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== Development ==
== Development ==
The printing system was announced in May 1973.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_may-june-1973_8_3|title=Interface May-June 1973: Vol 8 Iss 3|date=|publisher=Data Systems Division - Inactive Address|others=Internet Archive|year=1973|pages=2|language=English}}</ref> It was first shipped in mid to late 1974.<ref name=":6" /> It was based on the Xerox 3600 Copier, which was initially released in 1968 as a 60-page per minute copier with a 2000 sheet paper tray. It used a selenium photoconductor drum with characters positioned in a manner similar to a line printer. It used an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.<ref name=":5" />
The printing system was announced in May 1973.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_may-june-1973_8_3|magazine=Interface |volume=8 |issue=3 |publisher=Xerox Corporation|date=May–June 1973|pages=2|language=English}}</ref> It was first shipped in mid to late 1974.<ref name=":6" /> It was based on the Xerox 3600 Copier, which was initially released in 1968 as a 60-page per minute copier with a 2000 sheet paper tray. It used a selenium photoconductor drum with characters positioned in a manner similar to a line printer. It used an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.<ref name=":5" />


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==
The 1200 Computer Printing System was available in both an offline and an online model:
The 1200 Computer Printing System was available in both an offline and an online model:


* The Model 1 is an offline version and took output from 800 or 1600 BPI 9 track magnetic tapes <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_july-august-1973_8_4|title=Interface July-August 1973: Vol 8 Iss 4|publisher=Data Systems Division - Inactive Address|others=Internet Archive|year=1973|language=English}}</ref> made on IBM systems or Univac Series 70 Systems. In May 1975 a software update added support for tapes from Burroughs and Honeywell mainframes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1975-05-07_9_19|title=Computerworld the Newsweekly for the Computer Community 1975-05-07: Vol 9 Iss 19|date=1975-05-07|publisher=Computerworld, Inc.|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref> The attraction of offline printing from tape was that it reduced CPU utilization.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_january-february-1975_10_1|title=Interface January-February 1975: Vol 10 Iss 1|publisher=Data Systems Division - Inactive Address|others=Internet Archive|year=1975|pages=16|language=English}}</ref>
* The Model 1 is an offline version and took output from 800 or 1600 BPI 9 track magnetic tapes <ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_july-august-1973_8_4|magazine=Interface |volume=8 |issue=4|publisher=Xerox Corporation|date=July–August 1973|language=English}}</ref> made on IBM systems or Univac Series 70 Systems. In May 1975 a software update added support for tapes from Burroughs and Honeywell mainframes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1975-05-07_9_19|work=Computerworld |volume=9 |issue=19|date=7 May 1975 |publisher=Computerworld |language=English}}</ref> The attraction of offline printing from tape was that it reduced CPU utilization.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_january-february-1975_10_1|title=Interface January-February 1975: |volume=10 |issue=1|publisher=Xerox Corporation|year=1975|pages=16|language=English}}</ref>
*The Model 2 is both online and offline.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_infosystems_1976-09_23_9|title=Infosystems 1976-09: Vol 23 Iss 9|publisher=Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier, Inc.|others=Internet Archive|year=1976|language=English}}</ref>
*The Model 2 is both online and offline.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_infosystems_1976-09_23_9|title=Infosystems 1976-09: |volume=23 |issue=9|publisher=Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier, Inc.|year=1976|language=English}}</ref>
* The Model 3 is an online version and can be attached to Xerox Sigma 6, Sigma 7 and Sigma 9 computer systems.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_may-june-1973_8_3|title=Interface May-June 1973: Vol 8 Iss 3|date=1973|publisher=Data Systems Division - Inactive Address|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref>
* The Model 3 is an online version and can be attached to Xerox Sigma 6, Sigma 7 and Sigma 9 computer systems.<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_may-june-1973_8_3|magazine=Interface |volume=8 |issue=3|date=May–June 1973|publisher=Xerox Corporation|language=English}}</ref>
The printer itself has the following characteristics:
The printer itself has the following characteristics:
* Able to print on ordinary plain paper at up to 4,000 lines per minute, or around 60 sheets per minute.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=The U.S. Computer Printer Industry|url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Tomash.html|access-date=2021-12-07|website=ed-thelen.org}}</ref> Because of its speed and the fact that it uses cut sheet, this avoided the need to use carbon paper and/or decollation. It is twice as fast as the IBM 3211 which was IBMs fastest line printer at that time.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1974-06-26_8_26|title=Computerworld the Newsweekly for the Computer Community 1974-06-26: Vol 8 Iss 26|date=1974-06-26|publisher=Computerworld, Inc.|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref>
* Able to print on ordinary plain paper at up to 4,000 lines per minute, or around 60 sheets per minute.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=The U.S. Computer Printer Industry|url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Tomash.html|access-date=2021-12-07|website=ed-thelen.org}}</ref> Because of its speed and the fact that it uses cut sheet, this avoided the need to use carbon paper and/or decollation. It is twice as fast as the IBM 3211 which was IBMs fastest line printer at that time.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1974-06-26_8_26|magazine=Computerworld |volume=8 |issue=26|date=1974-06-26|publisher=Computerworld |language=English}}</ref>
*Has one 2000 page input hopper.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=John|title=The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System|publisher=Xerox|year=1975}}</ref>
*Has one 2000 page input hopper.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=John|title=The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System|publisher=Xerox|year=1975}}</ref>
*Has two 1200 page output stacker bins.<ref name=":5" />
*Has two 1200 page output stacker bins.<ref name=":5" />
Line 26: Line 26:
*Offers a 95 character ASCII font as a standard feature.<ref name=":2" /> Given that many line printers at that time can only print in upper case (depending on the character set that is installed), the ability to have a line printer that can print in both lower and upper case was considered an attractive feature.<ref name=":2" />
*Offers a 95 character ASCII font as a standard feature.<ref name=":2" /> Given that many line printers at that time can only print in upper case (depending on the character set that is installed), the ability to have a line printer that can print in both lower and upper case was considered an attractive feature.<ref name=":2" />
*It offers a 'forms projection' system that eliminates the need to use pre-printed stationery.<ref name=":2" /> An operator installs the desired overlay and it uses the copier platen and optics to project the image onto the selenium drum.<ref name=":5" /> Transamerica Insurance Company as an example reported that in February 1975 they were using 600 different pre-printed forms. They used the Xerox 1200 forms overlay feature to remove the need for at least 25 of these.<ref name=":3" />
*It offers a 'forms projection' system that eliminates the need to use pre-printed stationery.<ref name=":2" /> An operator installs the desired overlay and it uses the copier platen and optics to project the image onto the selenium drum.<ref name=":5" /> Transamerica Insurance Company as an example reported that in February 1975 they were using 600 different pre-printed forms. They used the Xerox 1200 forms overlay feature to remove the need for at least 25 of these.<ref name=":3" />
* It is a discharged area development printer, meaning that the areas of the photoconductor that are initially given a static charge are attractive to toner and the areas of the photoconductor that are discharged by a light source are not developed (they remain white on the page).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martha Parrott|url=http://archive.org/details/computernewsmarc245mart|title=Computernews: March 1988|date=1988|publisher=[Toronto]|others=University of Toronto Archives & Records Management Services}}</ref>
* It is a discharged area development printer, meaning that the areas of the photoconductor that are initially given a static charge are attractive to toner and the areas of the photoconductor that are discharged by a light source are not developed (they remain white on the page).<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Alex Nishri|url=http://archive.org/details/computernewsmarc245mart|title=Laser printers: how do they work?|magazine=ComputerNews |date=March 1988|number=245|place=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Computing Services|p=1}}</ref>


== Marketing ==
== Marketing ==
Lease costs for a Xerox 1200 started at $2,100 per month.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_finance_1973-10_91_9|title=Finance 1973-10: Vol 91 Iss 9|date=|publisher=IFB Communications Ltd|others=Internet Archive|year=1973|pages=33|language=English}}</ref>
Lease costs for a Xerox 1200 started at $2,100 per month.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_finance_1973-10_91_9|magazine=Finance |volume=91 |issue=9 |publisher=IFB Communications Ltd|date=October 1973|pages=33|language=English}}</ref>


Some example early users included the following:
Some example early users included the following:


* ''Selling Areas Marketing Incorporated'' (Sami) were reported to be one of the first customers to be shipped a Xerox 1200. They ordered five to replace seven Xerox 2400 Impact Printers in July 1974. Implementation began in August 1974.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_business-graphics_1974-08_8_8|title=Business Graphics 1974-08: Vol 8 Iss 8|publisher=Reed Business Information US|others=Internet Archive|year=1974|pages=44|language=English}}</ref> Various mechanical issues slowed down implementation but by September 1975 they had six in operation working reliably.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Enterprise|first=I. D. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Idn6b5E06sC&q=xerox|title=Computerworld|date=1975-09-10|publisher=IDG Enterprise|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Selling Areas Marketing Incorporated'' (Sami) were reported to be one of the first customers to be shipped a Xerox 1200. They ordered five to replace seven Xerox 2400 Impact Printers in July 1974. Implementation began in August 1974.<ref name=":6">{{Cite magazine|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_business-graphics_1974-08_8_8|magazine=Business Graphics |volume=8 |issue=8|publisher=Reed Business Information US|date=August 1974|pages=44|language=English}}</ref> Various mechanical issues slowed down implementation but by September 1975 they had six in operation working reliably.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Computerworld |title=Users laud off-line unit's print quality |p=35 |department=Systems & Peripherals |author=Edith Holmes |author2=Patrick Ward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Idn6b5E06sC&q=xerox |date=10 September 1975 |publisher=Computerworld |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Crocker Bank and Trust'' reported they were using a Xerox 1200 in July 1974 and were so pleased with its speed that they were considering purchasing a second one.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1974-06-26_8_26|title=Computerworld the Newsweekly for the Computer Community 1974-06-26: Vol 8 Iss 26|date=1974-06-26|publisher=Computerworld, Inc.|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref>
* ''Crocker Bank and Trust'' reported they were using a Xerox 1200 in July 1974 and were so pleased with its speed that they were considering purchasing a second one.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1974-06-26_8_26|work=Computerworld |title=Bank solves output printing problems inventively |p=S/10 |volume=8 |issue=26|date=26 June 1974 |publisher=Computerworld |language=English}}</ref>
* The [[Central Intelligence Agency|''CIA'']] took delivery of a Xerox 1200 on September 19, 1974, but installation took six days rather than the expected two and mechanical issues meant it did not go into service until October 10, 1974. Once it entered production they recommended other departments also purchase one. They saw a significant saving in paper costs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Central Intelligence Agency|url=http://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP84-00933R000300130006-1|title=XEROX 1200 STATUS REPORT|date=1974-10-29|others=Emma Best|language=English}}</ref> In May 1975 they reported they were printing 1.2 million copies per year and saving $3500 per quarter over traditional line-printer costs.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Central Intelligence Agency|url=http://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP85-00809R000100010010-8|title=QUARTERLY REPORT ON ANTI-INFLATION AND COST REDUCTION MEASURES|date=1975-06-30|others=Emma Best|language=English}}</ref>
* The [[Central Intelligence Agency|''CIA'']] took delivery of a Xerox 1200 on September 19, 1974, but installation took six days rather than the expected two and mechanical issues meant it did not go into service until October 10, 1974. Once it entered production they recommended other departments also purchase one. They saw a significant saving in paper costs.<ref>{{Cite report|author=Central Intelligence Agency|url=http://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP84-00933R000300130006-1|title=Xerox 1200 status report |date=29 October 1974 |p=1 |language=English}}</ref> In May 1975 they reported they were printing 1.2 million copies per year and saving $3500 per quarter over traditional line-printer costs.<ref>{{Cite report|author=Central Intelligence Agency|url=http://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP85-00809R000100010010-8|title=Quarterly report on anti-inflation and cost reduction measures |date=30 June 1975 |language=English |p=4}}</ref>
In March 1976 Xerox announced they would also begin offering the Xerox 1200 for sale (rather than the lease-only model they were using), with a list price of US$145,000.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1976-03-15_10_11|title=Computerworld the Newsweekly for the Computer Community 1976-03-15: Vol 10 Iss 11|date=1976-03-15|publisher=Computerworld, Inc.|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref> That price dropped to $125,000 in December 1976.
In March 1976 Xerox announced they would also begin offering the Xerox 1200 for sale (rather than the lease-only model they were using), with a list price of US$145,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1976-03-15_10_11|work=Computerworld |volume=10 |issue=11|date=15 March 1976 |publisher=Computerworld |language=English |p=31 |title=Xerox 1200 now for sale |department=Systems & Peripherals}}</ref> That price dropped to $125,000 in December 1976.


== Competitors ==
== Competitors ==
Line 42: Line 42:


== Follow on product ==
== Follow on product ==
The [[Xerox 9700]] was announced in July 1977 with planned availability in the third quarter of 1978, although with a considerably higher purchase price of $295,000.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_infosystems_1977-07_24_7|title=Infosystems 1977-07: Vol 24 Iss 7|publisher=Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier, Inc.|others=Internet Archive|year=1977|pages=30|language=English}}</ref> It was a genuine laser printer that could print at 18,000 lines per minute or 120 pages per minute at 300 dots per inch.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_graphic-arts-monthly_1985-05_57_5|title=Graphic Arts Monthly and the Printing Industry 1985-05: Vol 57 Iss 5|publisher=Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier, Inc.|others=Internet Archive|year=1985|language=English}}</ref> It could also print in duplex.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1980-02-25_14_8|title=Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1980-02-25: Vol 14 Iss 8|date=1980-02-25|publisher=Computerworld, Inc.|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref>
The [[Xerox 9700]] was announced in July 1977 with planned availability in the third quarter of 1978, although with a considerably higher purchase price of $295,000.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_infosystems_1977-07_24_7|magazine=Infosystems |title=Xerox unveils 'first of five' |department=Inside Info |volume=24 |issue=7|publisher=Hitchcock Publishing Company |date=July 1977|page=30|language=English}}</ref> It was a genuine laser printer that could print 120 pages per minute at 300 dots per inch.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_graphic-arts-monthly_1985-05_57_5|magazine=Graphic Arts Monthly |volume= 57 |issue= 5 |p=76 |title=Font center brings typography to electronic printing |author=Lorna Shanks |publisher=Dun & Bradstreet Corporation |date=May 1985|language=English}}</ref> It could also print in duplex.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Demand publishing' speeds forms processing |p=SR/5 |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1980-02-25_14_8|work=Computerworld |volume=14 |issue= 8|date=25 February 1980 |publisher=Computerworld |language=English}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 21:39, 24 April 2024

Xerox 1200
ManufacturerXerox
Introduced1973

The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System is a computer printer system that was developed by Xerox. It was the first commercial non-impact Xerographic printer used to create computer output.[1] It is sometimes mistakenly referred to as a laser printer, but it did not in fact have a laser.[2]

Development

The printing system was announced in May 1973.[3] It was first shipped in mid to late 1974.[4] It was based on the Xerox 3600 Copier, which was initially released in 1968 as a 60-page per minute copier with a 2000 sheet paper tray. It used a selenium photoconductor drum with characters positioned in a manner similar to a line printer. It used an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.[2]

Characteristics

The 1200 Computer Printing System was available in both an offline and an online model:

  • The Model 1 is an offline version and took output from 800 or 1600 BPI 9 track magnetic tapes [5] made on IBM systems or Univac Series 70 Systems. In May 1975 a software update added support for tapes from Burroughs and Honeywell mainframes.[6] The attraction of offline printing from tape was that it reduced CPU utilization.[7]
  • The Model 2 is both online and offline.[8]
  • The Model 3 is an online version and can be attached to Xerox Sigma 6, Sigma 7 and Sigma 9 computer systems.[9]

The printer itself has the following characteristics:

  • Able to print on ordinary plain paper at up to 4,000 lines per minute, or around 60 sheets per minute.[1] Because of its speed and the fact that it uses cut sheet, this avoided the need to use carbon paper and/or decollation. It is twice as fast as the IBM 3211 which was IBMs fastest line printer at that time.[10]
  • Has one 2000 page input hopper.[2]
  • Has two 1200 page output stacker bins.[2]
  • Exposes one line at a time onto the selenium drum using an optical character generator drum, that has 132 print columns, where each column has a full character set. A set of 22 flash lamps inside the drum flash, exposing the characters onto the selenium drum as the generator drum rotates, one line being printed for each rotation of the character generator drum.[2]
  • Offers a 95 character ASCII font as a standard feature.[9] Given that many line printers at that time can only print in upper case (depending on the character set that is installed), the ability to have a line printer that can print in both lower and upper case was considered an attractive feature.[9]
  • It offers a 'forms projection' system that eliminates the need to use pre-printed stationery.[9] An operator installs the desired overlay and it uses the copier platen and optics to project the image onto the selenium drum.[2] Transamerica Insurance Company as an example reported that in February 1975 they were using 600 different pre-printed forms. They used the Xerox 1200 forms overlay feature to remove the need for at least 25 of these.[7]
  • It is a discharged area development printer, meaning that the areas of the photoconductor that are initially given a static charge are attractive to toner and the areas of the photoconductor that are discharged by a light source are not developed (they remain white on the page).[11]

Marketing

Lease costs for a Xerox 1200 started at $2,100 per month.[12]

Some example early users included the following:

  • Selling Areas Marketing Incorporated (Sami) were reported to be one of the first customers to be shipped a Xerox 1200. They ordered five to replace seven Xerox 2400 Impact Printers in July 1974. Implementation began in August 1974.[4] Various mechanical issues slowed down implementation but by September 1975 they had six in operation working reliably.[13]
  • Crocker Bank and Trust reported they were using a Xerox 1200 in July 1974 and were so pleased with its speed that they were considering purchasing a second one.[14]
  • The CIA took delivery of a Xerox 1200 on September 19, 1974, but installation took six days rather than the expected two and mechanical issues meant it did not go into service until October 10, 1974. Once it entered production they recommended other departments also purchase one. They saw a significant saving in paper costs.[15] In May 1975 they reported they were printing 1.2 million copies per year and saving $3500 per quarter over traditional line-printer costs.[16]

In March 1976 Xerox announced they would also begin offering the Xerox 1200 for sale (rather than the lease-only model they were using), with a list price of US$145,000.[17] That price dropped to $125,000 in December 1976.

Competitors

While the Xerox 1200 was first to market in the non-impact space, it was rapidly joined by the Honeywell Page Printing System in 1974 (with shipments starting in 1975) and the IBM 3800 in 1975 (with shipments starting in 1976).[1]

Follow on product

The Xerox 9700 was announced in July 1977 with planned availability in the third quarter of 1978, although with a considerably higher purchase price of $295,000.[18] It was a genuine laser printer that could print 120 pages per minute at 300 dots per inch.[19] It could also print in duplex.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b c "The U.S. Computer Printer Industry". ed-thelen.org. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Mitchell, John (1975). The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System. Xerox.
  3. ^ Interface. Vol. 8, no. 3. Xerox Corporation. May–June 1973. p. 2 http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_may-june-1973_8_3. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ a b Business Graphics. Vol. 8, no. 8. Reed Business Information US. August 1974. p. 44 http://archive.org/details/sim_business-graphics_1974-08_8_8. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ Interface. Vol. 8, no. 4. Xerox Corporation. July–August 1973 http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_july-august-1973_8_4. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ Computerworld. Vol. 9, no. 19. Computerworld. 7 May 1975 http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1975-05-07_9_19. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ a b Interface January-February 1975:. Vol. 10. Xerox Corporation. 1975. p. 16.
  8. ^ Infosystems 1976-09:. Vol. 23. Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier, Inc. 1976.
  9. ^ a b c d Interface. Vol. 8, no. 3. Xerox Corporation. May–June 1973 http://archive.org/details/sim_interface_may-june-1973_8_3. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ Computerworld. Vol. 8, no. 26. Computerworld. 1974-06-26 http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1974-06-26_8_26. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ Alex Nishri (March 1988). "Laser printers: how do they work?". ComputerNews. No. 245. Toronto: University of Toronto Computing Services. p. 1.
  12. ^ Finance. Vol. 91, no. 9. IFB Communications Ltd. October 1973. p. 33 http://archive.org/details/sim_finance_1973-10_91_9. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ^ Edith Holmes; Patrick Ward (10 September 1975). "Users laud off-line unit's print quality". Systems & Peripherals. Computerworld. Computerworld. p. 35.
  14. ^ "Bank solves output printing problems inventively". Computerworld. Vol. 8, no. 26. Computerworld. 26 June 1974. p. S/10.
  15. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (29 October 1974). Xerox 1200 status report (Report). p. 1.
  16. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (30 June 1975). Quarterly report on anti-inflation and cost reduction measures (Report). p. 4.
  17. ^ "Xerox 1200 now for sale". Systems & Peripherals. Computerworld. Vol. 10, no. 11. Computerworld. 15 March 1976. p. 31.
  18. ^ "Xerox unveils 'first of five'". Inside Info. Infosystems. Vol. 24, no. 7. Hitchcock Publishing Company. July 1977. p. 30.
  19. ^ Lorna Shanks (May 1985). "Font center brings typography to electronic printing". Graphic Arts Monthly. Vol. 57, no. 5. Dun & Bradstreet Corporation. p. 76.
  20. ^ "'Demand publishing' speeds forms processing". Computerworld. Vol. 14, no. 8. Computerworld. 25 February 1980. p. SR/5.

External links

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