvement of the general public in wind farm projects has helped to increase community approval,[44] and some wind farms overseas have become tourist attractions.[45][43]

In July 2008, notable oilman T. Boone Pickens emerged as perhaps the most recognizable American advocate of wind power, as a component in his Pickens Plan to reduce the $700 billion per year the U.S. was spending to import petroleum.[6]

Intrepid Wind Farm

The Intrepid Wind Farm, in Iowa, is an example of one wind farm where the environmental impact of the project has been minimized through consultation and co-operation:

"Making sure the wind farm made as gentle an environmental impact as possible was an important consideration. Therefore, when MidAmerican first began planning the Intrepid site, they worked closely with a number of state and national environmental groups. Using input from such diverse groups as the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, the Nature Conservancy, Iowa State University, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation, and the Iowa Chapter of the Sierra Club, MidAmerican created a statewide map of areas in the proposed region that contained specific bird populations or habitats. Those areas were then avoided as site planning got underway in earnest. In order to minimize the wind farm's environmental impact even further, MidAmerican also worked in conjunction with the Army Corp of Engineers, to secure all necessary permits related to any potential risk to wetlands in the area. Regular inspections are also conducted to make certain that the wind farm is causing no adverse environmental impact to the region."[46]

Massachusetts

In Massachusetts, two proposed wind farms have had approval difficulties. The Cape Wind project, a proposal to construct 130 offshore wind turbines in the Nantucket Sound, is the subject of heavy debate[47] in the affluent communities of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket as well as among environmentalists. The Hoosac Wind project, which plans to build 20 turbines on two ridgelines in the rural towns of Florida and Monroe, was initially the subject of little official controversy, but has been delayed by a suit to protect wetlands.[1]

Rhode Island

At the state level, a goal was set in 2004 by the governor of having 15% of electricity come from renewable sources by 2020. A primary purpose of this project is viewed as mitigation of climate change and rising sea levels. As of 2008, Rhode Island has less than a quarter of one percent of its energy coming from in-state renewable sources. The current primary strategy of the State is to deploy a large windfarm offshore that would account for most, if not all, of the goal of 15%. The timeline for such a project will require at least three years of zoning and regulatory work, as well as several years of feasibility & wind resource work. As federal regulations about offshore siting are still coalescing, an ocean Special Area Management Plan is expected to assist the federal agencies in their regulatory capacities.

Federal agencies are very interested in the quality of State and local agencies that have a stake in their jurisdiction. Good plans can facilitate federal decision making. -- Ken Payne, Dec 3 2008 RI Ocean SAMP meeting

We have to look at the impacts of activities. Unless there is an impact on the natural environment, we don't really get into an impact statement. If there IS an impact on the physical and natural environment then we are obligated to also look at the social and economic impacts as well, and what's going on in our communities. -- Ken Payne, Dec 3 2008 RI Ocean SAMP meeting

The town of Barrington, RI has generated serious controversy about the aesthetic, environmental, and quality of life impacts of turbines; this argument has even spilled over into youtube, where both advocates and opposition groups have posted videos about a proposed wind turbine to be located on town land.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power in the United States and Wind farms in the United States.

References

  1. ^ a b c American Wind Energy Association (2009). Annual Wind Industry Report, Year Ending 2008 pp. 9-10.
  2. ^ a b c d American Wind Energy Association (2009). Annual Wind Industry Report, Year Ending 2008 pp. 2-6.
  3. ^ American Wind Energy Association (2008). U.S. Wind Energy Projects
  4. ^ 9 of the World’s Most Amazing Wind Farms
  5. ^ American Wind Energy Association (2009). Annual Wind Industry Report, Year Ending 2008 p. 17.
  6. ^ a b Garber, Kent (2008-08-22). "Why T. Boone Pickens Could Be the Best Hope for Wind Energy". US News and World Report. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  7. ^ "Report finds US is world's top wind producer". The Guardian. 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  8. ^ http://planetark.org/wen/51189
  9. ^ Net Generation by Other Renewables Wind made up 10% of renewable electrical energy in 2007, and hydroelectricity, which has been declining, 70%.
  10. ^ "The Energy Report (Publication 96-1266). Chapter 11: Wind Power". Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  11. ^ Address to Joint Session of Congress retrieved 7 March 2009
  12. ^ How Realistic is Obama’s Goal to Double Clean Energy by 2012? retrieved 7 march 2009
  13. ^ Kansas Wind Energy Project
  14. ^ a b c U.S. Wind Energy Projects
  15. ^ Wiser, Ryan (2008). "Annual Report on U.S. Wind Power Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends: 2007" (PDF). United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Retrieved 2008-10-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Michigan Wind Resources Retrieved 16 April 2009
  17. ^ Deseret News | Work starts today on Milford wind project Retrieved 3 February 2009
  18. ^ Indiana's Renewable Energy Resources Retrieved 16 August 2008
  19. ^ An Assessment of the Available Windy Land Area and Wind Energy Potential in the Contiguous United States Pacific Northwest Laboratory August 1991 pg. B.1 Retrieved 21 August 2008
  20. ^ "Altamont Pass, California - Encyclopedia of Earth". www.eoearth.org. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  21. ^ "Wind Plants of California's Tehachapi Pass". www.ilr.tu-berlin.de. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
  22. ^ a b FPL Energy, LLC (2007-09-07). "Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center now largest wind farm in the world". FPL Energy, LLC. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
  23. ^ Fowler Ridge Wind Farm
  24. ^ a b c The Economic Reach of Wind
  25. ^ Department of Energy - DOE Announces Effort to Advance U.S. Wind Power Manufacturing Capacity
  26. ^ 20% Wind Energy by 2030: Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply, May 2008
  27. ^ NREL: New Wind Power Partnerships to Benefit Industry and Nation
  28. ^ http://www.firstwind.com/aboutFirstWind/news.cfm?ID=09a31a7a%2Daf12%2D4915%2Db486%2D70f8007d66e4&test
  29. ^ Texas Approves a $4.93 Billion Wind-Power Project
  30. ^ "Great River's new headquarters 'LEEDs' by example". Reliable Energy Solutions. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  31. ^ Levy, Paul (2007-11-27). "An energy model for all to see". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  32. ^ Informational kiosk
  33. ^ Wind power on display in Minneapolis
  34. ^ AWEA 3rd quarter results
  35. ^ Jones, Tim (2007-12-11). "More farmers seeing wind as cash crop". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
  36. ^ "Stabilizing Climate" in Lester R. Brown, Plan B 2.0 Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (NY: W.W. Norton & Co., 2006), p. 191.
  37. ^ "Legendary Texas oilman embraces wind power". Star Tribune. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  38. ^ Fahey, Anna (2008-07-09). "Texas Oil Man Says We Can Break the Addiction". Sightline Daily. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  39. ^ "T. Boone Pickens Places $2 Billion Order for GE Wind Turbines". Wind Today Magazine. 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  40. ^ Farmers reap stability from wind
  41. ^ Gone with the wind, New Scientist, 8 July 2006, pp. 36-39
  42. ^ Wind Farms The facts and the fallacies
  43. ^ a b Case Study – Arga Where the wild things are
  44. ^ The world's leader in Wind Power
  45. ^ Ten Mile Lagoon Wind Farm
  46. ^ "Wind Power: MidAmerican's Intrepid Wind Farm." Environmenal Psychology. 2006
  47. ^ CapeCodTimes.com - Wind Farms

External links

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