Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862): Difference between revisions

Exodus of Muslims from Serbia
Exodus of Muslims from Serbia
Part of Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
	Bajrakli Mosque, Belgrade, the only surviving Ottoman mosque in Belgrade
Location	Belgrade, Smederevo, Šabac, Kladovo, Užice, Sokol (Principality of Serbia)
Date	1862
Target	Muslims
Attack type	Forced migration, ethnic cleansing
Victims	10,000 Muslims (mostly Bosniaks and Turks)
Motive	Islamophobia, Serbianisation

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The exodus of Muslims from Serbia in 1862 was the forced migration of 10,000 Muslims from the Serbian cities of Belgrade, Sokol, Užice, Šabac, Smederovo and Kladovo, all of them garisson towns. The reason for the forced migration was the Kanlıca Conference, according to which all Muslims living on the territory of the Principality of Serbia had to be evicted.^[1] Since the Romani people were exempt from this, some of the Muslims began to call themselves Roma, in order to stay in their hometowns.^[2] Majority of the refugees migrated to Bosnia, Vidin and Niš. The exodus changed not only the ethno-religious composition of the Principality of Serbia, but also of the Ottoman Empire. The withdrawal of the Muslim civilian population, also marked the final withdrawal of the Ottoman garrison from Serbia.^[1] Towards the beginning of the Great Eastern Crisis the number of Muslims in the Serbian Principality had dropped to 6,000.^[3]

Religious composition of the Serbian Principality

Before the Serbian uprising there were 40,000 Muslims in the territory of the Sanjak of Smederevo^[3] and Muslims made up the majority in towns.^[4]

Muslims in Belgrade represented 4/5 of the entire population. In Užice, over 96% of the population was Muslim, which is why it was sometimes called "Little Istanbul". In Sokol, another town affected by the exodus, there were 1,600 Muslims in total. A small proportion of the Muslim population carried arms. For example, in Sokol, the number of armed Muslims was 300.^[5]

The Muslims of Serbia were not an ethnic monolith, most of them were native speakers of South-Slavic, but there were Turkish-speaking or Albanian-speaking ones.^[6]

Previous exoduses

During the Serbian uprisings some of the Muslims left their homes, but after 1815 a large part of them returned. With the Russo-Turkish War of 1827-1829, the final decision was made for Serbia to be a separate state from the Ottoman Empire, which increased the territory of Serbia by granting it control over six more Ottoman nahiyas. This led to another wave of emigration, which the Ottoman government opposed, accusing Serbia of forced emigration of the Muslim population. In the end, the Sublime Porte agreed to accept the Muslim population, but refused migration from the six newly annexed nahiyas. The second Hatsherif of 1830 regulated the Muslim problem in Serbia: only the Muslims living in the garrison towns (Belgrade, Šabac, Sokol, Užice, Kladovo, and Smederevo) had the right to hold Ottoman citizenship, while the others were to be designated as citizens of Serbia. With the third Hatsherif, Muslims were given the right to choose for up to 5 years - to be Serbian citizens or to leave Serbia and remain Ottoman citizens. While some Muslims left Serbia voluntarily, others opposed the third Hatsherif and said they did not recognize it, which lead to clashes between the Muslims and the Serbian military in towns such as Sokol, Užice, Ćuprija, Kruševac, and Aleksinac.^[7]^[8]

Reasons

Although Serbia pursued a state policy of expelling the Muslim minority, the Ottoman Empire and some of the effected Muslims were not entirely opposed to the policy themselves, largely due to the fact that in Islam, Muslims should not live in a non-Muslim country. There was a political reason as well; the empire wanted as many Muslims to live in its territory as possible.^[9] Furthermore, international diplomacy also played a role. As such, in the same 1830 decree which recognized Serbia as an autonomous principality, the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II also ordered the eviction of Muslim civilians from six Serbian towns.^[9]

In 1862, Ottoman-Serbian tensions were sparked following a confrontation between Ottoman police and a Serb at a fountain, which led to the death of the latter. It soon turned into an ethnic clash as parts of Belgrade were bombed by the Ottoman garrison, causing damage to the city.^[10]

Because of these events, the Great Powers requested the Ottoman Empire to organize a peace conference.^[10] The conference lasted from late July to September 4, when the sides signed a document titled A Protocol On The Question of Serbia which was signed in Constantinopole.^[11] The question of the Muslims living in Serbia was not a primary topic. However, at least three of the twelve articles in the protocol dealt indirectly with the issue. The conclusion was that Muslims living in towns they held following the signing of the 1856 Paris Peace Treaty were to be expelled and control of the towns would be handed over to the Serbian authorities. In turn, the Muslims would be compensated financially.^[11]

The expulsion was accepted by the Ottoman side on September while the Serbian side on October.^[12]

On 8 September, a fire broke out in Užice. The causes and the perpetrator of the fire are not known: the Serbs blamed the Muslims on the basis of them not allowing the Serbs to put out the fire. Muslims, however, prevented Serbs from entering the town as they worried they would be robbed during the firefight as had happened earlier in Belgrade.^[12] This fire destroyed a large part of the city, including a mosque, a turbe, 124 Muslim shops, over 100 Muslim houses and 63 Serbian houses. The number of destroyed buildings was 88.^[13]

The exodus

Belgrade

The Serbian writer Branislav Nušič mentions the exodus of Belgrade's Muslims in his work "The Sixth of April".

The people were very impatient for the Turks to leave, because everyone wanted to leave as soon as possible to enter the city, which throughout the last century had caused so much fear to the citizens of the capital. Around April 20, the Belgrade newspapers brought this pleasant news: 'We hear that on St. George's Day, as the day of the departure of the last company of Turks from the city here, 5,000 Serb men and women will play Serbian games in the city.^[8]

The migration of Muslims from Belgrade took place in several waves: the first wave of 1,802 people arrived in Lom in October 1862, and then they settled in different cities. Of these, 350 were accommodated in Pirot, and 1,502 in Niš. The second group left Belgrade at the end of October and numbered 550 people who settled in Vidin. The last group migrated on October 2, 1862, and a large part of them (600 people) settled later in Niš, 300 people in Brčko, and a small part went to Vidin. In this way, the Muslim presence in Belgrade was put to an end. Most of the Belgrade Muslims chose to live in Niš, and their number was around 2,100.^[14]

The last group left the city with Ali Rıza Pasha, and the sending off of the citizens became an official ceremony with farewell marches being played. When the ship left Belgrade with Ali Rıza Paşa and the Muslims, the Serbian cannons fired a farewell shot. After the exodus, most of the Islamic sites in the city were destroyed.^[8]

Kladovo (Fethülislam)

Muslims from Kladovo took refuge in Vidin in 1865, when 58 families (270 people) left Kladovo. Since the Kladovo Muslims were poor, part of the donations made to the Muslims from Belgrade and Smederovo were given to them.^[15]

Šabac (Böğürdelen)

The Muslims of Šabac preferred Bosnia and 568 families were settled there. Just like the other refugees, they too were given new clothes and 25 guruş each before they migrated.^[16]

Smederevo (Semendire)

The Muslims left Smedrevo on October 4, 1862 and settled in Vidin. Their number was 500, a total of 150 families. They were taken under the supervision of soldiers from Nis and Vidin. New houses were also built for them in Vidin.^[16]

Užice

Because of the fire, the houses of the Muslims in Užice quickly began to be offered for sale. Since most of the Muslims from Užice were rich, the sale of properties and fields continued until 1867. They left the city in September 1862 with everything that survived the fire. Užice Muslims also migrated in three waves. Their total number was 3,834, of which 917 were children. Almost all of them left for Bosnia, but a small unknown number settled in Albania and Macedonia.^[17]

Sokol

The Muslims from Sokol left Serbia on October 28, 1862. A large part of them initially resisted, but then migrated to Eastern and Northeastern Bosnia.^[18]

Aftermath

Accommodation of the refugees

Sanjak of İzvornik

A large part of the Muslims who decided to live in İzvornik were Bosniaks. About 7,000 refugees (1,300 households) were in the sanjak and the governor took care of their accommodation. Between 40 and 100 acres of land were given to each household. New settlements were created for refugees: Kozluk, Brezovo Polje, Gorna Azizija (modern Bosanski Šamac) and Dolna Azizija (modern Orašje). The new settlements had a checkerboard layout.

In Kozluk 120 houses were built for the Bosniaks from Sokol. In Brezovo Polje, 350 houses were built for the refugees from Užice and Šabac, in Dolna Azizija, 200 houses were built for those who came from Belgrade, Užice and Šabac. In Gorna Azizija, 250 houses were built for the Muslims from Užice and Sokol.^[19]

They maintained a local identity and even after 100 years still refer to themselves as Užičani (those from Užice), Šapčani (those from Šabac), Sokoljani (those from Sokol) and Beograđani (those from Belgrade)^[20]

Sanjak of Niš

A large part of Belgrade's Muslims settled in Niš. Their total number was 2,100. Ahmed Midhat Pasha dealed with their problems. By his order, new houses, inns and madrasahs were built in the city. The rich people of Niš took the Muslim refugees into their houses and the wealthier ones housed several refugees. During their journey, their food was provided by the local Muslims. In Salonica, Drama and Serres, 100,000 guruş were donated to the refugees.The Muslims in Sofia collected 5,000 guruş and the Christians 1,500 guruş and again donated them to the Belgrade Muslims settled in Niš. In Salonica, Filibe, Silistra and Sofia, apart from money, clothes were also collected. In the part next to the Fethiye Mosque, 144 new houses and 2 fountains were built.

New houses were also being built in Vidin for Belgrade's Muslims. At total 169 houses were built for Belgrade and Smederevo Muslims.^[21]

Property Issue

A commission was set up to assess the properties and fields left behind by the Muslims. The commission included persons from the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. Ali Bey and Miralay Mehmed Bey from the Ottoman side and Dimitrie Cernborac and Gaya Jeremic from the Serbian side participated in the commission responsible for the properties of the Belgrade Muslims. The Commission held its first meeting in Belgrade on 21 September 1863, at Mehmed Ali Bey's house. Although Ali and Mehmed Ali Bey proposed to establish a mixed committee of experts to conclude the compensation issue in the commission meetings, the Serbian representatives did not accept this and intended to put the provisions of the Kanlıca Conference at the command of the Serbian knez.

There was also a big difference between the two sides' estimates regarding property values; while the property owners demanded 36,000 purses (18 million guruş), the Serbs offered 6,000 purses (3 million guruş). As a result of the discussions, the Ottoman commissars decreased their estimate to 18,000 purses (9 million guruş), while the Serbians increased their own to 12,000 purses (6 million guruş). However, both sides were unable to reach a solution and Ali Bey decided to return to Istanbul; for this reason, the Serbian side raised their figure to 15,000 purses (7.5 million guruş). The Ottoman side decided to add another 8 million guruş (16,000 purses) from its own treasury, insisting that the Serbian side return them within half a year. It was decided that the compensation would be paid out within three years. This decision was taken in 1865, December 5.^[22]

Demographic changes

Almost all of Serbia had been completely cleared of Muslim population.^[23]

In the same period, there was a slight percentage increase of the Muslim population in Sandzak.^[24]

In Sanjak of İzvornik, before 1862, Christians (Catholics and Orthodox) were the majority (over 50%), and Muslims were the minority (44%). The settlement of 7,000 Bosnian Muslims and the departure of the Orthodox for Serbia changed the demographic composition of the sanjak and Muslims became the majority.^[25]

Destruction of Islamic heritage

In 1868, a year after the end of the exodus, 34 mosques were destroyed in Belgrade, and 24 in Smederevo. А total of 270-300 mosques were destroyed. Only the Bajrakli Mosque in Belgrade survived.^[26]

References

^ ^a ^b Özkan 2011, p. 123.
^ Basic, Camil (2020). Migracije i progon Muslimana 1821.-1923. godina [Migration and expulsion of Muslims between 1821-1923] (PDF). Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajevu. p. 49.
^ ^a ^b Popek 2019, p. 521.
^ Popek 2021, p. 305.
^ Bandzovic, Safet. Iseljvanje Muslimanskog Stanovnistva iz Knezevine Srbije u Bosanski Vilajet (1862-1867) (PDF) (in Bosnian). Institut za historiju u Sarajevu. p. 151. U Beogradu su predstavljali četiri petine u odnosu na drugo stanovništvo, u Uziću su činili 96,7 odsto populacije, a 65 odsto na Pomoravlju. Po nekim srpskim izvorima, u Sokolu i osam okolnih sela bilo je 1,600 muslimana, od koj je 300 nosilo oružje.
^ Popek 2021, p. 302.
^ Popek 2021, p. 308.
^ ^a ^b ^c Karčić, Hikmet. POSLJEDNJI MUSLIMANIU BEOGRADU 1867. pp. 162–169.
^ ^a ^b Krpić 2020, p. 28.
^ ^a ^b Djokić, Dejan (2023). A Concise History of Serbia. Cambridge University Press. p. 280. ISBN 9781009308656.
^ ^a ^b Krpić 2020, p. 30.
^ ^a ^b Krpić 2020, p. 31.
^ Özkan 2011, p. 129.
^ Özkan 2011, p. 125-127.
^ Özkan 2011, p. 127-128.
^ ^a ^b Özkan 2011, p. 128.
^ Özkan 2011, p. 128-131.
^ Özkan 2011, p. 131-133.
^ Krpić 2020, p. 32.
^ Begovac, Anaid. Die Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo am Übergang vom 18. ins 19. Jahrhundert - Ein Vergleich zwischen der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur [The Muslims in Sanjak Smederevo at the transition from the 18th to the 19th century - A comparison between Serbian and Bosnian academic literature].
^ Özkan 2011, p. 125-127, 128.
^ Özkan 2011, p. 133-134.
^ Pekesen, Berna (2012). Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans. After the gradual achievement of full sovereignty (1862, 1867), the remaining Muslims fled also from the cities. Consequently, Serbia was "almost entirely cleansed" of Muslims by the time of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)
^ Zdravkovski, Aleksander (2022). The Sandžak of Novi Pazar: Millets, Nations, Empires. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 103. ISBN 9781793641816.
^ Krpić 2020, p. 36.
^ Pramenković, Almir. Yearbook of Muslims in Europe - Chapter on Serbia.

Sources

Popek, Krzysztof (2019). "Muslim Emigration from the Balkan Peninsula in the 19th century: A Historical Outline". Prace Historyczne.
Popek, Krzysztof (2021). "The Muslim Exodus and The Emergence of the modern Serbian state in the first half of the 19th century". Prace Historyczne.
Özkan, Ayşe (2011). "The Expulsion of Muslims from Serbia after the International Conference in Kanlıca and Withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Serbia (1862-1867)". Akademik Bakış. 5 (9).
Krpić, Amir (2020). "The 1862 Kanlica Conference and Demographic Changes in Northeast Bosnia in the 1860s" (PDF). Prague Papers on the History of International Relations (2). Charles University in Prague: 27–42.

[FOOTNOTEÖzkan2011123-1] Özkan 2011, p. 123.

[:0-2] Basic, Camil (2020). Migracije i progon Muslimana 1821.-1923. godina [Migration and expulsion of Muslims between 1821-1923] (PDF). Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajevu. p. 49.

[FOOTNOTEPopek2019521-3] Popek 2019, p. 521.

[FOOTNOTEPopek2021305-4] Popek 2021, p. 305.

[5] Bandzovic, Safet. Iseljvanje Muslimanskog Stanovnistva iz Knezevine Srbije u Bosanski Vilajet (1862-1867) (PDF) (in Bosnian). Institut za historiju u Sarajevu. p. 151. U Beogradu su predstavljali četiri petine u odnosu na drugo stanovništvo, u Uziću su činili 96,7 odsto populacije, a 65 odsto na Pomoravlju. Po nekim srpskim izvorima, u Sokolu i osam okolnih sela bilo je 1,600 muslimana, od koj je 300 nosilo oružje.

[FOOTNOTEPopek2021302-6] Popek 2021, p. 302.

[FOOTNOTEPopek2021308-7] Popek 2021, p. 308.

[:4-8] Karčić, Hikmet. POSLJEDNJI MUSLIMANIU BEOGRADU 1867. pp. 162–169.

[FOOTNOTEKrpić202028-9] Krpić 2020, p. 28.

[Djokić-10] Djokić, Dejan (2023). A Concise History of Serbia. Cambridge University Press. p. 280. ISBN 9781009308656.

[FOOTNOTEKrpić202030-11] Krpić 2020, p. 30.

[FOOTNOTEKrpić202031-12] Krpić 2020, p. 31.

[FOOTNOTEÖzkan2011129-13] Özkan 2011, p. 129.

[FOOTNOTEÖzkan2011125-127-14] Özkan 2011, p. 125-127.

[FOOTNOTEÖzkan2011127-128-15] Özkan 2011, p. 127-128.

[FOOTNOTEÖzkan2011128-16] Özkan 2011, p. 128.

[FOOTNOTEÖzkan2011128-131-17] Özkan 2011, p. 128-131.

[FOOTNOTEÖzkan2011131-133-18] Özkan 2011, p. 131-133.

[FOOTNOTEKrpić202032-19] Krpić 2020, p. 32.

[20] Begovac, Anaid. Die Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo am Übergang vom 18. ins 19. Jahrhundert - Ein Vergleich zwischen der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur [The Muslims in Sanjak Smederevo at the transition from the 18th to the 19th century - A comparison between Serbian and Bosnian academic literature].

[FOOTNOTEÖzkan2011125-127,_128-21] Özkan 2011, p. 125-127, 128.

[FOOTNOTEÖzkan2011133-134-22] Özkan 2011, p. 133-134.

[23] Pekesen, Berna (2012). Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans. After the gradual achievement of full sovereignty (1862, 1867), the remaining Muslims fled also from the cities. Consequently, Serbia was "almost entirely cleansed" of Muslims by the time of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)

[24] Zdravkovski, Aleksander (2022). The Sandžak of Novi Pazar: Millets, Nations, Empires. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 103. ISBN 9781793641816.

[FOOTNOTEKrpić202036-25] Krpić 2020, p. 36.

[26] Pramenković, Almir. Yearbook of Muslims in Europe - Chapter on Serbia.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
 {{Infobox civilian attack
-| title            = Exodus of Turks from Serbia
+| title            = Exodus of Muslims from Serbia
 | location         = [[Belgrade]], [[Smederevo]], [[Šabac]], [[Kladovo]], [[Užice]], [[Sokol (Ljubovija)|Sokol]] ([[Principality of Serbia]])
 | date             = 1862
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 | image            = Bajrakli džamija in Belgrade, 1892.png
 | caption          = [[Bajrakli Mosque, Belgrade]], the only surviving Ottoman mosque in Belgrade
-| target           = [[Turks]]
+| target           = [[Muslims]]
 | type             = [[Forced migration]], [[ethnic cleansing]]
-| victims          = 10,000 [[Turks in Serbia|Turks]]
+| victims          = 10,000 Muslims (mostly [[Bosniaks]] and [[Turks in Serbia|Turks]])
-| motive           = [[Serbianisation]]
+| motive           = [[Islamophobia]], [[Serbianisation]]
 }}
-'''The exodus of Turks from Serbia in 1862''' was the [[Forced displacement|forced migration]] of 10,000 Turks from the Serbian cities of [[Belgrade]], [[Sokol (Ljubovija)|Sokol]], [[Užice]], [[Šabac]], [[Smederevo|Smederovo]] and [[Kladovo]], all of them garisson towns. The reason for the forced migration was the Kanlıca Conference, according to which all Turks living on the territory of the [[Principality of Serbia]] had to be evicted.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=123}} Since the [[Bosniaks]] and [[Romani people]] were exempt from this, some of the Muslims began to call themselves Roma, in order to stay in their hometowns.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Basic |first=Camil |url=https://fpn.unsa.ba/b/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/MIGRACIJE-I-PROGON-MUSLIMANA-1821.-1923.-GODINA.pdf |title=Migracije i progon Muslimana 1821.-1923. godina |publisher=Univerzitet u Sarajevu |year=2020 |publication-place=Sarajevo |pages=49 |trans-title=Migration and expulsion of Muslims between 1821-1923}}</ref> Majority of the refugees migrated to [[Sanjak of Vidin|Vidin]] and [[Sanjak of Niš|Niš]]. The exodus changed not only the ethnic composition of the Principality of Serbia, but also of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The withdrawal of the Turkish civilian population, also marked the final withdrawal of the Ottoman garrison from Serbia.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=123}}
+'''The exodus of Muslims from Serbia in 1862''' was the [[Forced displacement|forced migration]] of 10,000 Muslims from the Serbian cities of [[Belgrade]], [[Sokol (Ljubovija)|Sokol]], [[Užice]], [[Šabac]], [[Smederevo|Smederovo]] and [[Kladovo]], all of them garisson towns. The reason for the forced migration was the Kanlıca Conference, according to which all Muslims living on the territory of the [[Principality of Serbia]] had to be evicted.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=123}} Since the [[Romani people]] were exempt from this, some of the Muslims began to call themselves Roma, in order to stay in their hometowns.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Basic |first=Camil |url=https://fpn.unsa.ba/b/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/MIGRACIJE-I-PROGON-MUSLIMANA-1821.-1923.-GODINA.pdf |title=Migracije i progon Muslimana 1821.-1923. godina |publisher=Univerzitet u Sarajevu |year=2020 |publication-place=Sarajevo |pages=49 |trans-title=Migration and expulsion of Muslims between 1821-1923}}</ref> Majority of the refugees migrated to [[Bosnia Eyalet|Bosnia]], [[Sanjak of Vidin|Vidin]] and [[Sanjak of Niš|Niš]]. The exodus changed not only the ethno-religious composition of the Principality of Serbia, but also of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The withdrawal of the Muslim civilian population, also marked the final withdrawal of the Ottoman garrison from Serbia.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=123}}
-Towards the beginning of the [[Great Eastern Crisis]] the number of Turks in the Serbian Principality had dropped to 6,000.{{sfn|Popek|2019|p=521}}
+Towards the beginning of the [[Great Eastern Crisis]] the number of Muslims in the Serbian Principality had dropped to 6,000.{{sfn|Popek|2019|p=521}}
 == Religious composition of the Serbian Principality ==
-Before the [[Serbian Revolution|Serbian uprising]] there were 40,000 Muslims (mostly Turks) in the territory of the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]]{{Sfn|Popek|2019|p=521}} and Muslims (mostly Turks) made up the majority in towns.{{sfn|Popek|2021|p=305}}
+Before the [[Serbian Revolution|Serbian uprising]] there were 40,000 Muslims in the territory of the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]]{{Sfn|Popek|2019|p=521}} and Muslims made up the majority in towns.{{sfn|Popek|2021|p=305}}
-Muslims (mostly Turks) in [[Belgrade]] represented 4/5 of the entire population. In [[Užice]], over 96% of the population was Muslim (mostly Turkish), which is why it was sometimes called "''Little Istanbul''". In [[Sokol (Ljubovija)|Sokol]], another town affected by the exodus, there were 1,600 Muslims (mostly Turks) in total. A small proportion of the Muslim (mostly Turks) population carried arms. For example, in Sokol, the number of armed Muslims (mostly Turks) was 300.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bandzovic |first=Safet |url=https://www.ibn-sina.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/149_SAFET_BANDZOVIC.pdf |title=Iseljvanje Muslimanskog Stanovnistva iz Knezevine Srbije u Bosanski Vilajet (1862-1867) |publisher=Institut za historiju u Sarajevu |page=151 |language=Bosnian |quote=U Beogradu su predstavljali četiri petine u odnosu na drugo stanovništvo, u Uziću su činili 96,7 odsto populacije, a 65 odsto na Pomoravlju. Po nekim srpskim izvorima, u Sokolu i osam okolnih sela bilo je 1,600 muslimana, od koj je 300 nosilo oružje.}}</ref>
+Muslims in [[Belgrade]] represented 4/5 of the entire population. In [[Užice]], over 96% of the population was Muslim, which is why it was sometimes called "''Little Istanbul''". In [[Sokol (Ljubovija)|Sokol]], another town affected by the exodus, there were 1,600 Muslims in total. A small proportion of the Muslim population carried arms. For example, in Sokol, the number of armed Muslims was 300.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bandzovic |first=Safet |url=https://www.ibn-sina.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/149_SAFET_BANDZOVIC.pdf |title=Iseljvanje Muslimanskog Stanovnistva iz Knezevine Srbije u Bosanski Vilajet (1862-1867) |publisher=Institut za historiju u Sarajevu |page=151 |language=Bosnian |quote=U Beogradu su predstavljali četiri petine u odnosu na drugo stanovništvo, u Uziću su činili 96,7 odsto populacije, a 65 odsto na Pomoravlju. Po nekim srpskim izvorima, u Sokolu i osam okolnih sela bilo je 1,600 muslimana, od koj je 300 nosilo oružje.}}</ref>
-The Muslims of Serbia were not an ethnic monolith, some of them were native speakers of [[South Slavic languages|South-Slavic]], but many were [[Ottoman Turkish language|Turkish-speaking]] or [[Albanian language|Albanian-speaking]] ones.{{sfn|Popek|2021|p=302}}
+The Muslims of Serbia were not an ethnic monolith, most of them were native speakers of [[South Slavic languages|South-Slavic]], but there were [[Ottoman Turkish language|Turkish-speaking]] or [[Albanian language|Albanian-speaking]] ones.{{sfn|Popek|2021|p=302}}
 == Previous exoduses ==
-During the Serbian uprisings some of the Turks left their homes, but after 1815 a large part of them returned. With the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War of 1827-1829]], the final decision was made for Serbia to be a separate state from the Ottoman Empire, which increased the territory of Serbia by granting it control over six more Ottoman [[Nahiyah|nahiyas]]. This led to another wave of emigration, which the Ottoman government opposed, accusing Serbia of [[Forced displacement|forced emigration]] of the Turkish population. In the end, the [[Sublime Porte]] agreed to accept the Turkish population, but refused migration from the six newly annexed nahiyas. The second [[Hatt-i humayun|Hatsherif]] of 1830 regulated the Turkish problem in Serbia: only the Turks living in the garrison towns (Belgrade, [[Šabac]], Sokol, Užice, [[Kladovo]], and [[Smederevo]]) had the right to hold Ottoman citizenship, while the others were to be designated as citizens of Serbia. With the third Hatsherif, Turks were given the right to choose for up to 5 years - to be Serbian citizens or to leave Serbia and remain Ottoman citizens. While some Turks left Serbia voluntarily, others opposed the third Hatsherif and said they did not recognize it, which lead to clashes between the Turks and the Serbian military in towns such as Sokol, Užice, [[Ćuprija]], [[Kruševac]], and [[Aleksinac]].{{sfn|Popek|2021|p=308}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Karčić |first=Hikmet |url=https://www.academia.edu/35641898/POSLJEDNJI_MUSLIMANI_U_BEOGRADU_1867 |title=POSLJEDNJI MUSLIMANIU BEOGRADU 1867 |pages=162-169}}</ref>
+During the Serbian uprisings some of the Muslims left their homes, but after 1815 a large part of them returned. With the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War of 1827-1829]], the final decision was made for Serbia to be a separate state from the Ottoman Empire, which increased the territory of Serbia by granting it control over six more Ottoman [[Nahiyah|nahiyas]]. This led to another wave of emigration, which the Ottoman government opposed, accusing Serbia of [[Forced displacement|forced emigration]] of the Muslim population. In the end, the [[Sublime Porte]] agreed to accept the Muslim population, but refused migration from the six newly annexed nahiyas. The second [[Hatt-i humayun|Hatsherif]] of 1830 regulated the Muslim problem in Serbia: only the Muslims living in the garrison towns (Belgrade, [[Šabac]], Sokol, Užice, [[Kladovo]], and [[Smederevo]]) had the right to hold Ottoman citizenship, while the others were to be designated as citizens of Serbia. With the third Hatsherif, Muslims were given the right to choose for up to 5 years - to be Serbian citizens or to leave Serbia and remain Ottoman citizens. While some Muslims left Serbia voluntarily, others opposed the third Hatsherif and said they did not recognize it, which lead to clashes between the Muslims and the Serbian military in towns such as Sokol, Užice, [[Ćuprija]], [[Kruševac]], and [[Aleksinac]].{{sfn|Popek|2021|p=308}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Karčić |first=Hikmet |url=https://www.academia.edu/35641898/POSLJEDNJI_MUSLIMANI_U_BEOGRADU_1867 |title=POSLJEDNJI MUSLIMANIU BEOGRADU 1867 |pages=162-169}}</ref>
 == Reasons ==
-Although Serbia pursued a state policy of expelling the Turkish minority, the Ottoman Empire and some of the effected Turks were not entirely opposed to the policy themselves. There was a political reason; the empire wanted as many Turks to live in its territory as possible.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=28}} Furthermore, international diplomacy also played a role. As such, in the same 1830 decree which recognized Serbia as an autonomous principality, the Ottoman sultan [[Mahmud II]] also ordered the eviction of Turkish civilians from six Serbian towns.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=28}}
+Although Serbia pursued a state policy of expelling the Muslim minority, the Ottoman Empire and some of the effected Muslims were not entirely opposed to the policy themselves, largely due to the fact that in [[Islam]], [[Hijrah|Muslims should not live in a non-Muslim country]]. There was a political reason as well; the empire wanted as many Muslims to live in its territory as possible.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=28}} Furthermore, international diplomacy also played a role. As such, in the same 1830 decree which recognized Serbia as an autonomous principality, the Ottoman sultan [[Mahmud II]] also ordered the eviction of Muslim civilians from six Serbian towns.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=28}}
 In 1862, Ottoman-Serbian tensions were sparked following a confrontation between Ottoman police and a Serb at a [[Čukur Fountain|fountain]], which led to the death of the latter. It soon turned into an ethnic clash as parts of Belgrade were bombed by the Ottoman garrison, causing damage to the city.<ref name="Djokić">{{cite book |last1=Djokić |first1=Dejan |title=A Concise History of Serbia |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781009308656 |page=280 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aROpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA280}}</ref>
-Because of these events, the [[Great power|Great Powers]] requested the Ottoman Empire to organize a peace conference.<ref name="Djokić" /> The conference lasted from late July to September 4, when the sides signed a document titled ''A Protocol On The Question of Serbia'' which was signed in [[Constantinopole]].{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=30}} The question of the Turks living in Serbia was not a primary topic. However, at least three of the twelve articles in the protocol dealt indirectly with the issue. The conclusion was that Turks living in towns they held following the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|1856 Paris Peace Treaty]] were to be expelled and control of the towns would be handed over to the Serbian authorities. In turn, the Turks would be compensated financially.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=30}}
+Because of these events, the [[Great power|Great Powers]] requested the Ottoman Empire to organize a peace conference.<ref name="Djokić" /> The conference lasted from late July to September 4, when the sides signed a document titled ''A Protocol On The Question of Serbia'' which was signed in [[Constantinopole]].{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=30}} The question of the Muslims living in Serbia was not a primary topic. However, at least three of the twelve articles in the protocol dealt indirectly with the issue. The conclusion was that Muslims living in towns they held following the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1856)|1856 Paris Peace Treaty]] were to be expelled and control of the towns would be handed over to the Serbian authorities. In turn, the Muslims would be compensated financially.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=30}}
 The expulsion was accepted by the Ottoman side on September while the Serbian side on October.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=31}}
-On 8 September, a fire broke out in Užice. The causes and the perpetrator of the fire are not known: the Serbs blamed the Turks on the basis of them not allowing the Serbs to put out the fire. Turks, however, prevented Serbs from entering the town as they worried they would be robbed during the firefight as had happened earlier in Belgrade.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=31}} This fire destroyed a large part of the city, including a [[mosque]], a [[Türbe|turbe]], 124 Turkish shops, over 100 Turkish houses and 63 Serbian houses. The number of destroyed buildings was 88.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=129}}
+On 8 September, a fire broke out in Užice. The causes and the perpetrator of the fire are not known: the Serbs blamed the Muslims on the basis of them not allowing the Serbs to put out the fire. Muslims, however, prevented Serbs from entering the town as they worried they would be robbed during the firefight as had happened earlier in Belgrade.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=31}} This fire destroyed a large part of the city, including a [[mosque]], a [[Türbe|turbe]], 124 Muslim shops, over 100 Muslim houses and 63 Serbian houses. The number of destroyed buildings was 88.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=129}}
 == The exodus ==
 === Belgrade ===
-The Serbian writer [[Branislav Nušić|Branislav Nušič]] mentions the exodus of Belgrade's Turks in his work "The Sixth of April".<blockquote>The people were very impatient for the Turks to leave, because everyone wanted to leave as soon as possible to enter the city, which throughout the last century had caused so much fear to the citizens of the capital. Around April 20, the Belgrade newspapers brought this pleasant news: 'We hear that on [[Djurdjevdan|St. George's Day]], as the day of the departure of the last company of Turks from the city here, 5,000 Serb men and women will play Serbian [[Kolo (dance)|games]] in the city.<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>The migration of Muslims from [[Belgrade]] took place in several waves: the first wave of 1,802 people arrived in [[Lom, Bulgaria|Lom]] in October 1862, and then they settled in different cities. Of these, 350 were accommodated in [[Pirot]], and 1,502 in [[Niš]]. The second group left Belgrade at the end of October and numbered 550 people who settled in [[Vidin]]. The last group migrated on October 2, 1862, and a large part of them (600 people) settled later in Niš, 300 people in [[Brčko]], and a small part went to Vidin. In this way, the Turkish presence in Belgrade was put to an end. Most of the Belgrade Turks chose to live in Niš, and their number was around 2,100.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=125-127}}
+The Serbian writer [[Branislav Nušić|Branislav Nušič]] mentions the exodus of Belgrade's Muslims in his work "The Sixth of April".<blockquote>The people were very impatient for the Turks to leave, because everyone wanted to leave as soon as possible to enter the city, which throughout the last century had caused so much fear to the citizens of the capital. Around April 20, the Belgrade newspapers brought this pleasant news: 'We hear that on [[Djurdjevdan|St. George's Day]], as the day of the departure of the last company of Turks from the city here, 5,000 Serb men and women will play Serbian [[Kolo (dance)|games]] in the city.<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>The migration of Muslims from [[Belgrade]] took place in several waves: the first wave of 1,802 people arrived in [[Lom, Bulgaria|Lom]] in October 1862, and then they settled in different cities. Of these, 350 were accommodated in [[Pirot]], and 1,502 in [[Niš]]. The second group left Belgrade at the end of October and numbered 550 people who settled in [[Vidin]]. The last group migrated on October 2, 1862, and a large part of them (600 people) settled later in Niš, 300 people in [[Brčko]], and a small part went to Vidin. In this way, the Muslim presence in Belgrade was put to an end. Most of the Belgrade Muslims chose to live in Niš, and their number was around 2,100.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=125-127}}
-The last group left the city with Ali Rıza Pasha, and the sending off of the citizens became an official ceremony with farewell marches being played. When the ship left Belgrade with Ali Rıza Paşa and the Turks, the Serbian cannons fired a farewell shot.<ref name=":4" />
+The last group left the city with Ali Rıza Pasha, and the sending off of the citizens became an official ceremony with farewell marches being played. When the ship left Belgrade with Ali Rıza Paşa and the Muslims, the Serbian cannons fired a farewell shot. After the exodus, most of the Islamic sites in the city were destroyed.<ref name=":4" />
 === Kladovo (Fethülislam) ===
-Turks from [[Kladovo]] took refuge in Vidin in 1865, when 58 families (270 people) left Kladovo. Since the Kladovo Turks were poor, part of the donations made to the Turks from Belgrade and Smederovo were given to them.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=127-128}}
+Muslims from [[Kladovo]] took refuge in Vidin in 1865, when 58 families (270 people) left Kladovo. Since the Kladovo Muslims were poor, part of the donations made to the Muslims from Belgrade and Smederovo were given to them.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=127-128}}
 === Šabac (Böğürdelen) ===
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 === Smederevo (Semendire) ===
-The Turks left [[Smederevo|Smedrevo]] on October 4, 1862 and settled in Vidin. Their number was 500, a total of 150 families. They were taken under the supervision of soldiers from Nis and Vidin. New houses were also built for them in Vidin.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=128}}
+The Muslims left [[Smederevo|Smedrevo]] on October 4, 1862 and settled in Vidin. Their number was 500, a total of 150 families. They were taken under the supervision of soldiers from Nis and Vidin. New houses were also built for them in Vidin.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=128}}
 === Užice ===
-Because of the fire, the houses of the Turks in [[Užice]] quickly began to be offered for sale. Since most of the Turks from Užice were rich, the sale of properties and fields continued until 1867. They left the city in September 1862 with everything that survived the fire. Užice Turks also migrated in three waves. Their total number was 3,834, of which 917 were children. {{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=128-131}}
+Because of the fire, the houses of the Muslims in [[Užice]] quickly began to be offered for sale. Since most of the Muslims from Užice were rich, the sale of properties and fields continued until 1867. They left the city in September 1862 with everything that survived the fire. Užice Muslims also migrated in three waves. Their total number was 3,834, of which 917 were children. Almost all of them left for Bosnia, but a small unknown number settled in [[Albania]] and [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]].{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=128-131}}
 === Sokol ===
-The Turks from [[Sokol (Ljubovija)|Sokol]] left Serbia on October 28, 1862. A large part of them initially resisted, but then migrated to Eastern and Northeastern Bosnia.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=131-133}}
+The Muslims from [[Sokol (Ljubovija)|Sokol]] left Serbia on October 28, 1862. A large part of them initially resisted, but then migrated to Eastern and Northeastern Bosnia.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=131-133}}
 == Aftermath ==
 === Accommodation of the refugees ===
+==== [[Sanjak of Zvornik|Sanjak of İzvornik]] ====
+A large part of the Muslims who decided to live in [[Sanjak of Zvornik|İzvornik]] were Bosniaks. About 7,000 refugees (1,300 households) were in the sanjak and the governor took care of their accommodation. Between 40 and 100 acres of land were given to each household. New settlements were created for refugees: [[Kozluk, Zvornik|Kozluk]], [[Brezovo Polje, Brčko|Brezovo Polje]], Gorna Azizija (modern [[Bosanski Šamac]]) and Dolna Azizija (modern [[Orašje]]). The new settlements had a checkerboard layout.
+In Kozluk 120 houses were built for the Bosniaks from Sokol. In Brezovo Polje, 350 houses were built for the refugees from Užice and Šabac, in Dolna Azizija, 200 houses were built for those who came from Belgrade, Užice and Šabac. In Gorna Azizija, 250 houses were built for the Muslims from Užice and Sokol.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=32}}
+They maintained a local identity and even after 100 years still refer to themselves as Užičani (those from Užice), Šapčani (those from Šabac), Sokoljani (those from Sokol) and Beograđani (those from Belgrade)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Begovac |first=Anaid |url=https://unipub.uni-graz.at/obvugrhs/download/pdf/1883278?originalFilename=true |title=Die Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo am Übergang vom 18. ins 19. Jahrhundert - Ein Vergleich zwischen der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur |trans-title=The Muslims in Sanjak Smederevo at the transition from the 18th to the 19th century - A comparison between Serbian and Bosnian academic literature}}</ref>
 ==== [[Sanjak of Niš]] ====
-A large part of Belgrade's Turks settled in Niš. Their total number was 2,100. [[Midhat Pasha|Ahmed Midhat Pasha]] dealed with their problems. By his order, new houses, inns and madrasahs were built in the city. The rich people of Niš took the Turkish refugees into their houses and the wealthier ones housed several refugees. During their journey, their food was provided by the local Turks. In [[Thessaloniki|Salonica]], [[Drama, Greece|Drama]] and [[Serres]], 100,000 guruş were donated to the refugees. The Turks in [[Sofia]] collected 5,000 guruş and the Christians 1,500 guruş and again donated them to the Belgrade Turks settled in Niš. In Salonica, [[Plovdiv|Filibe]], [[Silistra]] and Sofia, apart from money, clothes were also collected. In the part next to the [[Fethiye Mosque (disambiguation)|Fethiye Mosque]], 144 new houses and 2 fountains were built.
+A large part of Belgrade's Muslims settled in Niš. Their total number was 2,100. [[Midhat Pasha|Ahmed Midhat Pasha]] dealed with their problems. By his order, new houses, inns and madrasahs were built in the city. The rich people of Niš took the Muslim refugees into their houses and the wealthier ones housed several refugees. During their journey, their food was provided by the local Muslims. In [[Thessaloniki|Salonica]], [[Drama, Greece|Drama]] and [[Serres]], 100,000 guruş were donated to the refugees.The Muslims in [[Sofia]] collected 5,000 guruş and the Christians 1,500 guruş and again donated them to the Belgrade Muslims settled in Niš. In Salonica, [[Plovdiv|Filibe]], [[Silistra]] and Sofia, apart from money, clothes were also collected. In the part next to the [[Fethiye Mosque (disambiguation)|Fethiye Mosque]], 144 new houses and 2 fountains were built.
-New houses were also being built in Vidin for Belgrade's Turks. At total 169 houses were built for Belgrade and Smederevo Turks.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=125-127, 128}}
+New houses were also being built in Vidin for Belgrade's Muslims. At total 169 houses were built for Belgrade and Smederevo Muslims.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=125-127, 128}}
 === Property Issue ===
-A commission was set up to assess the properties and fields left behind by the Turks. The commission included persons from the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. Ali Bey and Miralay Mehmed Bey from the Ottoman side and Dimitrie Cernborac and Gaya Jeremic from the Serbian side participated in the commission responsible for the properties of the Belgrade Turks. The Commission held its first meeting in Belgrade on 21 September 1863, at Mehmed Ali Bey's house. Although Ali and Mehmed Ali Bey proposed to establish a mixed committee of experts to conclude the compensation issue in the commission meetings, the Serbian representatives did not accept this and intended to put the provisions of the Kanlıca Conference at the command of the Serbian knez.
+A commission was set up to assess the properties and fields left behind by the Muslims. The commission included persons from the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. Ali Bey and Miralay Mehmed Bey from the Ottoman side and Dimitrie Cernborac and Gaya Jeremic from the Serbian side participated in the commission responsible for the properties of the Belgrade Muslims. The Commission held its first meeting in Belgrade on 21 September 1863, at Mehmed Ali Bey's house. Although Ali and Mehmed Ali Bey proposed to establish a mixed committee of experts to conclude the compensation issue in the commission meetings, the Serbian representatives did not accept this and intended to put the provisions of the Kanlıca Conference at the command of the Serbian knez.
 There was also a big difference between the two sides' estimates regarding property values; while the property owners demanded 36,000 purses (18 million guruş), the Serbs offered 6,000 purses (3 million guruş). As a result of the discussions, the Ottoman commissars decreased their estimate to 18,000 purses (9 million guruş), while the Serbians increased their own to 12,000 purses (6 million guruş). However, both sides were unable to reach a solution and Ali Bey decided to return to Istanbul; for this reason, the Serbian side raised their figure to 15,000 purses (7.5 million guruş). The Ottoman side decided to add another 8 million guruş (16,000 purses) from its own treasury, insisting that the Serbian side return them within half a year. It was decided that the compensation would be paid out within three years. This decision was taken in 1865, December 5.{{sfn|Özkan|2011|p=133-134}}
 === Demographic changes ===
-[[File:Balkans-ethnic (1861).jpg|thumb|Guillaume Lejean's Ethnic map of European Turkey made in 1861, one year before the Exodus of Turks from Serbia]]
+[[File:Balkans-ethnic (1861).jpg|thumb|Guillaume Lejean's Ethnic map of European Turkey made in 1861, one year before the Exodus of Muslims from Serbia]]
-Almost all of Serbia had been completely cleared of Turkish population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pekesen |first=Berna |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/forced-ethnic-migration/berna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans |title=Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans |year=2012 |quote=After the gradual achievement of full sovereignty (1862, 1867), the remaining Turks fled also from the cities. Consequently, Serbia was "almost entirely cleansed" of Turks by the time of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)}}</ref>
+Almost all of Serbia had been completely cleared of Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pekesen |first=Berna |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/forced-ethnic-migration/berna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans |title=Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans |year=2012 |quote=After the gradual achievement of full sovereignty (1862, 1867), the remaining Muslims fled also from the cities. Consequently, Serbia was "almost entirely cleansed" of Muslims by the time of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878)}}</ref>
+In the same period, there was a slight percentage increase of the Muslim population in [[Sandžak|Sandzak]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zdravkovski |first=Aleksander |title=The Sandžak of Novi Pazar: Millets, Nations, Empires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KC1qEAAAQBAJ |page=103 |date=2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781793641816 |language=English}}</ref>
+In Sanjak of İzvornik, before 1862, Christians (Catholics and Orthodox) were the majority (over 50%), and Muslims were the minority (44%). The settlement of 7,000 Bosnian Muslims and the departure of the Orthodox for Serbia changed the demographic composition of the sanjak and Muslims became the majority.{{sfn|Krpić|2020|p=36}}
+=== Destruction of Islamic heritage ===
-In the same period, there was a slight percentage increase of the Turkish population in [[Sandžak|Sandzak]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zdravkovski |first=Aleksander |title=The Sandžak of Novi Pazar: Millets, Nations, Empires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KC1qEAAAQBAJ |page=103 |date=2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781793641816 |language=English}}</ref>
+In 1868, a year after the end of the exodus, 34 mosques were destroyed in Belgrade, and 24 in Smederevo. А total of 270-300 mosques were destroyed. Only the [[Bajrakli Mosque, Belgrade|Bajrakli Mosque]] in Belgrade survived.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pramenković |first=Almir |url=https://www.academia.edu/9713125/Yearbook_of_Muslims_in_Europe_Chapter_on_Serbia |title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe - Chapter on Serbia}}</ref>
 == See also ==