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''Sphaeropsis tumefaciens'' var. ''citri'' {{Au|N.D. Sharma, Curr. Sci. 43(12): 382 (1974)}}
''Sphaeropsis tumefaciens'' var. ''citri'' {{Au|N.D. Sharma, Curr. Sci. 43(12): 382 (1974)}}
}}
}}
'''''Cophinforma tumefaciens''''' is an [[ascomycete]] fungus that is a [[plant pathogen]] infecting citruses,<ref>{{cite web |title=''Cophinforma tumefaciens'' (SPHOTU)[Overview]{{!}} EPPO Global Database |url=https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SPHOTU |website=gd.eppo.int |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> and other shrubs.
'''''Cophinforma tumefaciens''''' is an [[ascomycete]] fungus that is a [[plant pathogen]] infecting citruses,<ref>{{cite web |title=''Cophinforma tumefaciens'' (SPHOTU)[Overview]{{!}} EPPO Global Database |url=https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SPHOTU |website=gd.eppo.int |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> and other shrubs and trees.


It was published in 1911, as ''Sphaeropsis tumefaciens'' before being transferred to ''Cophinforma tumefaciens'' in 2021.<ref name=Zhao/>
It was published in 1911, as ''Sphaeropsis tumefaciens'' before being transferred to ''Cophinforma tumefaciens'' in 2021.<ref name=Zhao/>


It can form [[galls]] (rounded swellings beneath undisturbed bark) on Edison's St. John's-Wort (''[[Hypericum edisonianum]]'' {{Au|(Small) Adams & Robson}}) in Florida.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van de Kerckhove |first1=G.A. |last2=Smither-Kopperl |first2=M.L. |last3=Kistler |first3=H.C. |title=First Report of ''Sphaeropsis tumefaciens'' on an Endangered St. John's-Wort in Florida |journal=Plant Disease |date=October 2002 |volume=86 |issue=10 |page=1177 |doi=10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1177B |pmid=30818521}}</ref> Disease symptoms range from inconspicuous swellings on young twigs to irregular sized galls on older wood. Multiple shoots come out from the galled areas, causing a ''witches broom'' type of growth. Horizontal branches can ''tip up'' to grow nearly vertically and dieback of infected branches eventually occurs.<ref name=Palmers/> The disease is related to water stress, causing more dieback and can cause the plant to eventually die. This often occurs when warm, wet weather follows periods of drought.<ref>{{cite web |title=ENY-2055/IN1310: Galling Damage to Woody Ornamentals: Diagnosis and Potential Causes |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1310 |website=edis.ifas.ufl.edu |access-date=3 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
It can form [[galls]] (rounded swellings beneath undisturbed bark) on Edison's St. John's-Wort (''[[Hypericum edisonianum]]'' {{Au|(Small) Adams & Robson}}) in Florida.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van de Kerckhove |first1=G.A. |last2=Smither-Kopperl |first2=M.L. |last3=Kistler |first3=H.C. |title=First Report of ''Sphaeropsis tumefaciens'' on an Endangered St. John's-Wort in Florida |journal=Plant Disease |date=October 2002 |volume=86 |issue=10 |page=1177 |doi=10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1177B |pmid=30818521}}</ref> 'Sphaeropsis gall' also affects holly bushes as well.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Figart |first1=Larry |title=Garden Help: Clean pruning tools often to reduce spread of disease |url=https://eu.jacksonville.com/story/lifestyle/home-garden/how-to/2022/03/12/garden-help-clean-pruning-tools-often-reduce-spread-disease/9438352002/ |website=The Florida Times-Union |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> Many other plant genera in Florida are also know to be affected by this disease, including citrus,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burnet |first1=H.C. |title=Sphaeropsis knot of Citrus in Florida. |journal=Plant Pathology Circular |date=1971 |volume=106}}</ref> oleander, holly,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=H.N. |last2=McRitchie |first2=J.J. |last3=Seymour |first3=C.P. |title=Sphaeropsis witches' broom of Holly. |journal=Plant Pathology Circular |date=1977 |volume=176}}</ref> bottlebrush,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ridings |first1=W.H. |last2=Marlatt |first2=R.B. |title=Sphaeropsis gall of bottlebrush. |journal=Plant Pathology Circular |date=1975 |volume=150.}}</ref> [[Carissa]], [[crape myrtle]], Ligustrum and the Brazilian Peppertree (''[[Schinus terebinthifolius]]'').<ref name=Palmers>{{cite web |title=Palmer's Garden: Holly & Witches Broom Gall |url=https://palmersgarden.blogspot.com/2009/05/holly-witches-broom-gall.html |website=Palmer's Garden |access-date=3 September 2023 |date=19 May 2009}}</ref> as well as ''[[Callistemon]]'' spp., rose bay (''[[Nerium oleander]]'') and avocado (''[[Persea americana]]'' {{Au|Mill}}).<ref name=EFSA/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fucikovsky |first1=L. |title=Tumor caused by ''Sphaeropsis tumefaciens'' on avocado. |journal=Revista Mexicana de Micología |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=181–185.}}</ref>


Disease symptoms range from inconspicuous swellings on young twigs to irregular sized galls on older wood. Multiple shoots come out from the galled areas, causing a ''witches broom'' type of growth.<ref name=Palmers/> Galls can form up to 40 shoots.<ref name=EFSA/> Horizontal branches can also ''tip up'' to grow nearly vertically and dieback of infected branches eventually occurs.<ref name=Palmers/> The knots can occur in large numbers and a severe infection can lead to death of the tree or shrub.<ref name=EFSA/> The disease is related to water stress, causing more dieback and can cause the plant to eventually die. This often occurs when warm, wet weather follows periods of drought.<ref>{{cite web |title=ENY-2055/IN1310: Galling Damage to Woody Ornamentals: Diagnosis and Potential Causes |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1310 |website=edis.ifas.ufl.edu |access-date=3 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
Sphaeropsis gall also affects holly bushes as well.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Figart |first1=Larry |title=Garden Help: Clean pruning tools often to reduce spread of disease |url=https://eu.jacksonville.com/story/lifestyle/home-garden/how-to/2022/03/12/garden-help-clean-pruning-tools-often-reduce-spread-disease/9438352002/ |website=The Florida Times-Union |access-date=3 September 2023}}</ref> Many other plant genera in Florida are also know to be affected by this disease, including oleander, holly, bottlebrush, citrus, [[Carissa]], [[crape myrtle]], Ligustrum and the Brazilian Peppertree.<ref name=Palmers>{{cite web |title=Palmer's Garden: Holly & Witches Broom Gall |url=https://palmersgarden.blogspot.com/2009/05/holly-witches-broom-gall.html |website=Palmer's Garden |access-date=3 September 2023 |date=19 May 2009}}</ref>

The disease has been reported as being found in the USA (within Florida), Cameroon, [[Ceylon]], Cuba,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Valle |first1=N. |last2=Grillo |first2=H. |last3=Gonzales |first3=A. |last4=Mas |first4=O. |last5=Rios |first5=A. |title=Citrus knots in Cuba. |journal=Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture |date=1981 |volume=1 |pages=362–366.}}</ref> Egypt, Guyana, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodriguez |first1=SD |last2=Rodriguez |first2=R. |last3=Melendez |first3=P.L. |title=Suitability of Citrus species as hosts of ''Sphaeropsis tumefaciens'' Hedges. |journal=Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico |date=1985 |volume=69 |pages=57–61.}}</ref> and Venezuela.<ref name=EFSA>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Richard |last2=Caffier |first2=David |last3=Choiseul |first3=James William |last4=De Clercq |first4=Patrick |last5=Dormannsné-Simon |first5=Erzsébet |last6=Gerowitt |first6=Bärbel |last7=Karadjova |first7=Olia Evtimova |last8=Lövei |first8=Gábor |last9=Lansink |first9=Alfons Oude |last10=Makowski |first10=David |last11=Manceau |first11=Charles |last12=Manici |first12=Luisa |last13=Perdikis |first13=Dionyssios |last14=Puglia |first14=Angelo Porta |last15=Schans |first15=Jan |last16=Schrader |first16=Gritta |last17=Steffek |first17=Robert |last18=Strömberg |first18=Anita |last19=Tiilikkala |first19=Kari |last20=van Lenteren |first20=Johan Coert |last21=Vloutoglou |first21=Irene |title=Pest risk assessment made by France on ''Phyllosticta musarum'' [Cooke] van der Aa considered by France as harmful in French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) |journal=EFSA Journal |date=2008 |volume=683 |pages=1-16 |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2008.683}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 19:22, 3 September 2023

Cophinforma tumefaciens
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Ascomycota
Class:
Dothideomycetes
Order:
Botryosphaeriales
Family:
Botryosphaeriaceae
Genus:
Cophinforma
Species:
C. tumefaciens
Binomial name
Cophinforma tumefaciens (Hedges) F. Liu, Crous & L. Cai, 2021 [1]
Hedges, (1911)
Synonyms

Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Hedges, Phytopathology 1: 64 (1911) Sphaeropsis tumefaciens var. citri N.D. Sharma, Curr. Sci. 43(12): 382 (1974)

Cophinforma tumefaciens is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen infecting citruses,[2] and other shrubs and trees.

It was published in 1911, as Sphaeropsis tumefaciens before being transferred to Cophinforma tumefaciens in 2021.[1]

It can form galls (rounded swellings beneath undisturbed bark) on Edison's St. John's-Wort (Hypericum edisonianum (Small) Adams & Robson) in Florida.[3] 'Sphaeropsis gall' also affects holly bushes as well.[4] Many other plant genera in Florida are also know to be affected by this disease, including citrus,[5] oleander, holly,[6] bottlebrush,[7] Carissa, crape myrtle, Ligustrum and the Brazilian Peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius).[8] as well as Callistemon spp., rose bay (Nerium oleander) and avocado (Persea americana Mill).[9][10]

Disease symptoms range from inconspicuous swellings on young twigs to irregular sized galls on older wood. Multiple shoots come out from the galled areas, causing a witches broom type of growth.[8] Galls can form up to 40 shoots.[9] Horizontal branches can also tip up to grow nearly vertically and dieback of infected branches eventually occurs.[8] The knots can occur in large numbers and a severe infection can lead to death of the tree or shrub.[9] The disease is related to water stress, causing more dieback and can cause the plant to eventually die. This often occurs when warm, wet weather follows periods of drought.[11]

The disease has been reported as being found in the USA (within Florida), Cameroon, Ceylon, Cuba,[12] Egypt, Guyana, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico,[13] and Venezuela.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b Zhao, Crous, Hou, Duan, Cai, Ma & Liu, Persoonia 47: 57 (2021)
  2. ^ "Cophinforma tumefaciens (SPHOTU)[Overview]| EPPO Global Database". gd.eppo.int. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  3. ^ van de Kerckhove, G.A.; Smither-Kopperl, M.L.; Kistler, H.C. (October 2002). "First Report of Sphaeropsis tumefaciens on an Endangered St. John's-Wort in Florida". Plant Disease. 86 (10): 1177. doi:10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1177B. PMID 30818521.
  4. ^ Figart, Larry. "Garden Help: Clean pruning tools often to reduce spread of disease". The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  5. ^ Burnet, H.C. (1971). "Sphaeropsis knot of Citrus in Florida". Plant Pathology Circular. 106.
  6. ^ Miller, H.N.; McRitchie, J.J.; Seymour, C.P. (1977). "Sphaeropsis witches' broom of Holly". Plant Pathology Circular. 176.
  7. ^ Ridings, W.H.; Marlatt, R.B. (1975). "Sphaeropsis gall of bottlebrush". Plant Pathology Circular. 150..
  8. ^ a b c "Palmer's Garden: Holly & Witches Broom Gall". Palmer's Garden. 19 May 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  9. ^ a b c d Baker, Richard; Caffier, David; Choiseul, James William; De Clercq, Patrick; Dormannsné-Simon, Erzsébet; Gerowitt, Bärbel; Karadjova, Olia Evtimova; Lövei, Gábor; Lansink, Alfons Oude; Makowski, David; Manceau, Charles; Manici, Luisa; Perdikis, Dionyssios; Puglia, Angelo Porta; Schans, Jan; Schrader, Gritta; Steffek, Robert; Strömberg, Anita; Tiilikkala, Kari; van Lenteren, Johan Coert; Vloutoglou, Irene (2008). "Pest risk assessment made by France on Phyllosticta musarum [Cooke] van der Aa considered by France as harmful in French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Plant Health European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)". EFSA Journal. 683: 1–16. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.683.
  10. ^ Fucikovsky, L. (1994). "Tumor caused by Sphaeropsis tumefaciens on avocado". Revista Mexicana de Micología. 10: 181–185.
  11. ^ "ENY-2055/IN1310: Galling Damage to Woody Ornamentals: Diagnosis and Potential Causes". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  12. ^ De Valle, N.; Grillo, H.; Gonzales, A.; Mas, O.; Rios, A. (1981). "Citrus knots in Cuba". Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture. 1: 362–366.
  13. ^ Rodriguez, SD; Rodriguez, R.; Melendez, P.L. (1985). "Suitability of Citrus species as hosts of Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Hedges". Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico. 69: 57–61.


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