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{{Short description|Turkish political concept}} |
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{{Multiple issues| |
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{{Expand language|langcode=tr |otherarticle= Halkçılık|date=April 2024}} |
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{{update|date=April 2024}} |
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{{merge to|Popolarismo|date=April 2024}} |
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}} |
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{{Other uses|Folkism (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Distinguish|Populism}} |
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'''Folkism''' ({{lang-tr|Halkçılık}})<ref name=":0">{{cite web|publisher=Academia|title=Popülizm ve Türkiye'de Boyutları|url=https://www.academia.edu/download/38139819/Populizm_ve_Turkiyede_Boyutlari.pdf|access-date=2024-04-08|archive-date=2021-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822222823/https://www.academia.edu/download/38139819/Populizm_ve_Turkiyede_Boyutlari.pdf|url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> is a [[populist]] idea in [[Turkish politics]] influenced by Russian [[narodnik]]s.{{check|date=April 2024}} It is similar to [[Folkism Declaration]] and [[Atatürk's Main Principles#Populism|Atatürk's principle of folkism]], but should not be confused.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/41901564/Romanticism_in_Modern_Turkish_Intellectual_History_Istanbul_University_Department_of_Political_Science_and_International_Relations_Doctoral_Dissertation_2014_</ref> |
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== History == |
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=== Ottoman period === |
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During the reign of [[Abdulaziz|Sultan Abdulaziz]], some [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] intellectuals, especially [[Ali Suavi]], were influenced by the [[Narodniks|Narodnik movement]] in [[Russia]] and began to deal with the problems of the people. At the end of the 19th century, many literary figures, especially [[Mehmet Emin Yurdakul]], were affected by populism. After the [[Young Turk Revolution]], the word 'folk' found wide usage. For a long time, populism was thought of as the act of benevolent intellectuals for the benefit of the masses. |
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This understanding began to change after [[World War I]]. [[Ziya Gökalp]] concluded, under the influence of [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]], that [[class conflict]] was bad, and shortly after the [[Russian Revolution|Soviet Revolution in 1918]], opposed it and defended populism against it. Gökalp defined populism as follows: |
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{{blockquote|If a society consists of several strata or classes, then it is not an [[egalitarian]] society. The aim of populism is to suppress stratification or class differences and instead to create a social structure of professional groups in [[solidarity]] with each other. In other words, we can summarize populism as follows: there are no [[social class]]es, there are [[profession]]s!<ref>Zafer Toprak (1977). Meşrutiyette Solidarist Düşünce: Halkçılık. ''Toplum ve Bilim'', 1, s. 92.</ref>}} |
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=== Turkish War of Independence and the Republic period === |
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This approach largely lends itself to [[solidarism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ziya Gökalp'te "Solidarizm" ve "Milli İktisat"|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/326817|publisher=Dergipark}}</ref> This understanding greatly influenced [[Nationalism|nationalists]], especially the [[Kemalism|Kemalists]], during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. Although the corporations proposed by Gökalp were not realized, the principle of no classes was accepted by the Kemalist leaders. Kemalist leaders, especially Atatürk, insisted that classes were not yet developed in Turkey. They adopted the idea of solidarity in order to fight [[communism]] and the idea of [[class struggle]]. They also saw this as the justification for the [[one-party system]].<ref>Paul Dumont (1999). Kemalist İdeolojinin Kökenleri. Jacob M. Landau (Yay. Haz.) (1999). Atatürk ve Türkiye'nin Modernleşmesi, İstanbul: Sarmal, ISBN 975-8304-18-6 (s. 49-72) içinde. s.60.</ref> |
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== Atatürk's principle of populism/folkism== |
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{{main|Atatürk's Main Principles}} |
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The principle of [[populism]], first of all, is aimed at the realization and establishment of a [[Progressivism|progressive]], [[western democracy]], which means "the administration of the people, by the people for the people".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atatürk ilkeleri|url=https://www.ttk.gov.tr/belgelerle-tarih/ataturk-ilkeleri-belleten-makale/|publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu}}</ref> It also prioritizes [[Westphalian sovereignty|national sovereignty]]. The state aims at the [[welfare]] and happiness of the citizens. It envisages the division of labor and solidarity among citizens. It ensures that the nation enjoys equal access to government services. It is understood from Atatürk's folkism principle that: No privilege is given to any person, group or any class in society. Everyone is equal before the law.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} According to the principle of folkism,{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} no one can gain superiority over others in terms of religion, race, sect or money when judged before the law. |
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Folkism is defined in the [[The Six Arrows|six pillars]] of the [[Republican People's Party]] founded by Mustafa Kemal as follows: "For us, people must be treated equally before the law. No distinction should be made between class, family and individuals. We believe that the people of Turkey are not as a whole made up of various classes, but as a whole; as one. We see Turkish society as having various professions according to the needs of social life." However, this should not be confused with [[Collective farming|collectivism]]. The "folkism" that Atatürk refers to here is not a socialist ideology used by [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] countries and is also not incompatible with [[individualism]]. Atatürk's folkism, as mentioned in the 1935 [[Republican People's Party|CHP]] program and Atatürk's Medeni Bilgiler book, is [[solidarist]] based on the [[Class collaboration|solidarity of the classes]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler PDF|date=1930|publisher=Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları|page=107|language=tr}}</ref> and also [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler PDF|date=1930|publisher=Toplumsal Dönüşüm Yayınları|pages=101–102|language=tr}}</ref> |
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Necessary measures have been taken for equality between women and men, the end of [[sex segregation]] in schools, the measures taken to prepare a new [[Turkish alphabet]] that every citizen can learn and to treat every citizen equally before state organs support the principle of folkism.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} |
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According to [[Ahmet Taner Kışlalı]], [[Kemalist]] folkism wanted to strengthen the poorest and most uneducated segment of the society and to ensure social solidarity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kemalizm, Laiklik ve Demokrasi|publisher=İmge Kitabevi|page=49|language=tr}}</ref> |
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Although folkis ma principle that is quickly adopted, after [[World War II]], it remained largely in the background during the rapid industrialization and [[Capitalism|capitalistization]] process. |
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== See also == |
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* [[Atatürk's Main Principles]] |
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** [[Atatürk's Main Principles#Populism|Folkism (Atatürk's Main Principles)]] |
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** [[Turkish civil code (1926)]] |
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** [[Surname Law (Turkey)]] |
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* [[Social equality]] |
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* [[Solidarity]] |
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* {{ill|Social state|de|Sozialstaat|es|Estado social}} |
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== References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Political ideologies]] |
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[[Category:Politics of Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Folkism]] |
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