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==History==
==History==
The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by [[Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky]] in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as ''Graphideae''.<ref name=Hazlinsky/>
The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by [[Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky]] in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as ''Graphideae''.<ref name=Hazlinsky/> In 1907, they were established as an [[Order (biology)|order]] by American botanist [[Charles Edwin Bessey|Bessey]] (1845–1915),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bessey |first1=C.E |title=A synopsis of plant phyla |journal=Nebraska University Studies |date=1907 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=275–373}}</ref> <ref name="biotanz">{{cite web |title=Graphidales Bessey 1907 - Biota of NZ |url=https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/scientific-names/cd6a12cc-65f3-472f-84bc-ed9c7c54c149 |website=biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz |access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref>


When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the ''Graphidaceae'' and ''Thelotremataceae'' who were mainly tropical based and each family had about 800-1000 species.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aptroot |first1=A. |last2=Kärnefelt |first2=I. |last3=Tibell |first3=L. |title=Ascomycete Systematics |date=1994 |publisher=Springer |location=Boston, MA. |pages=393–396 |chapter=Caliciales, Graphidales, and Teloschistales}}</ref>
When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the ''Graphidaceae'' and ''Thelotremataceae'' who were mainly tropical based and each family had about 800-1000 species.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aptroot |first1=A. |last2=Kärnefelt |first2=I. |last3=Tibell |first3=L. |title=Ascomycete Systematics |date=1994 |publisher=Springer |location=Boston, MA. |pages=393–396 |chapter=Caliciales, Graphidales, and Teloschistales}}</ref>
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Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that ''Graphidaceae'' and ''Thelotremataceae'' were non-monophyletic and consequently ''Thelotremataceae'' was included in ''Graphidaceae'' as a synonym. ''Graphidaceae'' also included subfamilies ''Fissurinoideae'' and ''Graphidoideae''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Plata |first1=Eimy Rivas |last2=Parnmen |first2=Sittiporn |last3=Staiger |first3=Bettina |last4=Mangold |first4=Armin |last5=Frisch |first5=Andreas |last6=Weerakoon |first6=Gothamie |last7=Hernández |first7=Jesús E. M. |last8=Cáceres |first8=Marcela E. S. |last9=Kalb |first9=Klaus |last10=Sipman |first10=Harrie J. M. |last11=Common |first11=Ralph S. |last12=Nelsen |first12=Matthew P. |last13=Lücking |first13=Robert |last14=Lumbsch |first14=H. Thorsten |title=A molecular phylogeny of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales) including 428 species |journal=MycoKeys |date=23 April 2013 |volume=6 |pages=55-94 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.6.3482}}</ref><ref name="Frey 2016">{{cite book |editor-last1=Frey |editor-first1=Wolfgang |last1=Jaklitsch |first1=Walter |last2=Baral |first2=Hans-Otto |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |author-link4=Helge Thorsten Lumbsch |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H. Thorsten |title=Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien |publisher=Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers |publication-place=Berlin Stuttgart |volume=1/2 |year=2016 |edition=13 |isbn=978-3-443-01089-8 |oclc=429208213 |page=141}}</ref> Families ''Redonographaceae'' and ''Gomphillaceae'' were added in 2020.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>
Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that ''Graphidaceae'' and ''Thelotremataceae'' were non-monophyletic and consequently ''Thelotremataceae'' was included in ''Graphidaceae'' as a synonym. ''Graphidaceae'' also included subfamilies ''Fissurinoideae'' and ''Graphidoideae''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Plata |first1=Eimy Rivas |last2=Parnmen |first2=Sittiporn |last3=Staiger |first3=Bettina |last4=Mangold |first4=Armin |last5=Frisch |first5=Andreas |last6=Weerakoon |first6=Gothamie |last7=Hernández |first7=Jesús E. M. |last8=Cáceres |first8=Marcela E. S. |last9=Kalb |first9=Klaus |last10=Sipman |first10=Harrie J. M. |last11=Common |first11=Ralph S. |last12=Nelsen |first12=Matthew P. |last13=Lücking |first13=Robert |last14=Lumbsch |first14=H. Thorsten |title=A molecular phylogeny of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales) including 428 species |journal=MycoKeys |date=23 April 2013 |volume=6 |pages=55-94 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.6.3482}}</ref><ref name="Frey 2016">{{cite book |editor-last1=Frey |editor-first1=Wolfgang |last1=Jaklitsch |first1=Walter |last2=Baral |first2=Hans-Otto |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |author-link4=Helge Thorsten Lumbsch |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H. Thorsten |title=Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien |publisher=Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers |publication-place=Berlin Stuttgart |volume=1/2 |year=2016 |edition=13 |isbn=978-3-443-01089-8 |oclc=429208213 |page=141}}</ref> Families ''Redonographaceae'' and ''Gomphillaceae'' were added in 2020.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>

⚫
Family ''Gomphillaceae'' was originally based on a single species, ''[[Gomphillus calycioides]]'' (Watson, 1929), which is an unusual taxon growing over [[bryophytes]].<ref name="Xavier">{{cite journal |last1=Xavier-Leite |first1=Amanda Barreto |last2=Cáceres |first2=Marcela Eugenia da Silva b |last3=Aptroot |first3=André |last4=Moncada |first4=Bibiana |last5=Lücking |first5=Robert |last6=Goto |first6=Bruno Tomio |title=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family ''Gomphillaceae'' (Ascomycota: Graphidales) suggests post-K–Pg boundary diversification and phylogenetic signal in asexual reproductive structures |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=March 2022 |volume=168 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107380}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
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It includes a common asexual fungus ''[[Lawreya glyphidiphila]]'' which is described as growing on lichenized fungi ''[[Glyphis scyphulifera]]''.<ref name=Diederich/>
It includes a common asexual fungus ''[[Lawreya glyphidiphila]]'' which is described as growing on lichenized fungi ''[[Glyphis scyphulifera]]''.<ref name=Diederich/>

⚫
Family ''Gomphillaceae'' was originally based on a single species, ''[[Gomphillus calycioides]]'' (Watson, 1929), which is an unusual taxon growing over [[bryophytes]].<ref name="Xavier">{{cite journal |last1=Xavier-Leite |first1=Amanda Barreto |last2=Cáceres |first2=Marcela Eugenia da Silva b |last3=Aptroot |first3=André |last4=Moncada |first4=Bibiana |last5=Lücking |first5=Robert |last6=Goto |first6=Bruno Tomio |title=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family ''Gomphillaceae'' (Ascomycota: Graphidales) suggests post-K–Pg boundary diversification and phylogenetic signal in asexual reproductive structures |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=March 2022 |volume=168 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107380}}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
They are mainly found in warmer regions living on bark.<ref name=Allaby/>
They are mainly found in warmer regions living on bark.<ref name=Allaby/>
Genera in the order of Graphidales has been found worldwide,<ref>{{cite web |title=Graphidales |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/10835964 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=4 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> from North America (including [[Florida]],<ref name=Diederich>{{cite journal |last1=Diederich |first1=Paul |last2=Common |first2=Ralph S. |last3=Braun |first3=Uwe |last4=Heuchert |first4=Bettina |last5=Millanes |first5=Ana |last6=Suija |first6=Ave |last7=Ertz |first7=Damien |title=Lichenicolous fungi from Florida growing on Graphidales |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |date=2019 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=249–282 |doi=10.2478/pfs-2019-0021}}</ref>), South America (including Costa Rica,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provisional determination keys for the Graphidales of Costa Rica |url=https://archive.bgbm.org/BGBM/STAFF/Wiss/Sipman/Zschackia/Diorygma/intro.htm |access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref> [[Guianas]],<ref>H.J.M. Sipman, (1994), New Graphidales (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Guianas and nearby areas. Studies on the flora of the Guianas no 79. Acta Bot. Fenn. 150: 165-172</ref>), Africa (including South Africa,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Medeiros |first1=Ian D. |last2=Lutzoni |first2=François |title=Contribution to a modern treatment of ''Graphidaceae'' biodiversity in South Africa: genera of tribe Graphideae with hyaline ascospores |journal=The Lichenologist |date=29 November 2022 |volume=54 |issue=5 (African Lichenology) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=253-270 |doi=10.1017/S0024282922000263}}</ref>), Asia (including ''[[Diploschistes]]'' from China,<ref>Xue Shu, Ke Wei. (2023). A new species of the lichen genus Diploschistes from China. 41. 1932-1940. </ref> [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Santosh |last2=Jayalal |first2=Udeni |last3=Oh |first3=Soon-Ok |last4=Nguyen |first4=Thi Thuy |last5=Dzung |first5=Nguyen Anh |last6=Hur |first6=Jae-Seoun |title=The lichen genus ''Graphis'' from Vietnam |journal=MYCOTAXON |date=July–September 2013 |volume=125 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.5248/125.69}}</ref> and species of ''Graphidaceae'' in [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weerakoon |first1=Gothamie |last2=Wijeyaratne |first2=S. Chandrani |last3=Wolseley |first3=Patricia A. |last4=Plata |first4=Eimy Rivas |last5=Lücking |first5=Robert |last6=Lumbsch |first6=H. Thorsten |title=Six new species of ''Graphidaceae'' from Sri Lanka |journal=The Bryologist |date=2012 |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=74-83 |publisher=The American Bryological and Lichenological Society}}</ref> [[Thailand]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=PAPONG |first1=KHWANRUAN BUTSATORN |last2=MANGOLD |first2=ARMIN |last3=LÜCKING |first3=ROBERT |last4=LUMBSCH |first4=H. THORSTEN |title=New species and new records of thelotremoid Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Thailand |journal=Phytotaxa |date=19 December 2014 |volume=189 |issue=1 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.16}}</ref> ) and Australia.
Genera in the order of Graphidales has been found worldwide,<ref>{{cite web |title=Graphidales |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/10835964 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=4 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> from North America (including [[Florida]],<ref name=Diederich>{{cite journal |last1=Diederich |first1=Paul |last2=Common |first2=Ralph S. |last3=Braun |first3=Uwe |last4=Heuchert |first4=Bettina |last5=Millanes |first5=Ana |last6=Suija |first6=Ave |last7=Ertz |first7=Damien |title=Lichenicolous fungi from Florida growing on Graphidales |journal=Plant and Fungal Systematics |date=2019 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=249–282 |doi=10.2478/pfs-2019-0021}}</ref>), South America (including Costa Rica,<ref>{{cite web |title=Provisional determination keys for the Graphidales of Costa Rica |url=https://archive.bgbm.org/BGBM/STAFF/Wiss/Sipman/Zschackia/Diorygma/intro.htm |access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref> [[Guianas]],<ref>H.J.M. Sipman, (1994), New Graphidales (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Guianas and nearby areas. Studies on the flora of the Guianas no 79. Acta Bot. Fenn. 150: 165-172</ref>), Africa (including South Africa,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Medeiros |first1=Ian D. |last2=Lutzoni |first2=François |title=Contribution to a modern treatment of ''Graphidaceae'' biodiversity in South Africa: genera of tribe Graphideae with hyaline ascospores |journal=The Lichenologist |date=29 November 2022 |volume=54 |issue=5 (African Lichenology) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=253-270 |doi=10.1017/S0024282922000263}}</ref>), Asia (including ''[[Diploschistes]]'' from China,<ref>Xue Shu, Ke Wei. (2023). A new species of the lichen genus ''Diploschistes'' from China. 41. 1932-1940. </ref> [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=Santosh |last2=Jayalal |first2=Udeni |last3=Oh |first3=Soon-Ok |last4=Nguyen |first4=Thi Thuy |last5=Dzung |first5=Nguyen Anh |last6=Hur |first6=Jae-Seoun |title=The lichen genus ''Graphis'' from Vietnam |journal=Mycotaxon |date=July–September 2013 |volume=125 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.5248/125.69}}</ref> and species of ''Graphidaceae'' in [[Sri Lanka]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weerakoon |first1=Gothamie |last2=Wijeyaratne |first2=S. Chandrani |last3=Wolseley |first3=Patricia A. |last4=Plata |first4=Eimy Rivas |last5=Lücking |first5=Robert |last6=Lumbsch |first6=H. Thorsten |title=Six new species of ''Graphidaceae'' from Sri Lanka |journal=The Bryologist |date=2012 |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=74-83 |publisher=The American Bryological and Lichenological Society}}</ref> [[Thailand]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Papong |first1=Khwanruan Butsatorn |last2=Mangold |first2=Armin |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H. Thorsten |title=New species and new records of thelotremoid ''Graphidaceae'' (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Thailand |journal=Phytotaxa |date=19 December 2014 |volume=189 |issue=1 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.16}}</ref>) Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="biotanz"/>


Species of family ''Gomphillaceae'' are found in north-eastern Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, [[Panama]] and Cuba.<ref name="Xavier"/>
Species of family ''Gomphillaceae'' are found in north-eastern Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, [[Panama]] and Cuba.<ref name="Xavier"/>
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{{div col}}
{{div col}}
*''[[Actinoplaca]]'' {{Au|Müll. Arg.}} (2)
*''[[Actinoplaca]]'' {{Au|Müll. Arg.}} (2)
*''[[Aderkomyces]]'' {{Au|Bat.}} (30) –
*''[[Aderkomyces]]'' {{Au|Bat.}} (30)
*''[[Aplanocalenia]]'' {{Au|Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda}} (1) –
*''[[Aplanocalenia]]'' {{Au|Lücking, Sérus. & Vězda}} (1)
*''[[Arthotheliopsis]]'' {{Au|Vain.}} (5)
*''[[Arthotheliopsis]]'' {{Au|Vain.}} (5)
*''[[Asterothyrium]]'' {{Au|Müll. Arg.}} (32)
*''[[Asterothyrium]]'' {{Au|Müll. Arg.}} (32)
Line 160: Line 160:


===[[Thelotremataceae]] {{Au|Stizenb.}} (1862)===
===[[Thelotremataceae]] {{Au|Stizenb.}} (1862)===
{{div col}}
*''[[Astrochapsa]]'' {{Au|Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch}} (29)
*''[[Astrochapsa]]'' {{Au|Parnmen, Lücking & Lumbsch}} (29)
*''[[Chapsa]]'' {{Au|A. Massal.}} (ca. 60)
*''[[Chapsa]]'' {{Au|A. Massal.}} (ca. 60)
Line 166: Line 167:
*''[[Leucodecton]]'' {{Au|A. Massal.}} (31)
*''[[Leucodecton]]'' {{Au|A. Massal.}} (31)
*''[[Paratopeliopsis]]'' {{Au|Merc.-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen}} (1)
*''[[Paratopeliopsis]]'' {{Au|Merc.-Díaz, Lücking & Parnmen}} (1)
*''[[Thelotrema]]'' {{Au|Ach.}} (imcludes ''Tremotylium'' {{Au|Nyl.}}) (165)
*''[[Thelotrema]]'' {{Au|Ach.}} (includes ''Tremotylium'' {{Au|Nyl.}}) (165)
{{div col end}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 20:43, 3 April 2023

Graphidales
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Graphidales
Hazlinszky, F.A. (1884)[1]
Families

Diploschistaceae
Fissurinaceae
Gomphillaceae
Graphidaceae
Redonographaceae
Thelotremataceae

Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species.[2]

History

The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as Graphideae.[1] In 1907, they were established as an order by American botanist Bessey (1845–1915),[3] [4]

When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae who were mainly tropical based and each family had about 800-1000 species.[5]

In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of class Lecanoromycetes were examined by using mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing which found that orders Graphidales and Ostropales were monophyletic.[6]

Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were non-monophyletic and consequently Thelotremataceae was included in Graphidaceae as a synonym. Graphidaceae also included subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae.[7][8] Families Redonographaceae and Gomphillaceae were added in 2020.[2]

Description

Most species in the order are lichens which have a thallus (vegetative tissue) which is crustose and ascocarps (fruiting body) which are apothecioid (cup-shaped).[9]

The Graphidaceae are mostly epiphytic lichens with trentepohlioid photobiont (i.e., filamentous, multicellular green algae from genus Trentepohlia) and graphidoid, distoseptate (forming a layer) ascospores.[10][11]

It includes a common asexual fungus Lawreya glyphidiphila which is described as growing on lichenized fungi Glyphis scyphulifera.[12]

Family Gomphillaceae was originally based on a single species, Gomphillus calycioides (Watson, 1929), which is an unusual taxon growing over bryophytes.[13]

Distribution

They are mainly found in warmer regions living on bark.[9] Genera in the order of Graphidales has been found worldwide,[14] from North America (including Florida,[12]), South America (including Costa Rica,[15] Guianas,[16]), Africa (including South Africa,[17]), Asia (including Diploschistes from China,[18] Vietnam,[19] and species of Graphidaceae in Sri Lanka,[20] Thailand,[21]) Australia and New Zealand.[4]

Species of family Gomphillaceae are found in north-eastern Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba.[13]

Families and genera

This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Graphidales, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification.[2] Following the taxon name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and (for genera) the number or estimated number of species:

Diploschistaceae Zahlbr (1905)

Fissurinaceae (Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lumbsch) B.P. Hodk. (2012)

Gomphillaceae Walt. Watson (1984)

Graphidaceae Dumort. (1822)

Redonographaceae (Lücking, Tehler & Lumbsch) Lumbsch (2020)

Thelotremataceae Stizenb. (1862)

References

  1. ^ a b Hazlinszky, F.A. 1884. A Magyar Birodalom Zuzmo-Flórája. Budapest: Kiadja A K. M. Temezsettüdományi tärsulat. v–viii + 1–304.
  2. ^ a b c Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  3. ^ Bessey, C.E (1907). "A synopsis of plant phyla". Nebraska University Studies. 7 (4): 275–373.
  4. ^ a b "Graphidales Bessey 1907 - Biota of NZ". biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  5. ^ Aptroot, A.; Kärnefelt, I.; Tibell, L. (1994). "Caliciales, Graphidales, and Teloschistales". Ascomycete Systematics. Boston, MA.: Springer. pp. 393–396.
  6. ^ Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Schmitt, Imke; Palice, Zdenek; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Ekman, Stefan; Wedin, Mats (June 2004). "Supraordinal phylogenetic relationships of Lecanoromycetes based on a Bayesian analysis of combined nuclear and mitochondrial sequences". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31 (3): 822–32. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.001.
  7. ^ Plata, Eimy Rivas; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Staiger, Bettina; Mangold, Armin; Frisch, Andreas; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Hernández, Jesús E. M.; Cáceres, Marcela E. S.; Kalb, Klaus; Sipman, Harrie J. M.; Common, Ralph S.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (23 April 2013). "A molecular phylogeny of Graphidaceae (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales) including 428 species". MycoKeys. 6: 55–94. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.6.3482.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.). Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. p. 141. ISBN 978-3-443-01089-8. OCLC 429208213.
  9. ^ a b Michael Allaby (Editor) A Dictionary of Plant Sciences (2012), p. 224, at Google Books
  10. ^ "Home | Graphidaceae collections". graphidaceae.fieldmuseum.org. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  11. ^ Jaklitsch, W.M.; Gardiennet, A.; Voglmayr, H. (2016). "Resolution of morphology-based taxonomic delusions: Acrocordiella, Basiseptospora, Blogiascospora, Clypeosphaeria, Hymenopleella, Lepteutypa, Pseudapiospora, Requienella, Seiridium and Strickeria". Persoonia: Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 37: 82‑105. doi:10.3767/003158516X690475. PMC 5238940. PMID 28100927.
  12. ^ a b Diederich, Paul; Common, Ralph S.; Braun, Uwe; Heuchert, Bettina; Millanes, Ana; Suija, Ave; Ertz, Damien (2019). "Lichenicolous fungi from Florida growing on Graphidales". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 64 (2): 249–282. doi:10.2478/pfs-2019-0021.
  13. ^ a b Xavier-Leite, Amanda Barreto; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva b; Aptroot, André; Moncada, Bibiana; Lücking, Robert; Goto, Bruno Tomio (March 2022). "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Phylogenetic revision of the lichenized family Gomphillaceae (Ascomycota: Graphidales) suggests post-K–Pg boundary diversification and phylogenetic signal in asexual reproductive structures". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 168. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107380.
  14. ^ "Graphidales". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  15. ^ "Provisional determination keys for the Graphidales of Costa Rica". Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  16. ^ H.J.M. Sipman, (1994), New Graphidales (lichenized Ascomycotina) from the Guianas and nearby areas. Studies on the flora of the Guianas no 79. Acta Bot. Fenn. 150: 165-172
  17. ^ Medeiros, Ian D.; Lutzoni, François (29 November 2022). "Contribution to a modern treatment of Graphidaceae biodiversity in South Africa: genera of tribe Graphideae with hyaline ascospores". The Lichenologist. 54 (5 (African Lichenology)). Cambridge University Press: 253–270. doi:10.1017/S0024282922000263.
  18. ^ Xue Shu, Ke Wei. (2023). A new species of the lichen genus Diploschistes from China. 41. 1932-1940.
  19. ^ Joshi, Santosh; Jayalal, Udeni; Oh, Soon-Ok; Nguyen, Thi Thuy; Dzung, Nguyen Anh; Hur, Jae-Seoun (July–September 2013). "The lichen genus Graphis from Vietnam". Mycotaxon. 125: 69–80. doi:10.5248/125.69.
  20. ^ Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wijeyaratne, S. Chandrani; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Plata, Eimy Rivas; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "Six new species of Graphidaceae from Sri Lanka". The Bryologist. 115 (1). The American Bryological and Lichenological Society: 74–83.
  21. ^ Papong, Khwanruan Butsatorn; Mangold, Armin; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (19 December 2014). "New species and new records of thelotremoid Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from Thailand". Phytotaxa. 189 (1). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.189.1.16.

??Category:Graphidales]] Category:Ascomycota orders]] Category:Taxa described in 1884]] Category:Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth]]

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