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''For the comic book character see [[Black Mamba (comics)]]''
<noinclude>{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}</noinclude>

{{otheruses4|the venomous elapid snake|the comic book character|Black Mamba (comics)|the Indian-Canadian kickboxer|Kultar Gill|the German roller coaster|Black Mamba (roller coaster)}}


{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
Line 17: Line 15:
| species = '''''D. polylepis'''''
| species = '''''D. polylepis'''''
| binomial = ''Dendroaspis polylepis''
| binomial = ''Dendroaspis polylepis''
| binomial_authority = ([[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1864)&nbsp;<ref>{{ITIS|ID=700483|taxon=''Dendroaspis polylepis''}}</ref>
}}
}}


The '''black mamba''' (''Dendroaspis polylepis''; also called the '''black-mouthed mamba''', '''southern brown mamba''', or '''swart mamba''') is a [[venomous]] [[elapidae|elapid]] [[snake]]. It is the largest [[venomous snake]] in [[Africa]] and the second largest venomous snake in the world. Only the [[King Cobra]] is larger. Adult black mambas have an average length of 2.5 meters (8.2&nbsp;ft) and a maximum length of 4.5 meters (14&nbsp;ft).<ref name="snake">{{cite web|url=http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/black-mamba.html|title=National Geographic black mamba page|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref> The black mamba receives its name from the black coloration inside of its mouth, rather than their skin color which is a gray to olive tone. The black mamba is the fastest moving snake in the world, capable of moving up to 20&nbsp;km/h (12.5&nbsp;mph). However, it uses this speed to evade danger rather than to catch prey.<ref name="snake">{{cite web|url=http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/black-mamba.html|title=National Geographic black mamba page|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref>
The '''black mamba''' (''Dendroaspis polylepis'') is a [[venomous]] [[elapidae|elapid]] [[snake]]. It is the largest [[venomous snake]] in [[Africa]] and the second largest venomous snake in the world. Only the [[King Cobra]] is larger. Adult black mambas have an average length of 2.5 meters (8.2&nbsp;ft) and a maximum length of 4.5 meters (14&nbsp;ft).<ref name="snake">{{cite web|url=http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/black-mamba.html|title=National Geographic black mamba page|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref> The black mamba receives its name from the black coloration inside of its mouth, rather than their skin color which is a gray to olive tone. The black mamba is the fastest moving snake in the world, capable of moving up to 20&nbsp;km/h(12.5&nbsp;mph). However it uses this speed to evade danger, rather than catch prey.<ref name="snake">{{cite web|url=http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/black-mamba.html|title=National Geographic black mamba page|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref>


== Behavior ==
== Behavior ==

The Black Mamba is one of the deadliest snakes in the world. A single bite may inject enough venom to kill 20-40 grown men, easily killing one unless the appropriate anti-venom is administered in time. These snakes are not naturally aggressive and will almost always flee when confronted but will become highly aggressive if cornered.<ref name="snake">blank</ref><ref name="TLC">{{cite web|url=http://www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_snakes.htm|title=TLC site information on the black mamba|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref> When in the striking position, the mamba flattens its neck, hisses very loudly and displays its inky black mouth and deadly fangs. It can rear up around one-third of its body from the ground<ref name="snake"> This should be blank </ref> which allows it to reach heights of approximately four feet (1.2 meters).<ref name="TLC"> This should be blank</ref> When warding off a threat, the black mamba usually delivers multiple strikes injecting venom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snakebite-firstaid.com/facts.html|title=www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_snakes.htm|title=TLC site information on the black mamba|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref>
The Black Mamba is one of the deadliest snakes in the world. A single bite may inject enough venom to kill from 20-40 grown men, easily killing one unless the appropriate anti-venom is administered in time. When cornered, they will readily attack.<ref name="TLC">{{cite web|url=http://www.tlcafrica.com/tlc_snakes.htm|title=TLC site information on the black mamba|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref> In fact, many snake experts have cited the black mamba as the world's most aggressive snake, noting tendency to actively attack without provocation.<ref>[http://www.zoocheck.com/programs/exotic/venom/snake.shtml ('''B. Johnson, July 13, 2000; Hunter, 1998''')]</ref> When in the striking position, the mamba flattens its neck, hisses very loudly and displays its inky black mouth and deadly fangs. It can rear up around one-third of its body from the ground<ref name="snake"> This should be blank </ref> which allows it to reach heights of approximately four feet (1.21 meters).<ref name="TLC"> This should be blank</ref> When warding off a threat, the black mamba usually delivers multiple strikes, injecting its potent neuro- and cardiotoxin with each strike, often attacking the body or head, unlike most other snakes.<ref>http://www.snakebite-firstaid.com/facts.html</ref> <ref name="snake"> This should be blank </ref>


If left undisturbed, Black Mambas tend to live in their lairs for long periods of time, which are often vacated insect mounds or hollow trees. Black mambas are [[diurnal]] snakes that hunt prey actively day or night. When hunting small animals, the Black Mamba delivers a single deadly bite and backs off, waiting for the [[neurotoxin]] in its [[venom]] to paralyze the prey. When killing a bird, however, the Black Mamba will cling to its prey, preventing it from flying away.
If left undisturbed, Black Mambas tend to live in their lairs for long periods of time, which are often vacated insect mounds or hollow trees. Black mambas are [[diurnal]] snakes that hunt prey actively day or night. When hunting small animals, the Black Mamba delivers a single deadly bite and backs off, waiting for the [[neurotoxin]] in its [[venom]] to paralyze the prey. When killing a bird, however, the Black Mamba will cling to its prey, preventing it from flying away.


== Venom ==
== Venom ==

Black mambas are among the ten most venomous snakes in the world, although the venom is not the most potent.<ref name=Lowvelder>{{cite web|url=http://www.lowvelder.co.za/show_story.asp?storyid=5234|title=Lowvelder Online}}</ref> With a [[LD50]] of 0.25-0.32&nbsp;mg/kg, the black mamba is more than 3 times as venomous as the [[Cape Cobra]], over 5 times as venomous as the [[King cobra]] and about 40 times as venomous as the [[Bitis gabonica|Gaboon viper]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kingsnake.com/toxinology/LD50/ld50sc.html|title=www.lowvelder.co.za/show_story.asp?storyid=5234|title=Lowvelder Online}}</ref> Black mamba venom contains [[neurotoxic|neurotoxins]] and [[cardiotoxic|cardiotoxins]], including [[calciseptine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/fansites/wildkingdom/blackmamba/facts/facts.html|title=Black mamba venom facts from Discovery.com|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref> Its bite delivers about 100-120&nbsp;mg of [[venom]] on average, however it can deliver up to 400&nbsp;mg of venom; 10 to 15&nbsp;mg is deadly to a human adult. The initial symptom of the bite is local pain in the bite area, although not as severe as snakes with [[hemotoxin]]s. The victim then experiences a tingling sensation in the extremities, drooping eyelids (eyelid [[ptosis (eyelid)|ptosis]]), tunnel vision, sweating, excessive salivation, and lack of muscle control (specifically the mouth and tongue). If the victim does not receive medical attention, symptoms rapidly progress to nausea, shortness of breath, confusion, and paralysis. Eventually, the victim experiences [[convulsions]], respiratory failure, and [[coma]], and dies due to suffocation resulting from paralysis of the muscles used for breathing. Without treatment the mortality rate is 100%.<ref name="snake"> This should be blank </ref>
Black mambas are among the ten most venomous snakes in the world. With a [[LD50]] of 0.25-0.32 mg/kg, the black mamba is more than 3 times as venomous as the [[Cape Cobra]], over 5 times as venomous as the [[King cobra]] and about 40 times as venomous as the [[Gaboon viper]].<ref>http://www.kingsnake.com/toxinology/LD50/ld50sc.html</ref> Black mamba venom contains powerful, rapid-acting [[neurotoxic|neurotoxins]] and [[cardiotoxic|cardiotoxins]], including [[calciseptine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/fansites/wildkingdom/blackmamba/facts/facts.html|title=Black mamba venom facts from Discovery.com|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref> Its bite delivers about 100-120&nbsp;mg of [[venom]] on average, however it can deliver up to 400&nbsp;mg of venom; 10 to 15&nbsp;mg is deadly to a human adult. The initial symptom of the bite is local pain in the bite area, although not as severe as snakes with [[hemotoxin]]s. The victim then experiences a tingling sensation in the extremities, drooping eyelids (eyelid [[ptosis]]), tunnel vision, sweating, excessive salivation, and lack of muscle control (specifically the mouth and tongue). If the victim does not receive medical attention, symptoms rapidly progress to nausea, shortness of breath, confusion, and paralysis. Eventually, the victim experiences [[convulsions]], respiratory failure, and [[coma]], and dies due to suffocation resulting from paralysis of the muscles used for breathing. Without treatment the mortality rate is 100%<ref name="snake"> This should be blank </ref>, the highest among all venomous snakes in the world.


== Lifestyle ==
== Lifestyle ==

Black mambas live primarily in scrubland and, though not considered an [[arboreal]] species, can live in bushes and small trees. Its diet consists mainly of small birds and rodents and, despite the negative reputation, it plays a crucial role in regulating pests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss3/art4/table5.html|title=Ecology and society|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref>
Black mambas live primarily in Scrubland and, though not considered an [[arboreal]] species, can live in bushes and small trees. Its diet consists mainly of small birds and rodents and, despite the negative reputation, it plays a crucial role in regulating pests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss3/art4/table5.html|title=Ecology and society|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref>


== Breeding ==
== Breeding ==

Breeding usually takes place in late spring or early summer. After mating the male will return back to its own home. The female will then lay between 10 and 25 eggs. The offspring are independent as soon as they are born and can capture prey the size of a rat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yptenc.org.uk/docs/factsheets/animal_facts/black_mamba.html|title=Facts on the black mamba|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref>
Breeding usually takes place in late spring or early summer. After mating the male will return back to its own home. The female will then lay between 10 and 25 eggs. The offspring are independent as soon as they are born and can capture prey the size of a rat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yptenc.org.uk/docs/factsheets/animal_facts/black_mamba.html|title=Facts on the black mamba|accessdate=2007-01-21}}</ref>

== Cultural references ==

* [[John Godey]]'s novel 'The Snake' deals with a black mamba loose in New York's [[Central Park]].
* The [[Air Jordan]] XIX (19) basketball shoe's design was inspired by the black mamba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sneakerhead.com/nike-air-jordan-history-p2.html|title=Air Jordan facts|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
* [[Uma Thurman|Uma Thurman's]] character [[Beatrix Kiddo]] in the ''[[Kill Bill]]'' movie series has the [[codename]] "Black Mamba" - all [[Deadly Viper Assassination Squad|DiVAs]] members have snake codenames. The character of Budd was killed by a black mamba planted in a suitcase full of money. As he lies dying, [[Elle Driver]], the one responsible for planting the snake, reads to him a compilation of facts about the snake's venom, similar to the information listed above.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0378194/|title=www.imdb.com/title/tt0378194/<!--INSERT TITLE-->|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
* The 1982 British horror film "Venom" (starring Klaus Kinski) featured a black mamba, delivered to a young boy by mistake, and set loose in his house just as a kidnap plot went awry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Venom-Klaus-Kinski/dp/B000096I9O|title=Information about the movie ''Venom''|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
* There is a Marvel Comics character named [[Black Mamba (comics)|Black Mamba]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marvel.com/universe/Black_Mamba|title=Marvel cite about Black Mamba|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
* "Black Mamba" is also a name of a [[mecha]] from [[Heavy Gear]].
* [[Kobe Bryant]] of the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] is nicknamed "Black Mamba".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lufkindailynews.com/sports/content/sports/stories/2007/01/7/stallard.html|title=Information about sport nicknames|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
* "Black Mamba" is the title of a song by the [[rock band]] [[The Academy Is...]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/The+Academy+Is.../_/Black+Mamba|title=Song by The Academy is titled Black Mamba|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
* "Black Mamba" is the name of an inverted coaster at the [[Phantasialand]], Nordrheinwestfahlen, [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coasterforce.com/Black_Mamba|title=Information about black mamba coaster|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
* "Black Mamba" is the title of a song by [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] on their 1999 album ''J-Tull Dot Com''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/J-Tull-Dot-Com-Jethro-Tull/dp/B00000K1FC|title=Information about Jethro Tull album|accessdate=2007-01-24}}</ref>
* Mixed Martial Arts fighter Kultar Gill goes by his nackname, "The Black Mamba"
* "The Black Mamba" was the nickname used by Roger Mayweather (uncle and trainer of Floyd Mayweather Jr.) during his days as a professional prizefighter.
*'Black Mamba' is also a a generic name in popular culture for a large black [[vibrator]] or [[dildo]], as seen in [[Red Dwarf]]
* [[Black Phoenix Alchemy Lab]], a purveyor of fine perfume oils, carries a Limited Edition blend called Faiza the Black Mamba.
* A black mamba sock puppet is seen occasionally on [[Wildboyz]]. The camera man would put it on, sneek up on someone, and slap them on the head.

== See also ==

* [[Mamba]]
* [[Snake]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 40: Line 64:


== External links ==
== External links ==

* [http://www.kingsnake.com/elapids/black_mamba.htm Richard Mastenbrok's Elapid Pages]
* [http://www.kingsnake.com/elapids/black_mamba.htm Richard Mastenbrok's Elapid Pages]


[[Category:Reptiles of Africa]]
[[Category:Snakes]]
[[Category:Elapidae]]
[[Category:Elapids]]


[[bg:Черна мамба]]
[[bg:Черна мамба]]
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[[it:Dendroaspis polylepis]]
[[it:Dendroaspis polylepis]]
[[lt:Juodoji mamba]]
[[lt:Juodoji mamba]]
[[hu:Fekete mamba]]
[[nl:Zwarte mamba]]
[[nl:Zwarte mamba]]
[[ja:ブラックマンバ]]
[[ja:ブラックマンバ]]
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[[sl:Črna mamba]]
[[sl:Črna mamba]]
[[fi:Mustamamba]]
[[fi:Mustamamba]]
[[sv:Svart mamba]]

Revision as of 06:58, 27 September 2007

For the comic book character see Black Mamba (comics)

Black mamba
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Order:
Squamata
Suborder:
Serpentes
Family:
Elapidae
Genus:
Dendroaspis
Species:
D. polylepis
Binomial name
Dendroaspis polylepis

The black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) is a venomous elapid snake. It is the largest venomous snake in Africa and the second largest venomous snake in the world. Only the King Cobra is larger. Adult black mambas have an average length of 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) and a maximum length of 4.5 meters (14 ft).[1] The black mamba receives its name from the black coloration inside of its mouth, rather than their skin color which is a gray to olive tone. The black mamba is the fastest moving snake in the world, capable of moving up to 20 km/h(12.5 mph). However it uses this speed to evade danger, rather than catch prey.[1]

Behavior

The Black Mamba is one of the deadliest snakes in the world. A single bite may inject enough venom to kill from 20-40 grown men, easily killing one unless the appropriate anti-venom is administered in time. When cornered, they will readily attack.[2] In fact, many snake experts have cited the black mamba as the world's most aggressive snake, noting tendency to actively attack without provocation.[3] When in the striking position, the mamba flattens its neck, hisses very loudly and displays its inky black mouth and deadly fangs. It can rear up around one-third of its body from the ground[1] which allows it to reach heights of approximately four feet (1.21 meters).[2] When warding off a threat, the black mamba usually delivers multiple strikes, injecting its potent neuro- and cardiotoxin with each strike, often attacking the body or head, unlike most other snakes.[4] [1]

If left undisturbed, Black Mambas tend to live in their lairs for long periods of time, which are often vacated insect mounds or hollow trees. Black mambas are diurnal snakes that hunt prey actively day or night. When hunting small animals, the Black Mamba delivers a single deadly bite and backs off, waiting for the neurotoxin in its venom to paralyze the prey. When killing a bird, however, the Black Mamba will cling to its prey, preventing it from flying away.

Venom

Black mambas are among the ten most venomous snakes in the world. With a LD50 of 0.25-0.32 mg/kg, the black mamba is more than 3 times as venomous as the Cape Cobra, over 5 times as venomous as the King cobra and about 40 times as venomous as the Gaboon viper.[5] Black mamba venom contains powerful, rapid-acting neurotoxins and cardiotoxins, including calciseptine.[6] Its bite delivers about 100-120 mg of venom on average, however it can deliver up to 400 mg of venom; 10 to 15 mg is deadly to a human adult. The initial symptom of the bite is local pain in the bite area, although not as severe as snakes with hemotoxins. The victim then experiences a tingling sensation in the extremities, drooping eyelids (eyelid ptosis), tunnel vision, sweating, excessive salivation, and lack of muscle control (specifically the mouth and tongue). If the victim does not receive medical attention, symptoms rapidly progress to nausea, shortness of breath, confusion, and paralysis. Eventually, the victim experiences convulsions, respiratory failure, and coma, and dies due to suffocation resulting from paralysis of the muscles used for breathing. Without treatment the mortality rate is 100%[1], the highest among all venomous snakes in the world.

Lifestyle

Black mambas live primarily in Scrubland and, though not considered an arboreal species, can live in bushes and small trees. Its diet consists mainly of small birds and rodents and, despite the negative reputation, it plays a crucial role in regulating pests.[7]

Breeding

Breeding usually takes place in late spring or early summer. After mating the male will return back to its own home. The female will then lay between 10 and 25 eggs. The offspring are independent as soon as they are born and can capture prey the size of a rat.[8]

Cultural references

  • John Godey's novel 'The Snake' deals with a black mamba loose in New York's Central Park.
  • The Air Jordan XIX (19) basketball shoe's design was inspired by the black mamba.[9]
  • Uma Thurman's character Beatrix Kiddo in the Kill Bill movie series has the codename "Black Mamba" - all DiVAs members have snake codenames. The character of Budd was killed by a black mamba planted in a suitcase full of money. As he lies dying, Elle Driver, the one responsible for planting the snake, reads to him a compilation of facts about the snake's venom, similar to the information listed above.[10]
  • The 1982 British horror film "Venom" (starring Klaus Kinski) featured a black mamba, delivered to a young boy by mistake, and set loose in his house just as a kidnap plot went awry.[11]
  • There is a Marvel Comics character named Black Mamba.[12]
  • "Black Mamba" is also a name of a mecha from Heavy Gear.
  • Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers is nicknamed "Black Mamba".[13]
  • "Black Mamba" is the title of a song by the rock band The Academy Is....[14]
  • "Black Mamba" is the name of an inverted coaster at the Phantasialand, Nordrheinwestfahlen, Germany.[15]
  • "Black Mamba" is the title of a song by Jethro Tull on their 1999 album J-Tull Dot Com.[16]
  • Mixed Martial Arts fighter Kultar Gill goes by his nackname, "The Black Mamba"
  • "The Black Mamba" was the nickname used by Roger Mayweather (uncle and trainer of Floyd Mayweather Jr.) during his days as a professional prizefighter.
  • 'Black Mamba' is also a a generic name in popular culture for a large black vibrator or dildo, as seen in Red Dwarf
  • Black Phoenix Alchemy Lab, a purveyor of fine perfume oils, carries a Limited Edition blend called Faiza the Black Mamba.
  • A black mamba sock puppet is seen occasionally on Wildboyz. The camera man would put it on, sneek up on someone, and slap them on the head.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "National Geographic black mamba page". Retrieved 2007-01-21. Cite error: The named reference "snake" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b "TLC site information on the black mamba". Retrieved 2007-01-21. Cite error: The named reference "TLC" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ (B. Johnson, July 13, 2000; Hunter, 1998)
  4. ^ http://www.snakebite-firstaid.com/facts.html
  5. ^ http://www.kingsnake.com/toxinology/LD50/ld50sc.html
  6. ^ "Black mamba venom facts from Discovery.com". Retrieved 2007-01-21.
  7. ^ "Ecology and society". Retrieved 2007-01-21.
  8. ^ "Facts on the black mamba". Retrieved 2007-01-21.
  9. ^ "Air Jordan facts". Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  10. ^ "www.imdb.com/title/tt0378194/". Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  11. ^ "Information about the movie Venom". Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  12. ^ "Marvel cite about Black Mamba". Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  13. ^ "Information about sport nicknames". Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  14. ^ "Song by The Academy is titled Black Mamba". Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  15. ^ "Information about black mamba coaster". Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  16. ^ "Information about Jethro Tull album". Retrieved 2007-01-24.
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