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{{AFC comment|1="Although, arguably the time-traveler hypothesis isn't more far-fetched than other more popular UFO hypothesis such as the extraterrestrial or the interdimensional hypotheses, it remains somehwat "periferal" even in the ufology community, and is generally considered pseudoscience by the scientific community." is editorialising and too informal. Other statements like this throughout need rewording. [[User:GraziePrego|GraziePrego]] ([[User talk:GraziePrego|talk]]) 01:43, 2 November 2023 (UTC)}}

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{{Short description|Concept developed by Ufologists}}
{{Short description|Concept developed by Ufologists}}
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The '''time-traveler hypothesis''', also known as '''chrononaut UFO''', '''future humans''', '''extratempestrial model''' and '''[[The Terminator|Terminator]] theory'''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Aleks |title=GOP Congressman Suggests UFOs May Be 'Ancient Civilization' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ufo-mike-gallagher-comments-video-1809664 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |agency=Newsweek Publishing LLC |publisher=Newsweek |date=June 28, 2023}}</ref> is the proposal that [[unidentified flying object]] are humans [[time travel|traveling from the future]] using [[Future technology|advanced technology]]. It attempts to explain the UFO phenomena without needing to invoke the existence of [[Extraterrestrial intelligence|ETI]] and, more importantly, of alien visitors on [[Earth]] like in the [[Extraterrestrial UFO hypothesis|extraterrestrial hypothesis]]. Some notable people endorse the hypothesis, such as retired [[NASA]] aerospace engineer [[Extraterrestrial_life#Search_for_basic_life|Larry Lemke]],<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Are the aliens us? UFOs may be piloted by time-traveling humans, book argues |url=https://www.space.com/aliens-time-traveling-humans-ufo-hypothesis.html |website=Space.com }}</ref> British [[European Space Agency|ESA]] [[astronaut]] [[Tim Peake]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Al-Sibai |first1=Noor |title=Astronaut Speculates That UFOs Are Time Travelers From The Future |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/astronaut-ufos-time-travelers |website=Futurism |access-date=June 15, 2022}}</ref> [[Wisconsin]] congressman [[Mike Gallagher (American politician)|Mike Gallager]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Jack |title=Wisconsin Representative Mike Gallager: UFOs Could Be 'Us from the Future' |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/wisconsin-representative-mike-gallager-ufos-could-be-us-from-the-future/ |website=National Review |access-date=May 20, 2022}}</ref> and American [[filmmaker]] [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zilko |first1=Christian |title=Steven Spielberg Has His Own Theory About Those UFOs: 'What If It's Us, 500,000 Years in the Future?' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/steven-spielberg-on-ufos-aliens-1234816012/ |website=Indiewire |access-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref>
The '''time-traveler hypothesis''', also known as '''chrononaut UFO''', '''future humans''', '''extratempestrial model''' and '''[[The Terminator|Terminator]] theory'''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Aleks |title=GOP Congressman Suggests UFOs May Be 'Ancient Civilization' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ufo-mike-gallagher-comments-video-1809664 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |agency=Newsweek Publishing LLC |publisher=Newsweek |date=June 28, 2023}}</ref> is the proposal that [[unidentified flying object]] are humans [[time travel|traveling from the future]] using [[Future technology|advanced technology]]. It attempts to explain the UFO phenomena without needing to invoke the existence of [[Extraterrestrial intelligence|ETI]] and, more importantly, of alien visitors on [[Earth]] like in the [[Extraterrestrial UFO hypothesis|extraterrestrial hypothesis]]. Some notable people endorse the hypothesis, such as retired [[NASA]] aerospace engineer [[Extraterrestrial_life#Search_for_basic_life|Larry Lemke]],<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=Are the aliens us? UFOs may be piloted by time-traveling humans, book argues |url=https://www.space.com/aliens-time-traveling-humans-ufo-hypothesis.html |website=Space.com }}</ref> British [[European Space Agency|ESA]] [[astronaut]] [[Tim Peake]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Al-Sibai |first1=Noor |title=Astronaut Speculates That UFOs Are Time Travelers From The Future |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/astronaut-ufos-time-travelers |website=Futurism |access-date=June 15, 2022}}</ref> [[Wisconsin]] congressman [[Mike Gallagher (American politician)|Mike Gallager]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Jack |title=Wisconsin Representative Mike Gallager: UFOs Could Be 'Us from the Future' |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/wisconsin-representative-mike-gallager-ufos-could-be-us-from-the-future/ |website=National Review |access-date=May 20, 2022}}</ref> and American [[filmmaker]] [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zilko |first1=Christian |title=Steven Spielberg Has His Own Theory About Those UFOs: 'What If It's Us, 500,000 Years in the Future?' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/steven-spielberg-on-ufos-aliens-1234816012/ |website=Indiewire |access-date=March 5, 2023}}</ref>

Revision as of 01:43, 2 November 2023

  • Comment: "Although, arguably the time-traveler hypothesis isn't more far-fetched than other more popular UFO hypothesis such as the extraterrestrial or the interdimensional hypotheses, it remains somehwat "periferal" even in the ufology community, and is generally considered pseudoscience by the scientific community." is editorialising and too informal. Other statements like this throughout need rewording. GraziePrego (talk) 01:43, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

The time-traveler hypothesis, also known as chrononaut UFO, future humans, extratempestrial model and Terminator theory[1] is the proposal that unidentified flying object are humans traveling from the future using advanced technology. It attempts to explain the UFO phenomena without needing to invoke the existence of ETI and, more importantly, of alien visitors on Earth like in the extraterrestrial hypothesis. Some notable people endorse the hypothesis, such as retired NASA aerospace engineer Larry Lemke,[2] British ESA astronaut Tim Peake,[3] Wisconsin congressman Mike Gallager,[4] and American filmmaker Steven Spielberg.[5]

History

Background

Main article: Time_travel § History_of_the_concept
Main article: Speculative_evolution § History
See also: Speculative_evolution § Future_evolution
Main article: Transhumanism § History

UFO sightings have been reported by people all around the world since antiquity. Many legends include flying objects and palaces like the Indian Vimana, ships or chariots, which were sometimes said to resemble human-made objects, have a crew of human passengers,[6][7][8][8][9] or be inhabited by antropomorphic deities. In modern times, UFO and mystery airships sightings and alleged abductions and close encounters, often involve human or humanoid figures and abductors.

Although time travel hasn't been achieved yet by modern humans and is currently considered physically impossible by many scientists - such as Stephen Hawking with his famous chronology protection conjecture - research is still ongoing as to whether some version of it may be allowed under certain frameworks of general relativity, quantum mechanics and even quantum gravity[10], and if self-consistency is maintained. It has also been speculated by scientists such as J. Richard Gott, Ronald Mallet[11] and others[12][13] that humans may be able to achieve time travel to the past in the future.[14] As a theoretical concept, time travel has been a subject of speculation since ancient Hindu,[15][16], Buddhist,[17] Japanese[18][19] and Jewish[20] folklore and mythologies, although solely from the past to the future. The notion of time travel from the future to the past is thought to have been introduced for the first time in literature by French botanist and geologist Pierre Boitard in his popular 1861 book Paris avant les hommes (Paris before Men), featuring a man sent back to prehistoric Earth where he interacts with an ape-like ancestor,[21] A few years later, in 1887, Camille Flammarion published Lumen, a novel featuring an alien soul traveling through different worlds and historical periods. In 1888 English author H. G. Wells published his famous science-fiction novella The Time Machine featuring a future evolution of humans and is generally regarded as one of the first modern instances of both time travel and speculative evolution.

Humans are still evolving and will continue to be subject to evolutionary pressure and natural selection in the future.[22][23][24] Many authors and researchers have speculated about the future evolution of mankind, most notably in fiction American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, British philosopher and science fiction writer Olaf Stapledon with his 1930 "future history" novel Last and First Men, American author Kurt Vonnegut in Galápagos, British writer Stephen Baxter in Evolution, Turkish artist and author Cevdet Mehmet Kösemen in All Tomorrows and others. Climate change,[25], the technological singularity, space travel and genetic enhancement could also alter the evolution of humans in the future, potentially even leading to different transhuman and/or posthuman scenarios.

Implausibility of humanoid aliens

In his 1964 article The Nonprevalence of Humanoids George Gaylord Simpson claimed[26] that it is extremely unlikely that there exists any form of extraterrestrial intelligence in the solar system or elsewhere and that, even if they did exist, it was even more unlikely that they would be humanoids. His article was cited and analysed,[27] alongside evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky’s similar view on the implausibility of the evolution of humanoid extraterrestrial life forms, in the famous 2014 collection of essays Archaeology, Anthropology and Interstellar Communication edited by astrobiologist Douglas Vakoch and published by NASA in 2014. In the late 1980s, evolutionary biologist and historian of science Stephen Jay Gould put forth his famous thought experiment that if evolution was rewound and played back again it would likely take a very different course and humans would never evolve, which in addition to his declared view against human-oriented evolutionary teleonomy, helped shaped the established view that if intelligent extraterrestrials did exist, they would likely not resemble humans. Biologist Jack Cohen has assumed a similar position about the iconic representation of the Grey alien from reports of UFO abduction and close encounters, stating that extraterrestrials from an alien world could not have evolved a physiology so similar to humans'.[28]

Therefore, proponents of the hypothesis claim that it's more logical to assume that the alleged humanoid figures reported during close encounters of the third, fourth and fifth kind are actually human time-travelers from the future. Furthermore, similarly to how the extraterrestrial hypothesis offers and alternative solution to Fermi's paradox, the time-traveler hypothesis provides a potential explanation for the absence of future time travelers. A number of motives for the time-travelers are put forth in the different media where the hypothesis is discussed, such as historical or paleoanthropological interest to study our own past,[29] as well as tourism.[30]

Modern popularization

"UFO reports are not necessarily caused by visits from space travelers... If time and space are not as simple in structure as physicists have assumed until now, then the question ‘where do they come from?’ may be meaningless: they could come from a place in time."

Jacques Vallée, The Invisible College, pag 29 - 1975[31]

It is unclear exactly when the fully formed idea was proposed. Early versions of the hypothesis surfaced between the '70s' pseudoscientific literature and the '90's internet culture, at times associated with the idioms "chrononaut UFOs", "time traveling humans" or simply "future humans". Examples include Jacques Vallée's thought on the matter from his book The Invisible College, Radford University anthropology professor and former Forbes contributor Dr David S. Anderson's contribution to the subject,[32] Jenny Randles' 2001 book Time Storms[33] and James Herbert Brennan's 1997 book Time-travel: a new perspective, which also draws parallels between the chrononaut UFOs and elements of the pseudoarchaeological notion of ancient astronauts and OOPArts,[34] and many others.

On April 27, 2012 History aired the episode “The Time Travelers” from season 4 of the series Ancient Aliens produced by Prometheus Entertainment, only available on Netflix since 2022.[35] The two episodes feature, amongst others, ufologists Giorgio A. Tsoukalos, Sean David Morton, authors Erich von Däniken, David Hatcher Childress, Philip Coppens, and theoretical physicist Ronald L. Mallett, again discussing the time-traveler hypothesis in the contexts of pseudoarchaeology and pseudohistory. In the same year, the episode “Time Benders” from season 18 of the same series aired on History, exploring other aspects of the concept and featuring more speakers and accounts, including Dr Michael Masters himself and British journalist and Ministry of Defence civil servant Nick Pope, who in the episode linked the Rendlesham Forest incident in the UK and the Cabo Valdés Case in Chile with the time-traveler hypothesis, a connection he also explored in his 2014 book (written with John Burroughs, USAF, Ret., and Jim Penniston, USAF, Ret.) Encounter in Rendlesham Forest: The Inside Story of the World's Best-Documented UFO Incident, published by St. Martin's Press.[36]

In 2013, the Huffington Post published an article[37] describing some aspects of the time-traveler hypothesis, partly inspired by the earlier Ancient Aliens' episode. In the article, the author also reports an online conspiracy theory about how U.S. Navy Commander George W. Hoover allegedly revealed to his son, George Hoover, Jr. and later to ufologist William J. Birnes, that the Roswell incident may have involved human beings from the future rather than aliens and that he believed those “beings” were not extraterrestrial, but rather "extratemporal" in nature. The article goes on linking Hoover's story to other alleged UFO sightings and UFO abduction accounts with similar statements and reports about aliens actually being “humans of the future who have found the technology to overcome the limitations of light speed and time travel paradoxes that keep present day humans from breaching the boundaries of time” and that their “often-humanoid appearance may suggest a link between the way we look today, and what we might look like thousands of years from now.”

In his 2019 book Identified Flying Objects: A Multidisciplinary Scientific Approach to the UFO Phenomenon and subsequent 2022 volume The Extratempestrial Model, American professor of biological anthropology Dr. Michael P. Masters from the Montana Technological University in Butte, Montana explored more in depth various aspects of the time-traveler hypothesis, including pseudoscientific ancient astronauts theories and possible future develoment scenarios of human anatomy such as brain growth, craniofacial evolution, bipedalism, paedomorphism and more.[38] Dr Masters and his theory were featured on many podcasts, such as Sean Patrick Hazlett's podcast Through the Glass Darkly[39], the UFO Rabbit Hole hosted by Kelly Chase,[40] and The Cryptid Factor co-hosted by New Zealand journalist David Farrier, comedian Rhys Darby, producers Dan Schreiber and Leon 'Buttons' Kirkbeck.[41] His books were covered on American media as well as international.[42][2][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]

File:Stephen-Colbert-Steven-Spielberg-The-Late-Show-publicity-H-2023.jpg
Stephen Colbert and Steven Spielberg on The Late Show

In 2020 WatchMojo published a video on the topic.[51] In the same year, TNW also published an article about Masters' extratempestrial model.[52]

In June 2022, British ESA astronaut Tim Peake acknowledged the time-traveler hypothesis in an interview on Good Morning Britain.[53]

In a 2023 interview with Stephen Colbert from The Late Show, American filmmaker Steven Spielberg expressed his support for the theory.[54]

Terminology and overlap with other theories

While in his books and publications Dr Masters uses the neologism "Extratempestrial" to describe his model and the alleged beings piloting the UFOs, the overall idea has been dubbed "the time-traveler hypothesis" by executive director of nonprofit Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), Jan Harzan.

"Masters postulates that using a multidisciplinary scientific approach to the UFO phenomenon will be what it takes to solve this mystery once and for all, and I couldn't agree more. (...) The premise that UFOs are us from the future is one of many possibilities that MUFON is exploring to explain the UFO phenomenon. All we know for sure is that we are not alone. (...) Now the question becomes, 'Who are they?' And Masters makes a great case for the time-traveler hypothesis."[2]

The time-traveler hypothesis and the interdimensional hypothesis share some commonalities and overlap by a certain degree. People in the ufology community, such as former MUFON director for the state of Pennsylvania John Ventre in an interview with KDKA News Radio,[55] and American parapsychologist and engineer Harold E. Puthoff in his recent online publication Ultraterrestrial Models,[56] refer to the two somewhat interchangeably. Dr Masters stated that he considers the interdimensional hypothesis to be a more general category of the extratempestrial model.[57] Indeed, from a more scientific standpoint, albeit controversially, within the framework of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, temporal paradoxes could be avoided if the time traveler would move from one dimension, or parallel universe, or timeline, to another.

Generally, the lack of an exact epistemological definition for the various hypotheses can at times lead to inauccuracies and somewhat vague terminology. For example, in a hypothetical future scenario in which human civilization expands beyond Earth, or even abandons it in favor of space colonies, humans who (time) traveled back to Earth could also be considered extraterrestrials, especially so if spacefaring will result in long lasting changes in their physiology[58][59][60][61] via evolutionary pressure. In which case, both the extraterrestrial hypothesis and the extratempestrial model would apply and offer equally appropriate categorization.

Criticism

Although, arguably the time-traveler hypothesis isn't more far-fetched than other more popular UFO hypothesis such as the extraterrestrial or the interdimensional hypotheses, it remains somehwat "periferal" even in the ufology community, and is generally considered pseudoscience by the scientific community.

UFO sceptic and writer Robert Sheaffer criticises Masters' work and his deduction about UFOs (and humanity's) evolutionary history for being solely based on the premise of witness accounts and stating that "there is nothing in this book to take seriously, as it depends on the belief that 'time travel' is not only possible, but real."[2]

British astronomer and science writer David J. Darling has stated that the extraterrestrial hypothesis and the time-travel hypothesis are equally reasonable yet highly unlikely and unnecessary and that, although certain aerial phenomena have indeed eluded identification, there is no apparent reason to justify the claim that they're artificial and/or not of this world. Furthermore, he added that "if some UFOs are 'alien' craft, it's just as reasonable to suppose that they might be time machines from our own future than that they're spacecraft from other stars. The problem is the 'if.' (...) Outside of the popular mythos of flying saucers and archetypal, big-brained aliens, there's precious little credible evidence that they exist. So, my issue with the (Masters') book is not the ingenuity of its thesis, but the fact that there's really no need for such a thesis in the first place."[2]

Referring to the Rendlesham incident, science writer and UFO skeptic Ian Ridpath wrote that time-traveling UFO allegations from retired sergeant Jim Penniston's hypnosis session may have been influenced by him watching the sci-fi film Official Denial (which aired in 1993 and released on video in May 1994, a few months before Penniston's claim surfaced in September of the same year), suggesting a Life imitates art situation, with the film causing Penniston's false memory.[62][63]

In February 2022, American futurist and science communicator Isaac Arthur was a guest on the episode 23 Are Aliens Just Time Traveling Humans of the podcast It's Probably (not) Aliens commenting on the odds against the time-travel hypothesis, specifically within the framework of debunking the concept as it was exposed on the ‘Time Travel’ episode of the Ancient Aliens series.[64]

When asked about the plausibility of UFOs being humans traveling from the future, quantum physicist Fabio Costa from the University of Queensland, Australia, said[65]: "In a sense, traveling back in time requires two doors, one in the future and one in the past. You can only travel back if someone has opened the door to the past. So, people from the future cannot visit us... unless someone has already invented a time machine and nobody knows! (...) That leaves open the question: where is the time machine?"

In Gregory Benford’s 1980 novel Timescape, the fictional scientist Saul Shriffer and alleged colleague of Frank Drake during the SETI Project Ozma, believes that the signal is of extraterrestrial origin, while it's really being sent thirty-four years into the past by humans in the future.

In his 1984 science fiction/fantasy novel Birds of Prey American author David Drake describes six sterile and mutually telepathic sisters who time travel back in time to save humanity from an intelligent but monstrous alien species similar to social insects. The plot suggests that in the future humanity evolves to be quite different from its present form and that the six sisters, along with many other future humans, had become more similar to the insectoid aliens, somewhat of a hybrid between hominids and worker ants or bees, in their attempt to fight them for survival.

In Michael Crichton's 1987 novel Sphere (and subsequent film adaptation of the same name), what was thought to be an alien craft at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean turns out to be a ship sent by humans from the future.

In 1993, SyFy (at the time "Sci-Fi Channel") produced their first original TV film,[66] Official Denial, directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith and written by Bryce Zabel, in which a man named Paul Corliss, played by Parker Stevenson, is abducted by aliens who at the end of the movie are revealed to be humans from the future.

The English progressive rock band Yes wrote a song titled Aliens (Are Only Us from the Future) entirely dedicated to the subject. The track had been performed during Yes's In the Present world tour, but was never released, until the band's bassist Chris Squire decided to finally published it in 2012 together with English rock band Genesis’s guitarist Steve Hackett and Travis singer Fran Healy as co-writer,[67] calling it simply “Aliens”, on their only studio album, A Life Within A Day.[68]

Jordan Peele's 2022 horror movie Nope contains a direct reference to "futuristic humans coming back in time to stop us from destroying the planet."[69]

The 2014 movie Interstellar contains deus ex machina beings, referred to by the characters of the movie as "they", who built the tesseract environment inside the supermassive black hole Gargantua and possibly placed the wormhole near Saturn that will lead the crew of the Endurance to three potentially habitable exoplanets. Athough it is left to interpretation whether these superior beings, called bulk-beings by American physicist Kip Thorne in The Science of Interstellar,[70] are a transdimensional or alien species, they are later revealed by the protagonist Cooper to be humans in the future who evolved to exist in five dimensions guiding him and his daughter Murph through the necessary steps to crack the equation of quantum gravity and save humanity.

See also

References

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  7. ^ Livy. "The History of Rome, Book 21, Chapter 62". Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014. (Ab Urbe Condita Libri)
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  9. ^ Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome (2015). "The Sea Above". In Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome; Duckert, Lowell (eds.). Elemental Ecocriticism: Thinking with Earth, Air, Water, and Fire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1452945675. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2022. p. 108: The Annals of Ulster, for example, laconically state that 'ships with their crews were seen in the air.'
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  13. ^ Tobar, Costa 205011, Germain, Fabio (2020). "Reversible dynamics with closed time-like curves and freedom of choice". Class. Quantum Grav. 37 (20): 205011. arXiv:2001.02511. Bibcode:2020CQGra..37t5011T. doi:10.1088/1361-6382/aba4bc. S2CID 210064633. Retrieved September 11, 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  29. ^ Achenbach, Joel (August 11, 2021). "UFO Mania Is Out of Control. Please Stop". www.washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post Magazine. Retrieved July 25, 2023. spaceships from somewhere else in the universe, or perhaps from the future, and could even be future humans, such as grad students getting their PhDs in paleoanthropology.
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  36. ^ Pope, Nick; John Burroughs, USAF, Ret.; Jim Penniston, USAF, Ret. (March 3, 2015). Encounter in Rendlesham Forest: The Inside Story of the World's Best-Documented UFO Incident. Manhattan, NY: St. Martin's Press. pp. 121–124, 239–242. ISBN 9781250063311. Retrieved August 1, 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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Category:Ufology Category:Time travel Category:Pseudoscience Category:Extraterrestrial life

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