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{{short description|Ahir subdivision}}
{{short description|Ahir subdivision}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}{{use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
'''Gwalvanshi''' or [[Gwala]], whose main occupation is rearing of animals, production and ''selling'' of ''milk''.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=gwala+or+gwalbans&dq=gwala+or+gwalbans&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSp9fo_qGGAxV83DgGHXRGB6Y4ChDrAXoECAQQBQ#gwala</ref>
'''Gwalvanshi Ahir'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y |title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 |date=1764 |language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maurya |first=Sahab Deen |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans |title=Population and Housing Problems in India |date=1989 |publisher=Chugh Publications |isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maheshwari |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false |title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) |date=2022-01-20 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhrigupati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India |date=2015-04-06 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 |language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Risley |first=Sir Herbert Hope |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary |date=1892 |publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press |language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false |title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh |date=1890 |publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press |language=en}}</ref>
'''Gwalvanshi '''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UO-3tv_esi4C&q=Gwalbans&redir_esc=y |title=Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883 |date=1764 |language=en}}</ref> is a dominant subdivison of gwala caste.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maurya |first=Sahab Deen |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=l_frAAAAMAAJ&dq=Gwalbans+Ahir&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Gwalbans |title=Population and Housing Problems in India |date=1989 |publisher=Chugh Publications |isbn=978-81-85076-77-5 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Ahir]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maheshwari |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QqJhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66&dq=Gwalvanshi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiF6qL_noyGAxX1TGwGHVduBZ0Q6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Gwalvanshi&f=false |title=Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections) |date=2022-01-20 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-91258-48-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhrigupati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxOXoAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India |date=2015-04-06 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-19454-7 |language=en}}</ref> They are populated in [[North-Western Provinces]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Risley |first=Sir Herbert Hope |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=ySQ-AAAAYAAJ&q=Kishnaut#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary |date=1892 |publisher=Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press |language=en}}</ref> and in Oudh ([[Awadh]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crooke |first=William |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tCc-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Oudh+Ah%C3%ADrs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwis67XZiKqEAxXWS2wGHT2aALEQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Oudh%20Ah%C3%ADrs%20are%20generally&f=false |title=An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh |date=1890 |publisher=North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Manoharlal Yadav, a Gwalvanshi Ahir.jpg|thumb|Manoharlal Yadav, a Gwalvanshi Ahir]]
[[File:AheerHinduShahabad.jpg|thumb|right|alt=cowherd gwala tribe in shahabad|PASTORAL_GWALA_TRIBE]]


== Origin ==
== Origin ==

Revision as of 11:16, 25 May 2024

Gwalvanshi or Gwala, whose main occupation is rearing of animals, production and selling of milk.[1] Gwalvanshi [2] is a dominant subdivison of gwala caste.[3] of Ahirs.[4][5] They are populated in North-Western Provinces[6] and in Oudh (Awadh).[7]

cowherd gwala tribe in shahabad
PASTORAL_GWALA_TRIBE

Origin

Gwal families are living alongwith the Gonds.since long time among the villages, Russell has also mentioned that " the Gowaris are admittedly descended from the unions of Gonds and Ahirs" (1916:160-61). He goes on to mention that gowal or Gowar caste is mixed descent from Ahirs and gonds.[8][9]

In Bijnor the Gual or Gwal have a low status because according to legend their lineage is linked to the servants (cattle herders) of the true Ahirs.[10]

'Gual or gwala Caste' is also mentioned as the Scheduled Caste under the castes of Uttar Pradesh in the Schedule attached to the Government of India Act 1935.[11] The Gwalvanshi claim their descent from the Gowars of azamgadh .[12][13]

History

Mirzapur

According to Ain-i-Akbari, they were zamindars of the Ahirwara pargana (present Ahraura) in Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh.[14]

Varanasi

They also made Warren Hastings fled from Varanasi.[15]

Basti

In Gonda, as in Basti, the Gwalbans sub-division are careful and laborious husbandmen. Although more numerous in Gonda and basti than in any other part of Oudh, they own no land in this district.[16][17] Dhadhor ahir hold a extensive land they were called Bhumidar in the Basti district of Uttar Pradesh.[18]

Ayodhya

Them in the Faizadad pargana (in today's Ayodhya district) Dhadhor ahir landlords claimed to be descended from an Ahir raja of Berat(Rajasthan). Another account is, that they were settled there by Raja Chandra Sen.[19]

Military History

Gwalbans are found in lower Doäb, Awadh, and Bihar. Gwalbansi septs no special military qualities and are now only enlisted as bullock-drivers; but the Jädubans of Gurgaon make excellent soldiers[20] [21] From the United Provinces, they were also ones who were recruited in the First World War.[22]

Physical Appearance

Gwala are more numerous in any villages and blocks.Generally they have a dark colour, stout body and a medium height with small hair on the head. Their womenfolk have a fairer complexion as compared with the males. They do not observe purdah and work freely with their husbands in the field.[23] Carleton S. Coon once stated about Ahirs of Senapur (a village in Jaunpur which is predominated by dhadhor Ahirs)[24] that: Ahirs are, in average, quite light in skin color and pride themselves on their physical superiorty to other groups. Their robustness is usually attributed to the active, outdoor life they lead, but undoubtedly the greater amount of dairy products that they have at their disposal has some influence. The Ahirs are the athletes of Senapur. They excel at wrestling, at fencing with staves, at jumping, and at acrobatics of all kinds.[25]

Present circumstances

They were farmers and land-holders in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. At the turn of the century, they took up other occupations, including business in a big way.[26][27]

Notable people

Culture

The Goyala or gwala people celebrate a festival every year on the day of Diwali. This festival is called Gaidhar in the local language and Gokarira in Sanskrit. On this occasion the gwala people tie the legs of a pig and drive their cattle over it until it dies. After that they boil it in the fields and eat it.[33] They sing Loriki and Birahas.[34] They have started the Ramleela at Chaukaghat (Nati Imli) in Varanasi.[35] They also actively participate in the Bharat Milaap done in the Ramleela.[35] They are great devotee of Radha-Krishna.[36] Most of the Ahir Birs (deities who died gloriously) in Eastern Uttar Pradesh were Gwalvanshi Ahirs only.[29][24]

Kuldevi

Their clan deity (Kuldevi) is Mata Vindhyavasini Jogmaya.[36]

References

  1. ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=gwala+or+gwalbans&dq=gwala+or+gwalbans&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSp9fo_qGGAxV83DgGHXRGB6Y4ChDrAXoECAQQBQ#gwala
  2. ^ Ames Library Pamphlet Collection: consists of extracts from the Journal of the United Service Institution of India, v.1-12, 1871-1883. 1764.
  3. ^ Maurya, Sahab Deen (1989). Population and Housing Problems in India. Chugh Publications. ISBN 978-81-85076-77-5.
  4. ^ Maheshwari, Anil (20 January 2022). Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections). Om Books International. ISBN 978-93-91258-48-1.
  5. ^ Singh, Bhrigupati (6 April 2015). Poverty and the Quest for Life: Spiritual and Material Striving in Rural India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-19454-7.
  6. ^ Risley, Sir Herbert Hope (1892). The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary. Printed at the Bengal secretariat Press.
  7. ^ Crooke, William (1890). An Ethnographical Hand-book for the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh. North-Western provinces and Oudh government Press.
  8. ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=72DFmlOlViEC&pg=PA372&dq=gowari+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf0fOCm6WGAxUUr1YBHeWrAlgQ6wF6BAgNEAU#v=onepage&q=gowari%20gwal&f=false
  9. ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GulBDMgxcU0C&pg=PA192&dq=gwala+gwar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi48eL3m6WGAxW5sVYBHeFaAnEQ6wF6BAgIEAU#v=onepage&q=gwala%20gwar&f=false
  10. ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=NenzO2grTOMC&pg=PA54&dq=gual+ahirs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwja4ebOlqOGAxXyzjgGHdOdAHAQ6wF6BAgJEAU#v=onepage&q=gual%20ahirs&f=false
  11. ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2xSZqwkA5VwC&pg=PA69&dq=gual+ahirs&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJwqTYmaOGAxW-zDgGHUW1D_U4ChDrAXoECAkQBQ#v=onepage&q=gual%20ahirs&f=false
  12. ^ Ibbetson, Sir Denzil; Maclagan (1990). Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0505-3.
  13. ^ Michelutti, Lucia (29 November 2020). The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-08400-9.
  14. ^ Contemporary Social Sciences. Research Foundation of India. 1978.
  15. ^ "Historical episodes that PM spoke about in Kashi - Civilsdaily". 16 December 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  16. ^ https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181585/page/n147/mode/1up?q=gwalbans
  17. ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tPNrAAAAMAAJ&q=gwalbans+basti&dq=gwalbans+basti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbhJf91KKGAxWf9DgGHTg_CmYQ6wF6BAgNEAU#gwalbans%20basti
  18. ^ Desai, Akshayakumar Ramanlal (1986). Agrarian Struggles in India After Independence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-561681-1.
  19. ^ Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1872). Hindu Tribes and Castes. Thacker, Spink & Company.
  20. ^ https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n49/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans
  21. ^ https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5866/page/n56/mode/1up?q=gwalbans+jadubans
  22. ^ Roy, Kaushik (29 June 2018). Indian Army and the First World War: 1914–18. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-909367-0.
  23. ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sekcAQAAMAAJ&q=dhandol+gwal&dq=dhandol+gwal&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiP7-yctqOGAxVSzDgGHZraAu4Q6wF6BAgGEAU#%20gwal
  24. ^ a b Coccari, Diane Marjorie (1986). The Bir Babas of Banaras: An Analysis of a Folk Deity in North Indian Hinduism. University of Wisconsin--Madison.
  25. ^ a reader in general anthropology. Internet Archive. 1948.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  26. ^ Ratan Mani Lal (11 May 2014). "Azamgarh: Why Mulayam cannot take Yadav votes for granted"
  27. ^ Lucia Michelutti, Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town (2002) London School of Economics and Political Science University of London, p.90-98
  28. ^ "Moscow Olympic gold medallist former hockey player Ravinder Pal Singh succumbs to COVID". The Times of India. 8 May 2021. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  29. ^ a b Comar, Savitri (7 September 2018). "Bir Babas Of Banaras Diane Marjori Cocarie ( Thesis)". Bir Babas Of Banaras. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  30. ^ a b Division, Publications. WHO'S WHO OF INDIAN MARTYRS Vol 3. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 978-81-230-2182-9.
  31. ^ "मिला तेज से तेज- Mila Tej se Tej | Exotic India Art". www.exoticindiaart.com. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  32. ^ भारतीय शहीदों का परिचय (in Hindi). प्रकाशन विभाग, सूचना और प्रसारण मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार. 2009. ISBN 978-81-230-1511-8.
  33. ^ https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.726/page/n215/mode/1up?q=goyalas
  34. ^ Beissinger, Margaret; Tylus, Jane; Wofford, Susanne Lindgren (31 March 1999). Epic Traditions in the Contemporary World: The Poetics of Community. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21038-7.
  35. ^ a b Arya, Banarasi Lal (1975). Mahārāja Balavanta Siṃha aura Kāśī kā atīta (in Hindi). Āryā.
  36. ^ a b Saraswati, Baidyanath (2000). Bhoga-moksha samabhava: Kaśī kā sāmājika-sāṃskr̥tika svarūpa (in Hindi). Ḍī Ke. Prinṭavarlḍa. ISBN 978-81-246-0151-8.
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