Blood–saliva barrier: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|A semipermeable border that allows selective passage of blood constituents into the saliva and back}}
{{Short description|A semipermeable border that allows selective passage of blood constituents into the saliva and back}}
{{Draft topics|chemistry|medicine-and-health}}
{{AfC topic|stem}}
{{AfC submission|||ts=20231101103022|u=Maxim Masiutin|ns=118}}
{{AfC submission|t||ts=20231101101519|u=Maxim Masiutin|ns=118|demo=}}<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. -->


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The '''blood-saliva barrier''' (BSB) is a biological barrier that consists of the epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands, and provides physiological separation between blood vessels and the saliva in the oral cavity.<ref name="pmid32842479">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, Stadler K, Giese U, Peham JR, Bingle L, Neuhaus W |title=An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies |journal=Biomedicines |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages= |date=August 2020 |pmid=32842479 |pmc=7555419 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines8090302 |url=}}</ref>

⚫
The '''blood-saliva barrier''' (BSB) is a biological barrier that consists of the epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands, and provides physiological separation between blood vessels and the saliva in the oral cavity.<ref name="pmid32842479">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, Stadler K, Giese U, Peham JR, Bingle L, Neuhaus W |title=An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies |journal=Biomedicines |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages= |date=August 2020 |pmid=32842479 |pmc=7555419 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines8090302 |url=}}</ref>


The BSB is a protective mechanism that helps maintain the integrity and stability of the blood and prevents the exchange of certain substances between the bloodstream and saliva. The barrier is primarily formed by the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels and the epithelial cells lining the oral mucosa.<ref name="pmid32314665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin GC, Leitgeb T, Vladetic A, Friedl HP, Rhodes N, Rossi A, Roblegg E, Neuhaus W |title=Optimization of an oral mucosa in vitro model based on cell line TR146 |journal=Tissue Barriers |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=1748459 |date=April 2020 |pmid=32314665 |pmc=7549749 |doi=10.1080/21688370.2020.1748459 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid32842479"/>
The BSB is a protective mechanism that helps maintain the integrity and stability of the blood and prevents the exchange of certain substances between the bloodstream and saliva. The barrier is primarily formed by the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels and the epithelial cells lining the oral mucosa.<ref name="pmid32314665">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin GC, Leitgeb T, Vladetic A, Friedl HP, Rhodes N, Rossi A, Roblegg E, Neuhaus W |title=Optimization of an oral mucosa in vitro model based on cell line TR146 |journal=Tissue Barriers |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=1748459 |date=April 2020 |pmid=32314665 |pmc=7549749 |doi=10.1080/21688370.2020.1748459 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid32842479"/>
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The ability of BSB of preventing the transport of certain molecules from blood to saliva while allowing the transport of the other has practical application on measuring steroids which are unbound ("free") and have biological activity. An example of such molecule is cortisol, which is lipophilic, and is transported bound to [[transcortin]] (also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin) and [[albumin]], while only a small part of the total serum cortisol is unbound and has biological activity.<ref name="pmid29194043">{{cite journal | vauthors = Verbeeten KC, Ahmet AH | title = The role of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency | journal = Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–115 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29194043 | doi = 10.1515/jpem-2017-0270 | s2cid = 28588420 }}</ref> This binding to the corticosteroid-binding globulin is accomplished through hydrophobic interactions in which cortisol binds in a 1:1 ratio.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Henley D, Lightman S, Carrell R | title = Cortisol and CBG - Getting cortisol to the right place at the right time | journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 166 | pages = 128–135 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27411675 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.020 | hdl = 1983/d7ed507d-52d5-496b-ae1f-de220ae1b190 | url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/183969438/CBG_Final_Henley_revised_submitted2.pdf }}</ref> Serum cortisol assays measures total cortisol, and its results may be misleading for patients with altered serum protein concentrations. The salivary cortisol test avoids this problem because only free cortisol can pass through the blood-saliva barrier<ref name="pmid30904918">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Medeiros GF, Lafenêtre P, Janthakhin Y, Cerpa JC, Zhang CL, Mehta MM, Mortessagne P, Helbling JC, Ferreira G, Moisan MP |title=Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency Specifically Impairs Contextual and Recognition Memory Consolidation in Male Mice |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=322–332 |date=2019 |pmid=30904918 |doi=10.1159/000499827 |s2cid=85498121 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21371536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henley DE, Lightman SL |title=New insights into corticosteroid-binding globulin and glucocorticoid delivery |journal=Neuroscience |volume=180 |issue= |pages=1–8 |date=April 2011 |pmid=21371536 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.053 |s2cid=26843500 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid34684123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salzano C, Saracino G, Cardillo G |title=Possible Adrenal Involvement in Long COVID Syndrome |journal=Medicina (Kaunas) |volume=57 |issue=10 |date=October 2021 |page=1087 |pmid=34684123 |pmc=8537520 |doi=10.3390/medicina57101087 |url= |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid19632788">{{cite journal |vauthors=Granger DA, Hibel LC, Fortunato CK, Kapelewski CH |title=Medication effects on salivary cortisol: tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1437–48 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19632788 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017 |s2cid=3100315 |url=}}</ref> Transcortin particles are too large to pass through this barrier, <ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0962728600030657 |title=Can non-invasive glucocorticoid measures be used as reliable indicators of stress in animals? |date=2006 |last1=Lane |first1=J. |journal=Animal Welfare |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=331–342 |s2cid=80026053 }}</ref> which consists of epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands.<ref name="pmid32842479">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, Stadler K, Giese U, Peham JR, Bingle L, Neuhaus W |title=An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies |journal=Biomedicines |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages= |date=August 2020 |pmid=32842479 |pmc=7555419 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines8090302 |url=}}</ref>
The ability of BSB of preventing the transport of certain molecules from blood to saliva while allowing the transport of the other has practical application on measuring steroids which are unbound ("free") and have biological activity. An example of such molecule is cortisol, which is lipophilic, and is transported bound to [[transcortin]] (also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin) and [[albumin]], while only a small part of the total serum cortisol is unbound and has biological activity.<ref name="pmid29194043">{{cite journal | vauthors = Verbeeten KC, Ahmet AH | title = The role of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency | journal = Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–115 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29194043 | doi = 10.1515/jpem-2017-0270 | s2cid = 28588420 }}</ref> This binding to the corticosteroid-binding globulin is accomplished through hydrophobic interactions in which cortisol binds in a 1:1 ratio.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Henley D, Lightman S, Carrell R | title = Cortisol and CBG - Getting cortisol to the right place at the right time | journal = Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 166 | pages = 128–135 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27411675 | doi = 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.020 | hdl = 1983/d7ed507d-52d5-496b-ae1f-de220ae1b190 | url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/183969438/CBG_Final_Henley_revised_submitted2.pdf }}</ref> Serum cortisol assays measures total cortisol, and its results may be misleading for patients with altered serum protein concentrations. The salivary cortisol test avoids this problem because only free cortisol can pass through the blood-saliva barrier<ref name="pmid30904918">{{cite journal |vauthors=de Medeiros GF, Lafenêtre P, Janthakhin Y, Cerpa JC, Zhang CL, Mehta MM, Mortessagne P, Helbling JC, Ferreira G, Moisan MP |title=Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency Specifically Impairs Contextual and Recognition Memory Consolidation in Male Mice |journal=Neuroendocrinology |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=322–332 |date=2019 |pmid=30904918 |doi=10.1159/000499827 |s2cid=85498121 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21371536">{{cite journal |vauthors=Henley DE, Lightman SL |title=New insights into corticosteroid-binding globulin and glucocorticoid delivery |journal=Neuroscience |volume=180 |issue= |pages=1–8 |date=April 2011 |pmid=21371536 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.053 |s2cid=26843500 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid34684123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salzano C, Saracino G, Cardillo G |title=Possible Adrenal Involvement in Long COVID Syndrome |journal=Medicina (Kaunas) |volume=57 |issue=10 |date=October 2021 |page=1087 |pmid=34684123 |pmc=8537520 |doi=10.3390/medicina57101087 |url= |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid19632788">{{cite journal |vauthors=Granger DA, Hibel LC, Fortunato CK, Kapelewski CH |title=Medication effects on salivary cortisol: tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1437–48 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19632788 |doi=10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017 |s2cid=3100315 |url=}}</ref> Transcortin particles are too large to pass through this barrier, <ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0962728600030657 |title=Can non-invasive glucocorticoid measures be used as reliable indicators of stress in animals? |date=2006 |last1=Lane |first1=J. |journal=Animal Welfare |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=331–342 |s2cid=80026053 }}</ref> which consists of epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands.<ref name="pmid32842479">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, Stadler K, Giese U, Peham JR, Bingle L, Neuhaus W |title=An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies |journal=Biomedicines |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages= |date=August 2020 |pmid=32842479 |pmc=7555419 |doi=10.3390/biomedicines8090302 |url=}}</ref>



== References ==
== References ==

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[[Category:Medical]]
[[Category:Saliva]]

Revision as of 11:56, 1 November 2023

The blood-saliva barrier (BSB) is a biological barrier that consists of the epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands, and provides physiological separation between blood vessels and the saliva in the oral cavity.[1]

The BSB is a protective mechanism that helps maintain the integrity and stability of the blood and prevents the exchange of certain substances between the bloodstream and saliva. The barrier is primarily formed by the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels and the epithelial cells lining the oral mucosa.[2][1]

In vitro models of the BSB are used to investigate and understand the transport of salivary biomarkers from blood to saliva.[3][1]

The ability of BSB of preventing the transport of certain molecules from blood to saliva while allowing the transport of the other has practical application on measuring steroids which are unbound ("free") and have biological activity. An example of such molecule is cortisol, which is lipophilic, and is transported bound to transcortin (also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin) and albumin, while only a small part of the total serum cortisol is unbound and has biological activity.[4] This binding to the corticosteroid-binding globulin is accomplished through hydrophobic interactions in which cortisol binds in a 1:1 ratio.[5] Serum cortisol assays measures total cortisol, and its results may be misleading for patients with altered serum protein concentrations. The salivary cortisol test avoids this problem because only free cortisol can pass through the blood-saliva barrier[6][7][8][9] Transcortin particles are too large to pass through this barrier, [10] which consists of epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, Stadler K, Giese U, Peham JR, Bingle L, Neuhaus W (August 2020). "An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies". Biomedicines. 8 (9). doi:10.3390/biomedicines8090302. PMC 7555419. PMID 32842479.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ Lin GC, Leitgeb T, Vladetic A, Friedl HP, Rhodes N, Rossi A, Roblegg E, Neuhaus W (April 2020). "Optimization of an oral mucosa in vitro model based on cell line TR146". Tissue Barriers. 8 (2): 1748459. doi:10.1080/21688370.2020.1748459. PMC 7549749. PMID 32314665.
  3. ^ Lin GC, Küng E, Smajlhodzic M, Domazet S, Friedl HP, Angerer J, Wisgrill L, Berger A, Bingle L, Peham JR, Neuhaus W (February 2021). "Directed Transport of CRP Across In Vitro Models of the Blood-Saliva Barrier Strengthens the Feasibility of Salivary CRP as Biomarker for Neonatal Sepsis". Pharmaceutics. 13 (2). doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13020256. PMC 7917918. PMID 33673378.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ Verbeeten KC, Ahmet AH (January 2018). "The role of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 31 (2): 107–115. doi:10.1515/jpem-2017-0270. PMID 29194043. S2CID 28588420.
  5. ^ Henley D, Lightman S, Carrell R (October 2016). "Cortisol and CBG - Getting cortisol to the right place at the right time" (PDF). Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 166: 128–135. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.020. hdl:1983/d7ed507d-52d5-496b-ae1f-de220ae1b190. PMID 27411675.
  6. ^ de Medeiros GF, Lafenêtre P, Janthakhin Y, Cerpa JC, Zhang CL, Mehta MM, Mortessagne P, Helbling JC, Ferreira G, Moisan MP (2019). "Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency Specifically Impairs Contextual and Recognition Memory Consolidation in Male Mice". Neuroendocrinology. 109 (4): 322–332. doi:10.1159/000499827. PMID 30904918. S2CID 85498121.
  7. ^ Henley DE, Lightman SL (April 2011). "New insights into corticosteroid-binding globulin and glucocorticoid delivery". Neuroscience. 180: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.053. PMID 21371536. S2CID 26843500.
  8. ^ Salzano C, Saracino G, Cardillo G (October 2021). "Possible Adrenal Involvement in Long COVID Syndrome". Medicina (Kaunas). 57 (10): 1087. doi:10.3390/medicina57101087. PMC 8537520. PMID 34684123.
  9. ^ Granger DA, Hibel LC, Fortunato CK, Kapelewski CH (November 2009). "Medication effects on salivary cortisol: tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34 (10): 1437–48. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017. PMID 19632788. S2CID 3100315.
  10. ^ Lane, J. (2006). "Can non-invasive glucocorticoid measures be used as reliable indicators of stress in animals?". Animal Welfare. 15 (4): 331–342. doi:10.1017/S0962728600030657. S2CID 80026053.
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