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==Description of the image==
==Description of the image==


There are more than 200,000 confirmed galaxies<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Darvish |first1=Behnam |last2=Mobasher |first2=Bahram |last3=Martin |first3=D. Christopher |last4=Sobral |first4=David |last5=Scoville |first5=Nick |last6=Stroe |first6=Andra |last7=Hemmati |first7=Shoubaneh |last8=Kartaltepe |first8=Jeyhan |date=February 2017 |title=Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=837 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017ApJ...837...16D |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=1611.05451 }}</ref> in the image, and up to 2 million unconfirmed galaxies<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zatloukal |first1=M. |last2=Röser |first2=H.-J. |last3=Wolf |first3=C. |last4=Hippelein |first4=H. |last5=Falter |first5=S. |date=2007-10-01 |title=Distant galaxy clusters in the COSMOS field found by HIROCS |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2007/40/aa8063-07/aa8063-07.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=474 |issue=1 |pages=L5–L8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078063 |arxiv=0709.0411 |bibcode=2007A&A...474L...5Z |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> may be there as well. Many of those remain unidentified. [[NASA]] and the ESO have worked on identifying them. The photo is larger than the Hubble-Webb Field, another Sky Survey conducted using the Hubble. The image itself covers a 2 square degree [[Equatorial coordinate system|equatorial field]], with spectroscopy and X-ray to radio imaging. Over 2 million galaxies were observed, spanning 75% of the age of the observable Universe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://cosmos.astro.caltech.edu/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=COSMOS}}</ref>
There are more than 200,000 confirmed galaxies<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Darvish |first1=Behnam |last2=Mobasher |first2=Bahram |last3=Martin |first3=D. Christopher |last4=Sobral |first4=David |last5=Scoville |first5=Nick |last6=Stroe |first6=Andra |last7=Hemmati |first7=Shoubaneh |last8=Kartaltepe |first8=Jeyhan |date=February 2017 |title=Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=837 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/16 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017ApJ...837...16D |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=1611.05451 }}</ref> in the image, and up to 2 million unconfirmed galaxies<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zatloukal |first1=M. |last2=Röser |first2=H.-J. |last3=Wolf |first3=C. |last4=Hippelein |first4=H. |last5=Falter |first5=S. |date=2007-10-01 |title=Distant galaxy clusters in the COSMOS field found by HIROCS |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2007/40/aa8063-07/aa8063-07.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=474 |issue=1 |pages=L5–L8 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078063 |arxiv=0709.0411 |bibcode=2007A&A...474L...5Z |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> may be there as well. Many of those remain unidentified. [[NASA]] and the ESO have worked on identifying them. The photo is larger than the Hubble-Webb Field, another Sky Survey conducted using the Hubble. The image itself covers a 2 square degree [[Equatorial coordinate system|equatorial field]], with spectroscopy and X-ray to radio imaging. Over 2 million galaxies were observed, spanning nearly 75% of the age of the observable universe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=https://cosmos.astro.caltech.edu/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=COSMOS}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==
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[[Cosmic Evolution Survey|The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=COSMOS Overview |url=https://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/COSMOS/overview.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=irsa.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Casey |first1=Caitlin M. |title=COSMOS-Web: An Overview of the JWST Cosmic Origins Survey |date=2023-03-08 |arxiv=2211.07865 |last2=Kartaltepe |first2=Jeyhan S. |last3=Drakos |first3=Nicole E. |last4=Franco |first4=Maximilien |last5=Harish |first5=Santosh |last6=Paquereau |first6=Louise |last7=Ilbert |first7=Olivier |last8=Rose |first8=Caitlin |last9=Cox |first9=Isabella G.|journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=954 |issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/acc2bc |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ApJ...954...31C }}</ref> was a wide field of view (2 square degrees) [[Observational astronomy|observational astronomy project]]. It was aimed at probing the evolutionary correlation between [[Galaxy|galaxies]], [[star formation]]s, [[Active galactic nucleus|active galactic nuclei]] and [[dark matter]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Darvish |first1=Behnam |last2=Mobasher |first2=Bahram |last3=Martin |first3=D. Christopher |last4=Sobral |first4=David |last5=Scoville |first5=Nick |last6=Stroe |first6=Andra |last7=Hemmati |first7=Shoubaneh |last8=Kartaltepe |first8=Jeyhan |date=2017-03-01 |title=Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=837 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/16 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1611.05451 |bibcode=2017ApJ...837...16D |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> with large-scale structures of the universe in the redshift range z between 0.5 and 6, therefore over distances from a few Kpc to tens of [[Parsec|mega parsecs]]. The survey includes imaging in multiple wavelengths and [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic analysis]] from [[X-ray]]s to [[radio wave]]s, for an area projected onto the celestial vault of two square degrees, in the [[Sextans|Constellation Sextans]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1093/mnras/staa3318 | title=BIRTH of the COSMOS field: Primordial and evolved density reconstructions during cosmic high noon | date=2021 | last1=Ata | first1=Metin | last2=Kitaura | first2=Francisco-Shu | last3=Lee | first3=Khee-Gan | last4=Lemaux | first4=Brian C. | last5=Kashino | first5=Daichi | last6=Cucciati | first6=Olga | last7=Hernández-Sánchez | first7=Mónica | last8=Le Fèvre | first8=Oliver | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=500 | issue=3 | pages=3194–3212 | arxiv=2004.11027 }}</ref>
[[Cosmic Evolution Survey|The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=COSMOS Overview |url=https://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/data/COSMOS/overview.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=irsa.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Casey |first1=Caitlin M. |title=COSMOS-Web: An Overview of the JWST Cosmic Origins Survey |date=2023-03-08 |arxiv=2211.07865 |last2=Kartaltepe |first2=Jeyhan S. |last3=Drakos |first3=Nicole E. |last4=Franco |first4=Maximilien |last5=Harish |first5=Santosh |last6=Paquereau |first6=Louise |last7=Ilbert |first7=Olivier |last8=Rose |first8=Caitlin |last9=Cox |first9=Isabella G.|journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=954 |issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/acc2bc |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ApJ...954...31C }}</ref> was a wide field of view (2 square degrees) [[Observational astronomy|observational astronomy project]]. It was aimed at probing the evolutionary correlation between [[Galaxy|galaxies]], [[star formation]]s, [[Active galactic nucleus|active galactic nuclei]] and [[dark matter]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Darvish |first1=Behnam |last2=Mobasher |first2=Bahram |last3=Martin |first3=D. Christopher |last4=Sobral |first4=David |last5=Scoville |first5=Nick |last6=Stroe |first6=Andra |last7=Hemmati |first7=Shoubaneh |last8=Kartaltepe |first8=Jeyhan |date=2017-03-01 |title=Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=837 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/16 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1611.05451 |bibcode=2017ApJ...837...16D |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> with large-scale structures of the universe in the redshift range z between 0.5 and 6, therefore over distances from a few Kpc to tens of [[Parsec|mega parsecs]]. The survey includes imaging in multiple wavelengths and [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic analysis]] from [[X-ray]]s to [[radio wave]]s, for an area projected onto the celestial vault of two square degrees, in the [[Sextans|Constellation Sextans]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1093/mnras/staa3318 | title=BIRTH of the COSMOS field: Primordial and evolved density reconstructions during cosmic high noon | date=2021 | last1=Ata | first1=Metin | last2=Kitaura | first2=Francisco-Shu | last3=Lee | first3=Khee-Gan | last4=Lemaux | first4=Brian C. | last5=Kashino | first5=Daichi | last6=Cucciati | first6=Olga | last7=Hernández-Sánchez | first7=Mónica | last8=Le Fèvre | first8=Oliver | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=500 | issue=3 | pages=3194–3212 | arxiv=2004.11027 }}</ref>


COSMOS, when it was proposed in 2003 as an exploratory survey to be carried out with the Advanced Camera for Surveys of the Hubble, was the largest HST project ever approved. Combined with the fact that the area of sky proposed as a survey had never been the subject of observations, the project has stimulated the main world astronomical structures to explore the sky in this direction, thus resulting in one of the most substantial, deepest and most uniform data sets in the entire [[electromagnetic spectrum]].
COSMOS, when it was proposed in 2003 as an exploratory survey to be carried out with the Advanced Camera for Surveys of the Hubble, was the largest HST project ever approved. Combined with the fact that the area of sky proposed as a survey had never been the subject of observations<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/501/4/6103/6108279 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>, the project has stimulated the main world astronomical structures to explore the sky in this direction, thus resulting in one of the most substantial, deepest and most uniform data sets in the entire [[electromagnetic spectrum]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEDS COSMOS Field |url=https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/SEDS/schedules/COSMOS/cosmos.html |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=lweb.cfa.harvard.edu}}</ref>.


== Area ==
== Area ==

Revision as of 12:02, 15 April 2024

Section of the COSMOS Field, taken in infrared light, with a total effective exposure time of 55 hours. More than 200,000 galaxies have been identified in this picture, and up to 2 million more are still unidentified.

The COSMOS Field, or the Cosmic Evolution Survey Deep Field, is the Hubble Space Telescope's largest ever contiguous survey of the Universe[1], which was imaged on July 1, 2013. It is a mosaic of the COSMOS area, which is an area of deep space. In making the COSMOS survey, Hubble photographed 575 adjacent and slightly overlapping views of the universe using its Advanced Camera for Surveys' (ACS) Wide Field Camera. It took nearly 1,000 hours of observations. The distances to the galaxies were determined from their redshifts, using ESO's Very Large Telescope, the Subaru and CFHT telescopes in Hawaii and the Magellan telescopes in Chile.[2][3]

Description of the image

There are more than 200,000 confirmed galaxies[4] in the image, and up to 2 million unconfirmed galaxies[5] may be there as well. Many of those remain unidentified. NASA and the ESO have worked on identifying them. The photo is larger than the Hubble-Webb Field, another Sky Survey conducted using the Hubble. The image itself covers a 2 square degree equatorial field, with spectroscopy and X-ray to radio imaging. Over 2 million galaxies were observed, spanning nearly 75% of the age of the observable universe.[6]

Background

Purpose

The project was a study of the way in which galaxies are influenced by physical properties and the environment that surrounds them. The COSMOS field was chosen to be the focal point of research due to its abundance of galaxies and other celestial bodies, and its scarcity of gas. The research from the project and the COSMOS field can be used to identify and discover galaxies, and for many other purposes.[7]

COSMOS project

The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS)[8][9] was a wide field of view (2 square degrees) observational astronomy project. It was aimed at probing the evolutionary correlation between galaxies, star formations, active galactic nuclei and dark matter[10] with large-scale structures of the universe in the redshift range z between 0.5 and 6, therefore over distances from a few Kpc to tens of mega parsecs. The survey includes imaging in multiple wavelengths and spectroscopic analysis from X-rays to radio waves, for an area projected onto the celestial vault of two square degrees, in the Constellation Sextans.[11]

COSMOS, when it was proposed in 2003 as an exploratory survey to be carried out with the Advanced Camera for Surveys of the Hubble, was the largest HST project ever approved. Combined with the fact that the area of sky proposed as a survey had never been the subject of observations[12], the project has stimulated the main world astronomical structures to explore the sky in this direction, thus resulting in one of the most substantial, deepest and most uniform data sets in the entire electromagnetic spectrum[13].

Area

The area, corresponding to a width of about 16 full moons[14], was chosen for its relative scarcity of stars, gas and debris compared to other areas of the galaxy[15]. The project began with observations with the Hubble telescope. These were followed by analyses by multiple telescopes in the visible, spectroscopic and X-ray wavelengths with the Subaru and Newton X-ray space telescopes.

Comparisons

The Hubble Space Telescope has a narrow field of view, which is only a fraction of the angular diameter of the Moon. Despite this, Hubble has taken some of the most well-known and deep images of the universe. The COSMOS field is the largest contiguous survey of the universe, that covers two square degrees of sky. By comparison, the Earth's Moon is one-half degree across. The field is being imaged by most major space-based and ground-based telescopes. To compare, the well-known Hubble Ultra-Deep Field is the farthest visible view into the universe.[16]

Gallery

  • COSMOS field imaged by the Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). Red crosses mark some of the active galaxies with supermassive black holes at their centers.
    COSMOS field imaged by the Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). Red crosses mark some of the active galaxies with supermassive black holes at their centers.
  • The full mosaic composed of 575 separate ACS images
    The full mosaic composed of 575 separate ACS images
  • Sample of non-star-forming galaxies from the COSMOS survey
    Sample of non-star-forming galaxies from the COSMOS survey

See also

References

  1. ^ "WebbTelescope.org".
  2. ^ "Excerpt of the COSMOS survey in full resolution". www.spacetelescope.org. Retrieved 26 March 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  3. ^ [email protected]. "The COSMOS field". www.eso.org. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  4. ^ Darvish, Behnam; Mobasher, Bahram; Martin, D. Christopher; Sobral, David; Scoville, Nick; Stroe, Andra; Hemmati, Shoubaneh; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan (February 2017). "Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites". The Astrophysical Journal. 837 (1): 16. arXiv:1611.05451. Bibcode:2017ApJ...837...16D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/16. ISSN 0004-637X.
  5. ^ Zatloukal, M.; Röser, H.-J.; Wolf, C.; Hippelein, H.; Falter, S. (2007-10-01). "Distant galaxy clusters in the COSMOS field found by HIROCS". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 474 (1): L5–L8. arXiv:0709.0411. Bibcode:2007A&A...474L...5Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078063. ISSN 0004-6361.
  6. ^ "Home Page". COSMOS. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  7. ^ "For the Public". COSMOS. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  8. ^ "COSMOS Overview". irsa.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  9. ^ Casey, Caitlin M.; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.; Drakos, Nicole E.; Franco, Maximilien; Harish, Santosh; Paquereau, Louise; Ilbert, Olivier; Rose, Caitlin; Cox, Isabella G. (2023-03-08), "COSMOS-Web: An Overview of the JWST Cosmic Origins Survey", The Astrophysical Journal, 954 (1): 31, arXiv:2211.07865, Bibcode:2023ApJ...954...31C, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acc2bc
  10. ^ Darvish, Behnam; Mobasher, Bahram; Martin, D. Christopher; Sobral, David; Scoville, Nick; Stroe, Andra; Hemmati, Shoubaneh; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan (2017-03-01). "Cosmic Web of Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: Public Catalog and Different Quenching for Centrals and Satellites". The Astrophysical Journal. 837 (1): 16. arXiv:1611.05451. Bibcode:2017ApJ...837...16D. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/837/1/16. ISSN 0004-637X.
  11. ^ Ata, Metin; Kitaura, Francisco-Shu; Lee, Khee-Gan; Lemaux, Brian C.; Kashino, Daichi; Cucciati, Olga; Hernández-Sánchez, Mónica; Le Fèvre, Oliver (2021). "BIRTH of the COSMOS field: Primordial and evolved density reconstructions during cosmic high noon". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 500 (3): 3194–3212. arXiv:2004.11027. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3318.
  12. ^ academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/501/4/6103/6108279. Retrieved 2024-04-15. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ^ "SEDS COSMOS Field". lweb.cfa.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  14. ^ "Mapping the Universe's Earliest Structures with COSMOS-Webb - NASA". 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2024-04-15.
  15. ^ "Hubble-ACS".
  16. ^ "HubbleSite".

External links

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