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[[Image:Base ssmarin stnazaire.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Modern day view of the [[Kriegsmarine]] [[U-boat]] [[submarine]] base]] |
[[Image:Base ssmarin stnazaire.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Modern day view of the [[Kriegsmarine]] [[U-boat]] [[submarine]] base]] |
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After the invasion of [[Poland]] by [[Nazi]] [[Germany]]'s [[Wehrmacht]] [[army]], the combined forces of the [[French Army]] and the [[British Army|British]] [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|Expeditionary Force]] failed to hold the oncoming onslaught. Saint-Nazaire like [[Battle of Dunkirk|Dunkirk]] became an evacuation point for the British back to [[England]], with those successfully embarking including the writer [[John Renshaw Starr]]. |
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| ⚫ | On [[June 17]] [[1940]] |
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| ⚫ | On [[June 17]] [[1940]] an estimated 9,000 British Army soldiers were embarked aboard the [[Clyde]]-built troopship [[RMS Lancastria|RMS ''Lancastria'']], which was then attacked and sunk by German [[Junkers Ju 88]] bombers, mainly from [[Kampfgeschwader 30]], taking with her around 4,000 victims.<ref>Hooton 2007, p. 88.</ref> It is the worst disaster in British maritime history, and the worst loss of life for British forces in the whole of [[World War II]]. [[Winston Churchill]] banned all news coverage of the disaster on learning of it and it remained largely forgotten by history. |
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Following the surrender of France to German forces later in June 1940, the port immediately became a base of operations for the [[Kriegsmarine]] (German Navy) and was as such the target of [[Allied]] operations. A heavily fortified [[U-boat]] [[submarine base]] was built shortly after occupation. Its 9 m (30-ft) thick concrete ceiling was capable of withstanding almost any bomb in use at the time. The base still stands today, as its extremely sturdy construction makes demolition uneconomical. |
Following the surrender of France to German forces later in June 1940, the port immediately became a base of operations for the [[Kriegsmarine]] (German Navy) and was as such the target of [[Allied]] operations. A heavily fortified [[U-boat]] [[submarine base]] was built shortly after occupation. Its 9 m (30-ft) thick concrete ceiling was capable of withstanding almost any bomb in use at the time. The base still stands today, as its extremely sturdy construction makes demolition uneconomical. |
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Revision as of 00:41, 9 November 2008
Saint-Nazaire | |
|---|---|
Location of  | |
| Country | France |
| Arrondissement | Saint-Nazaire |
| Canton | Chief town of 3 cantons |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 44184 / |
See also the St. Nazaire Raid
Saint-Nazaire (Breton: Sant-Nazer), is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in northwestern France.
Also called St. Nazaire, the town has a major harbor, on the right bank of the Loire River estuary, near the Atlantic Ocean. The town is at the south of the second major swamp in France "la Brière". Given its location, Saint-Nazaire has a long tradition of fishing and shipbuilding.
Name
There are a number of alternative versions of the name of the town"
- Its Breton name is Sant Nazer into Breton modern
- Señ Neñseir in the Breton dialect of Loire-Atlantique
- Its name in gallo is Saint-Nazère or Saint-Nazaer
- According to Jacques de Voragine, Nazaire comes from the word Nazaréen, which means pure, devoted
History
Pre History
From various pieces of research and archeology, it is presently thought that the town of Saint-Nazaire is built on the ancient habitat of Corbilo, which was the literal Gauloise big city of the Atlantic. The name of the legendary port of Cobrilo, was mentioned in the fifth century BC by the Greek navigator Pytheas as the largest Gallic port after Marseilles, then referred to as Massilia. When Brière was still a maritime gulf, the peninsula of Guérande was clearly separated from the continent. Polybe placed the port of Corbilo there, as does Strabon (geographer and Greek historian), two centuries later. Archeology suggests that the area has been inhabited since the earliest of times, as the presence of several vestiges like the tumulus of Dissignac, or the dolmen (which is located in the middle of the city). Neolithic artifacts and bronzes were found, in the handle of the City-Halluard. Saint-Nazaire belonged to the Armorican Gallic city of the namnètes, and then as the town of Corbilo became a Gallo-Roman port
Middle Ages
According to the 6th century chronicler Alain Bouchart, he mentions of the origins of Breton, it is towards Saint-Nazaire that Brutus moved, the mythical ancestor of Breton, to take foot on its new fatherland. At the end of the Roman Empire, the Breton ones of On the other side of the channel (province of Brittany) colonized the Loire, and then the guérandaise peninsula. The maximum extension of the Breton language on the Loire is a little in the east of Saint-Nazaire, at Donges. According to the text of the later 6th century writer Gregoire de Tours, the church sheltered the relics of the Nazarius martyr. As a result the Breton chief Waroc' H II sent an emissary to seize the relics, and resultantly the then village took the name of Sanctus Nazarius de Sinuario.
After this point, the history of Saint-Nazaire like much of the dark ages is then more difficult to discover. Battles occurred, such as in 1380 when Jehan d' Ust defended the city in the name of the duke Jean IV against the Castilian fleet during the Hundred Year War. After this time, the borough became the chief town of a parish which went from Penhoët to Pornichet, part of the Viscount of Saint-Nazaire. Saint-Nazaire formed part, like the whole of Brittany, the Breton kingdom, then known as the Duchy of Brittany until 1532, year of annexation in France. In 1624, the city was threatened by the calvinists. In 1756, a fort was built on the order of the Duke of Pivot to protect the town, which by then had 600 inhabitants. Until the French revolution, Saint-Nazaire belonged to the province of Brittany.
19th century industrialisation
At the beginning of the 19th century, the port only consisted of one simple harbour. As the town was so far inland, its main economy was not based on commercial fishing, but due to its strategic location as the lowest possible navigation point for large ships, an the supply of pilots for navigation further up the Loirre. At around 1800, the parish of Saint-Nazaire has around 3216 inhabitants
The modern Saint-Nazaire was created by the administration of Napoleon III, and came about from the various national and regional truces which had prevented its development up to that point. The population of 3216 at around 1800 shows that battered history, with a mainly local (Brière), of Low-Brittany (of Morbihan in the Finistère-south), and minor representation from most other areas of France. From this point forward the population of Saint-Nazaire took an exponential growth, which was reflected in its nickname of small Breton California or Liverpool of the west.
In 1802, a roadway is built to develop the port, which extends by 1835 to a break water with a navigational lighthouse at its end. The development includes new basins for ships to unload to barges which can carry goods further up the river. This develop moves the town into the area of the city which is now called the district of Small Morocco. This development brings about the town as the base for the passenger steamships of the Nantes-Saint-Nazaire line, as well as making the town the alternate port for ships which can not access Nantes.
In 1856, the first wet dock basin is dug in the handle of Halluard City, making it possible for ships to moor and turn. This brought about the construction of the towns first railway connection, when in 1857 the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans railroad company of Orléans connected Saint-Nazaire to Nantes. In 1862 the first transatlantic telegraph lines were installed from France towards South America, which came ashore at Saint-Nazaire. 1862 also saw the construction of major ship building facilities, including those of Chantier Scott which launched of the first French constructed ships with metal hulls - the company went bankrupt in 1866. In 1868, Saint-Nazaire became a sub-prefecture at the town of Savenay. A second dock basin was created at Penhoët in 1881 to allow the servicing of larger ships, but a lock gate built to access this cuts the town in two, thus creating Old St Nazaire and an artificial island called small Morocco.
In 1894, a strike occurs at the forging mills of Trignac, which resulted in the town getting its national nickname of Red City. Started in opposition on March 30 to a reduction of the work force, what had seemed a small dispute is raised when after the shooting in Fourmies it joined in the declaration of the Fusillade de Fourmies, and resultantly socialists flocked to the town in defence of the striking workers. In 1900, the commune of Pornichet is dismemberment with the creation of the commune of Saint-Nazaire.
First World War
During World War One, the city became an important unloading port of the allied troops, and particularly in the latter stages for the United States Army. When they entered the war in 1918, they developed the town and port infrastructure, by adding additional drinking water storage ponds for the towns water treatment plants, and a refrigeration terminal to the docks for shipment and storage of meat and dairy products to supply their troops.
Inter-war period
The post-war period brought about a period of economic depression for the ship builders, who diversified into building seaplanes from 1922. In 1926 the district of Paimbœuf becomes a separate commune, and consolidates the towns influence over its own development.
As a result of the 1930s depression, the government commissions a series of state programs to aid national economic activity. The new passenger ship company Compagnie Générale Transatlantiquel commissioned the ship builders of Saint-Nazaire to construct a new large passenger ship, which as a result between 1931 and 1932 created the Joubert dry dock - at 3937 feet x 196.850 feet, the largest of its kind in western Europe at the time - necessary to be able to accomodate the construction of the SS Normandie. In 1932, the casino of Saint-Nazaire goes bankrupt and is resold to the town of Nantes, with the site being redeveloped form 1935 with the first part of the current Saint-Louis school.
As a result of the national general strike of June 1936, to ensure completion of the nationally prestigious project SS Normandie, the government nationalises the various private shipyards into one state owned entity.
SS Normandie
Work began on the ship (not yet named Normandie) in January 1931, soon after the terrifying stock market crash of 1929. While the French continued construction, the competing White Star Line's ship (intended as Oceanic) – started before the crash – had to be cancelled and the Cunard ship was put on hold, both because their financing, organized before the crash, ran into trouble.[1] Soon, the French builders also ran into difficulty, and had to ask their government for money to continue construction, a subsidy that was questioned in the press. Still, the building was followed heavily by newspapers and national interest was deep.[2] Though she was designed to represent France in the nation-state contest of the great liners, and though she was built in a French shipyard and, using French-built major parts including the 29 boilers, the turbines, generators and even the 4 massive engines (designed by Alsthom, which later worked on the Queen Mary 2), a few secondary parts of her came from other European countries - e.g., the ship's great rudder was built by Skoda Works in Czechoslovakia,[3] while the steering mechanism, including the teak wheel, came from Edinburgh.[3]
As construction went on, the growing hull in Saint-Nazaire had no name except for "T-6" (with "6" for "6th" and "T" for "Transat", short for "CIE. GLE. TRANSATLANTIQUE" aka the "French Line"), the contract name. Many names were suggested including Doumer, after the recently assassinated president Paul Doumer, and originally, La Belle France.[4]> Finally the name Normandie was decided upon after much speculation. In what may be a unique quirk of French nomenclature, the name carries no definite article. In France, ship prefixes are customarily masculine,[4] inherited from the French terms for ship, which can be "paquebot", "navire", "bateau", "bâtiment", etc. (including le "France" which is not grammatically correct); but English speakers usually refer to ships as feminine ("she's a beauty"), and the French Line carried many rich American customers. After discussion, French Line officials wrote that their ship was to be called simply "Normandie," preceded by no "le" or "la" (French masculine/feminine for "the") to avoid any confusion.[5]
On October 29, 1932 – three years to the day after the stock market crash – Normandie was launched in front of 200,000 spectators.[3] The 27,567 ton hull that slid into the Loire River was the largest ever launched and it caused a large wave that crashed into a few hundred people, but with no injury. Normandie was outfitted until early 1935, meaning all her interior, funnels, engines, etc. were put in to make her into a working vessel. Finally, in April 1935, Normandie was ready for her trials, which were watched by reporters. The superiority of Vladimir Yourkevitch's hull design was immediately visible: hardly a wave was created. The ship demonstrated impressive performance during these trials, reaching a top speed of 32.2 knots (59.6 km/h)[6] and performing an emergency stop from that speed in only 1,700 meters.
World War Two
After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht army, the combined forces of the French Army and the British Expeditionary Force failed to hold the oncoming onslaught. Saint-Nazaire like Dunkirk became an evacuation point for the British back to England, with those successfully embarking including the writer John Renshaw Starr.
On June 17 1940 an estimated 9,000 British Army soldiers were embarked aboard the Clyde-built troopship RMS Lancastria, which was then attacked and sunk by German Junkers Ju 88 bombers, mainly from Kampfgeschwader 30, taking with her around 4,000 victims.[7] It is the worst disaster in British maritime history, and the worst loss of life for British forces in the whole of World War II. Winston Churchill banned all news coverage of the disaster on learning of it and it remained largely forgotten by history.
Following the surrender of France to German forces later in June 1940, the port immediately became a base of operations for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) and was as such the target of Allied operations. A heavily fortified U-boat submarine base was built shortly after occupation. Its 9 m (30-ft) thick concrete ceiling was capable of withstanding almost any bomb in use at the time. The base still stands today, as its extremely sturdy construction makes demolition uneconomical.
St. Nazaire Raid
The huge drydock built for SS Normandie was the only port on the Atlantic capable of servicing the German battleships Bismarck and Tirpitz. This gave the port a strong strategic importance to both the Axis Powers and the Allies during the Second World War.
On March 28, 1942, a force of 611 British Commandos and the Royal Navy launched the St. Nazaire Raid against the shipyards of Saint-Nazaire, codenamed Operation Chariot. The old British destroyer HMS Campbeltown was used as a ram-ship loaded with explosives, and it and the commandos succeeded in destroying the gates and machinery of the Normandie drydock, preventing its use by Germany during the war.
After Operation Chariot
The U-boat threat to supply convoys across the Atlantic made Saint-Nazaire a constant target of Allied air forces. To minimize civilian casualties during air attacks, the Allies eventually devised a plan to force evacuation of the town. For three days in 1943, British and American aircraft dropped scores of leaflets warning the population of a planned fire-bombing raid. At the end of the third day, the raid came and burned the entire city to the ground. Casualties were light as most of the civilians had heeded the warning and fled to the safety of the countryside. Except for the self-contained U-boat base, Saint-Nazaire remained abandoned until the end of the war.
After D-day and the liberation of most of France in 1944, German troops in Saint-Nazaire's submarine base refused to surrender, and they holed up (as did their counterparts in the La Rochelle and Lorient bases). Since the Germans could no longer conduct major submarine operations from the bases without a supply line, the SHAEF commander, General Eisenhower decided to simply bypass these ports, and the Allied armies focused their resources on the invasion of Germany. Saint-Nazaire and the other two German "pockets" remained under German control until the last day of the war, 8 May 1945.
Post World War Two
The town of St. Nazaire was rebuilt in the late 1940s in a minimalist, somewhat drab style that belies the natural beauty of the area.
After the construction of the SS France, the last Compagnie Générale Transatlantique liner and the subsequent closure of the Suez Canal, Chantiers de l'Atlantique began building large oil tankers, including Batillus, Bellamya, Pierre Guillaumat and Prairial. A new dry dock (Basin C) was planned for the construction of tankers over 1,000,000 tonnes but this fell through with the re-opening of the Suez Canal.
SS France
The keel of hull G19 was laid down by Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard, Saint-Nazaire on September 7, 1957. She was built in a non-conventional manner: rather than constructing a skeleton which was then covered in steel hull plating, large parts of the ship were prefabricated in other cities (such as Orléans, Le Havre and Lyon). She was built with a unique double bottom that enabled her to carry 8,000 tons of fuel - enough for the trip to New York and back. The hull was fully welded, leading to weight savings, and had two sets of stabilisers fitted.[8]
She was blessed by the Bishop of Nantes, Monseigneur Villepelet, and launched on May 11, 1960, at 4:15 pm, by Madame Yvonne de Gaulle, wife of the President, and was then named France, in honour both of the country, and of the two previous CGT ships to bear the name. By 4:22 pm the France was afloat and under command of tugs.[9] President De Gaulle was also in attendance at the launch, and gave a patriotic speech, announcing that France had been given a new Normandie, they were able to compete now with Cunard's Queens, and the Blue Riband was within their reach. In reality, however, the 35 knot speed of the United States would prove impossible to beat.
After the launch, the propellers were installed (the entire process taking over three weeks), the distinctive funnels affixed to the upper decks, the superstructure completed, life boats placed in their davits, and the interiors fitted out. The France then undertook her sea trials on November 19, 1961, and averaged an unexpected 35.21 knots. With the French Line satisfied, the ship was handed over, and undertook a trial cruise to the Canary Islands with a full complement of passengers and crew. During this short trip she met, at sea, the Liberté on her way to the scrap yard.[10]
Education
Schools
The nursery schools and the elementary schools resident of Saint-Nazaire (Carnot, Jean-Jaurès, Lamartine, Jules Ferry, Ferdinand Bush, Boncourt, etc) educate nearly 8,000 pupils divided in 30 school complexes.
The Junior schools have nearly 7,000 pupils divided in 12 colleges: public colleges Albert Vinçon; Pierre Norange; Manon Roland; Jean de Neyman; Jean Moulin, accomodate around 1350 pupils each. Private colleges include:
- Saint-Louis: 1 000 pupils, boarding school (historically a college of boys)
- Holy-Therese (historically a college of girls)
The high-schools educate 6,000 pupils divided into 11 colleges, with the technical Aristide Briand having some 3 500 pupils, one of the largest colleges of France [ref. necessary]; the experimental college, public lycée managed jointly by the teachers and the pupils; the private college of Saint-Louis mainstream education; the hotel private college Holy-Anne; the private of mainstream education and technological college Our-Lady-in Espérance. The School residence Resident of Saint-Nazaire is one of largest of France, with nearly 4 000 high-school pupils.
University
The university of Saint-Nazaire is a college of the University of Nantes, the second largest university in France with approximately 35 000 students, including nearly 5,000 on the university pole of Saint-Nazaire. The campus resident of Saint-Nazaire is composed of four university fields: Gavy, Océanis, Heinlex and the School residence Resident of Saint-Nazaire.
Transport
The Route nationale N165/N161 (E60 route), gives motorway access to Nantes and Rennes via the Pont de Saint-Nazaire, which crosses the Loire. Paris is then accessed via the a10/A11 (in Nantes). Valves, Lorient, Quimper and Brest are accessed via the N165.
A project to review a second crossing of the Loire between Nantes and Saint Nazaire is being considered to be constructed and operational by 2025.
Railway
Saint-Nazaire railway station is served by the regional trains and buses of the TER Pays de la Loire provide links to Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, La Roche sur Yon, and many other regional cities. Railway connection to Nantes railway station gives TGV (high speed train) connection to Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Strasbourg, with trains to Paris via the LGV Atlantique taking just over 2 hours. By Corail, Nantes is connected to Quimper, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, Lyon, and Toulouse.
Air travel
Saint-Nazaire has an airport is located 5km south-east of Saint-Nazaire, on the commune of mounting block-of-Brittany. Its has an annual capacity for approximately 150 000 passengers.
International travel is accessed via Nantes Atlantique Airport, the biggest airport in northwestern France, linking with several French and European cities, as well as Montreal in Canada and some northen Africa cities. It is currently planned that this airport will be supplemented by a new Aéroport du Grand Ouest, that will be situated 30km to the north-west of Nantes in the commune of Notre-Dame-des-Landes. The €580 million project was approved in February 2008, with construction expected to start in 2012 and a opening date in 2015.[11]
Economy
The economy of the city is founded on the activity of the port: exportation of products manufactured, but also on the services, being given sizeable size of the city. Commercial fishing it almost completely disappeared, in spite of the subsistence of a small fleet of fisheries and fishing vessels.
Saint-Nazaire suffered heavily from the downsizing of shipbuilding activity in western Europe in the 1960s and '70s, during which again she completed the new national passenger liner SS France. For a long time in the 1980s, Saint-Nazaire remained an economically depressed area with unemployment rates above 20%. Today, the local economy is more diversified and its situation is more in line with that of France as a whole. The major industries are:
- Shipyard - having previously concentrated on both naval and cargo ship construction, Chantiers de l'Atlantique has completed a successful reconversion to cruise ship building and is now one of the world leaders in this sector. Purchased by Aker Yards, the Cunard Line's new flagship, RMS Queen Mary 2, was built in Saint-Nazaire
- Airbus - Saint-Nazaire is one of the European centers of Airbus, responsible for the fitting out of fuselage sections. Originally a factory built for SNCASO, it is located at Penhoët, immediate north of the sites of Chantiers de l'Atlantique. An additional facility was built in Gron in 1980. For the Airbus A380, the Airbus Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ship Ville de Bordeaux brings fuselage sections from Hamburg, German for larger, assembled sections, some of which include the nose. The ship then unloads these sections plus wings from Filton, Bristol and Broughton in North Wales at Bordeaux. From there, the A380 parts are transported by barge to Langon, Gironde, and by oversize road convoys to the assembly hall in Toulouse.[12] New wider roads, canal systems and barges were developed to deliver the A380 parts. After assembly, the aircraft are flown to Hamburg, XFW to be furnished and painted. It takes 3,600 litres (950 gallons) of paint to cover the 3,100 m² (33,000 ft²) exterior of an A380.
- Aeronautical engineering - Famat, a joint-venture company between Snecma and General Electric, has a factory in Saint-Nazaire. Employing approximately 450 people, Famat is specialized in the manufacture of structural elements for turbojets
- Mechanical engineering - SEMT Pielstick manufacturer of diesel engines intended for the naval, railway applications and of electrical production. The SEMT Pielstick employs in 2006,670 people in Saint-Nazaire.
- Port - the first French port on the Atlantic facade. Now busier than its rival Nantes, it is managed within the interurban co-operation of the Port authority of Nantes-Saint-Nazaire. The port terminal handles high-volumes of food products, methane, Elf de Donges and many other industries.
Saint-Nazaire is one of the two seats of the Chamber of commerce and industry of Nantes and Saint-Nazaire which is that of Loire-Atlantique.
RMS Queen Mary 2
On 10 December, 1998, Cunard Lines released details of Project Queen Mary, the project to develop a liner that would complement RMS Queen Elizabeth 2. Harland and Wolff of Northern Ireland, Aker Kværner of Norway, Fincantieri of Italy, Meyer Werft of Germany, and Chantiers de l'Atlantique of Saint-Nazaire were invited to bid on the project. If construction began immediately, the liner could be in service by 2002. But it was not until 6 November, 2000, that a contract was signed with Chantiers de l'Atlantique, then a subsidiary of Alstom.
Her keel was laid down on 4 July 2002, with the hull number G32. Approximately 3,000 craftsmen spent some 8 million working hours on the ship, and a total of 20,000 people were directly or indirectly involved in her design, construction, and fitting out. In total, 300,000 pieces of steel were assembled into 94 "blocks" off of the drydock, which were then stacked and welded together to complete the hull and superstructure.[13] She is so much larger than the ships that Chantiers normally build that the shipyard treated her as "1.6 ships."[10]
The QM2 was floated on 21 March 2003. Her sea trials were conducted between 25 September-29 September and 7 November-11 November 2003,[14] between Saint-Nazaire and the off-shore islands of Ile d'Yeu and Belle-Ile. The final stages of construction were marred by a fatal accident on 15 November 2003, when a gangway collapsed under a group of shipyard workers and their relatives who had been invited to visit the vessel. 48 people on the gangway fell over 15 m (50 ft); 32 were injured and 16, including a child, were killed.[15]
Construction was completed on schedule. Due to the size of the ship, the luxury of materials, and the fact that, due to her nature as an ocean liner, she required 40% more steel than a standard cruise ship, the final cost ended up being approximately $300,000 US per berth - nearly double that of ships such as Voyager of the Seas, Grand Princess, or Carnival Conquest.[16]
Twinning
Avilés, Spain
Kribi, Cameroon
Peillac
Saint-Hubert, Canada - since 1991
Sarrelouis, Germany - since 1969
Sunderland, England - since May 1 1953
It has also cooperation agreements with:
Cienfuegos, Cuba - since 1996
Cultural References
- In th book of Das Boot Saint-Nazaire was the base used in the novel. The film changed the location to La Rochelle because its appearance had not changed to such a large degree in the years following World War II
- In the Franco-Canadian CGI Cartoon Skyland, Saint Nazaire is the name of the pirate flagship.
- The video game Medal of Honor: European Assault opens with the British raid on St. Nazaire
People from Siant-Nazaire
- Rene-Yves Creston (1898-1964), artist, ethnologist, resisting and Breton nationalist, founder of the artistic movement and social Art Seiz Breur
- Odette of Puigaudeau (1894-1991), ethnologist
- Fernand Guériff (1914-1994), scholar, type-setter, historian, journalist devoting themselves mainly to the soil of the peninsula guérandaise 5
- Yann Narrow part (1914-1999), Breton nationalist, naturalized Irish, he was the official sculptor of the Irish Republic
- Gildas Bernard, (1925-2001), archivist paleographer, prize winner of Put of Velãquez, member of the School of the High Hispanic Studies Director of the services of files of the Paddle.
- Georges and André Bellec, members of the vocal quartet the Jacques Brothers
- Gustave Tiffoche, ceramist, painter and sculptor, born in 1930
- Olivier Josso, author of cartoons
- Colonel Moutarde, illustrator
- Remi Bolt, born in 1973, writer and vidéaste
Demographics
See also
- 1942 raid on the Normandie dry dock - see St. Nazaire Raid
- Skyland Cartoon - see Skyland
References
- Perrett, Bryan (2003). For Valour: Victoria Cross and Medal of Honor Battles. Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, London. ISBN 0-297-84662-0
- Guériff, Fernand. Saint-Nazaire sous l'occupation allemande: le Commando, la Poche. Éditions du Paludier (In French)
Notes
- ^ Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 268-69
- ^ Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 269-272
- ^ a b c Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 275
- ^ a b Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 272
- ^ Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 273
- ^ Ardman, Harvey. "Normandie, Her Life and Times," New York, Franklin Watts, 1985
- ^ Hooton 2007, p. 88.
- ^ Offrey; p. 52
- ^ Offrey; p. 54
- ^ a b SS France (III)/Norway Cite error: The named reference "autogenerated1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "New Notre Dame des Landes Airport, Nantes, France". airport-technology.com. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
- ^ "A380 convoys". IGG.FR. 28 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
- ^ World Ship Society: Construction of the Largest Liner in the World
- ^ Plisson, Philip; Queen Mary 2: The Birth of a Legend; Harry N. Abrams, Inc, Publishers; 2004
- ^ CTV News: Toll climbs in Queen Mary 2 shipyard accident; 16 November 2003
- ^ The History, Construction and Design of Queen Mary 2
External links
- Official Website (in English)
- Lancastria Association of Scotland (in English)
- Official website (in French)
- Saint-Nazaire Harbor pictures