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==Hosts==
==Hosts==
In 1999, swollen, fissured cankers on branches of ''[[Eucalyptus nitens]]'' (about 14-19 years old) growing on the West Coast of [[South Island]], New
In 1999, swollen, fissured cankers on branches of ''[[Eucalyptus nitens]]'' (about 14-19 years old) growing on the West Coast of [[South Island]], New
Zealand. The fungal genus of ''Sarcostroma was first recorded from [[Rotoiti, Bay of Plenty|Rotoehu Forest]] in 1986 and was associated with galling on branches and leaf veins of ''[[Eucalyptus stenostoma''. A specimen on twigs of ''[[Eucalyptus regnans]]'' from the Rotorua area was also recorded in the Forest Research Mycological Herbarium in 1988. On this host, the fungus was associated with twig lesions and minor dieback. A further collection of the fungus was made in 1998 in the Nelson bio-region where it was associated with minor dieback of a species of Eucalyptus from a mixed stand of ''[[Eucalyptus delegatensis]]'', ''Eucalyptus nitens'' and ''Eucalyptus regnans''.<ref name="NZ">{{cite web |last1=Bradbury |first1=Paul |last2=Dick |first2=Margaret |title=NZ Farm Forestry - Disease affects eucalypts in South Island |url=https://www.nzffa.org.nz/farm-forestry-model/the-essentials/forest-health-pests-and-diseases/forestry-diseases/Sarcostroma/Sarcostroma-FHnews86/ |website=www.nzffa.org.nz |access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref>
Zealand. The fungal genus of ''Sarcostroma was first recorded from [[Rotoiti, Bay of Plenty|Rotoehu Forest]], on the [[North Island]] in 1986 and was associated with galling on branches and leaf veins of ''[[Eucalyptus stenostoma]]''. A specimen on twigs of ''[[Eucalyptus regnans]]'' from the [[Rotorua]] area was also recorded by the Forest Research Mycological Herbarium in 1988. On this host (''E. regnans''), the fungus was associated with twig lesions and minor dieback. A further collection of the fungus was made in 1998 in the [[Nelson Lakes National Park]], South Island where it was associated with minor dieback of a species of Eucalyptus from a mixed stand of ''[[Eucalyptus delegatensis]]'', ''Eucalyptus nitens'' and also ''Eucalyptus regnans''.<ref name="NZ">{{cite web |last1=Bradbury |first1=Paul |last2=Dick |first2=Margaret |title=NZ Farm Forestry - Disease affects eucalypts in South Island |url=https://www.nzffa.org.nz/farm-forestry-model/the-essentials/forest-health-pests-and-diseases/forestry-diseases/Sarcostroma/Sarcostroma-FHnews86/ |website=www.nzffa.org.nz |access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref>

In 2003, ''[[Griphosphaerioma|Griphosphaerioma zelkovicola'' (another fungi in the family [[Amphisphaeriaceae]]) that has ''Sarcostroma'' as an [[anamorph]] was first observed in Japan on the bark of ''[[Zelkova serrata]]'' tree.<ref name="Ono2003">{{cite journal |last1=Ono |first1=Yasunori |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Takao |title=Notes on new and noteworthy plant-inhabiting fungi from Japan (2): ''Griphosphaerioma zelkovicola'' sp. nov. with ''Sarcostroma'' anamorph isolated from bark of ''Zelkova serrata'' |journal=Mycoscience |date=April 2003 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=109-114 |doi=10.1007/S10267-003-0093-4}}</ref>


Eight pestalotioid fungi were isolated from the [[Restionaceae]] (flowering plants) growing in the Western Cape Province nature reserves of South Africa. They included ''[[Pestalotiopsis matildae]]'', ''Sarcostroma lomatiae'', ''Sarcostroma restionis'', ''[[Truncatella betulae]]'',''[[Truncatella hartigii]]'', ''[[Truncatella megaspora]]'', ''[[Truncatella restionacearum]]'' and ''[[Truncatella spadicea]]''. ''Sarcostroma lomatiae'' {{Au|(McAlpine) Nag Raj}} was hosted on ''[[Lomatia ilicifolia]] ([[Proteaceae]] family) and ''[[Ischyrolepis]]'' cf. gaudichaudiana (Restionaceae family). ''Sarcostroma restionis'' {{Au|S. Lee & Crous}} was hosted on ''Ischyrolepis'' cf. sieberi and ''[[Restio filiformis]]'' (Restionaceae). To clarify and identify the phylogenetic relationships between these and other related pestalotioid fungi, DNA sequence data was used. It also determined that a ''Discostroma'' species was the [[teleomorphic]] state of either ''Seimatosporium'' or ''Sarcostroma'' genus.<ref name="Lee2006"/>
Eight pestalotioid fungi were isolated from the [[Restionaceae]] (flowering plants) growing in the Western Cape Province nature reserves of South Africa. They included ''[[Pestalotiopsis matildae]]'', ''Sarcostroma lomatiae'', ''Sarcostroma restionis'', ''[[Truncatella betulae]]'',''[[Truncatella hartigii]]'', ''[[Truncatella megaspora]]'', ''[[Truncatella restionacearum]]'' and ''[[Truncatella spadicea]]''. ''Sarcostroma lomatiae'' {{Au|(McAlpine) Nag Raj}} was hosted on ''[[Lomatia ilicifolia]] ([[Proteaceae]] family) and ''[[Ischyrolepis]]'' cf. gaudichaudiana (Restionaceae family). ''Sarcostroma restionis'' {{Au|S. Lee & Crous}} was hosted on ''Ischyrolepis'' cf. sieberi and ''[[Restio filiformis]]'' (Restionaceae). To clarify and identify the phylogenetic relationships between these and other related pestalotioid fungi, DNA sequence data was used. It also determined that a ''Discostroma'' species was the [[teleomorphic]] state of either ''Seimatosporium'' or ''Sarcostroma'' genus.<ref name="Lee2006"/>

Revision as of 14:34, 8 March 2023

Sarcostroma
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Order:
Amphisphaeriales
Family:
Sporocadaceae
Genus:
Sarcostroma

Type species
Sarcostroma berkeleyi
Cooke, 1871

Sarcostroma is a genus of fungi in the family Sporocadaceae.[2]

Sarcostroma Cooke, Type species is Sarcostroma berkeleyi Cooke.[3]

Notes – Species of this genus are saprobes, endophytes, pathogens on leaves (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016b,[4] Norphanphoun et al. 2015,[5] Farr & Rossman 2019).[6] Sarcostroma was resurrected to accommodate several fungal species characterised by fusoid (having a spindle-like shaped) conidia with four or more cells, having pigmented median cells and paler, thin-walled end cells, bearing an attenuated tubular apical appendage and a similar excentric basal appendage (Nag Raj 1993).[7] The holotype of the genus has been reported lost and epitypification is needed (Liu et al. 2019a).[8][3]

The genus Sarcostroma is retained as separate from Seimatosporium (another Sporocadaceae family genus).

The inter-generic relationships and generic status of pestalotioid fungi (Bartalinia, Monochaetia (Sacc.) Allesch., Pestalotia, Pestalotiopsis, Sarcostroma, Seimatosporium, Truncatella) have been the subject of considerable debate in the past. This has been largely due to different generic concepts, and inadequate or overlapping morphological characters used to delineate the genera (Steyaert 1949, Guba 1961, Sutton 1980, Nag Raj 1993, Jeewon et al. 2002). Recent studies employing rDNA sequence data have, however, clarified the confusion, and provided a more complete understanding of the generic circumscriptions for pestalotioid fungi (Jeewon et al. 2002, 2003, 2004).Template:Need to reword [9]

The genus Sarcostroma was introduced by Cooke in 1872. Sutton (1980),[10] reduced Sarcostroma to synonymy with Seimatosporium that accommodated species having 2–5-septate conidia with only a basal appendage, or without any appendages. He acknowledged the heterogeneity of the genus, and anticipated that Seimatosporium would later be subdivided. Sarcostroma was reintroduced by Nag Raj (1993),[11] to accommodate some of the species classified under Seimatosporium. He retained Seimatosporium for species having a mixture of conidia with and without appendages in a single isolate, and Sarcostroma for species having multi-septate, fusiform conidia with attenuated centric apical and excentric basal appendages. Three collections treated in this study had 4-septate conidia with single centric apical and excentric basal appendages.[9]

Distribution

It has a scattered distribution, located in both tropical and temperate regions.[4] Species have been found in America (North, Central and South), Europe, Africa (including South Africa,[9]), Asia (including Japan,[12]), New Zealand,[13] and a lot of recordings in Australia.[14]

Hosts

In 1999, swollen, fissured cankers on branches of Eucalyptus nitens (about 14-19 years old) growing on the West Coast of South Island, New Zealand. The fungal genus of Sarcostroma was first recorded from Rotoehu Forest, on the North Island in 1986 and was associated with galling on branches and leaf veins of Eucalyptus stenostoma. A specimen on twigs of Eucalyptus regnans from the Rotorua area was also recorded by the Forest Research Mycological Herbarium in 1988. On this host (E. regnans), the fungus was associated with twig lesions and minor dieback. A further collection of the fungus was made in 1998 in the Nelson Lakes National Park, South Island where it was associated with minor dieback of a species of Eucalyptus from a mixed stand of Eucalyptus delegatensis, Eucalyptus nitens and also Eucalyptus regnans.[13]

In 2003, [[Griphosphaerioma|Griphosphaerioma zelkovicola (another fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae) that has Sarcostroma as an anamorph was first observed in Japan on the bark of Zelkova serrata tree.[12]

Eight pestalotioid fungi were isolated from the Restionaceae (flowering plants) growing in the Western Cape Province nature reserves of South Africa. They included Pestalotiopsis matildae, Sarcostroma lomatiae, Sarcostroma restionis, Truncatella betulae,Truncatella hartigii, Truncatella megaspora, Truncatella restionacearum and Truncatella spadicea. Sarcostroma lomatiae (McAlpine) Nag Raj was hosted on Lomatia ilicifolia (Proteaceae family) and Ischyrolepis cf. gaudichaudiana (Restionaceae family). Sarcostroma restionis S. Lee & Crous was hosted on Ischyrolepis cf. sieberi and Restio filiformis (Restionaceae). To clarify and identify the phylogenetic relationships between these and other related pestalotioid fungi, DNA sequence data was used. It also determined that a Discostroma species was the teleomorphic state of either Seimatosporium or Sarcostroma genus.[9]

Species

In 2020, there were 17 species,[3] more have been added. List as accepted by Species Fungorum;[15]

Former species (all within the Sporocadaceae family);[15]

References

  1. ^ Journal of the Quekett microsc. Club 2: 267 (1871)
  2. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  3. ^ a b c Chethana, Thilini (14 November 2022). "Sarcostroma - Facesoffungi number: FoF 13579". Faces Of Fungi. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  4. ^ a b Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Bhat, Jayarama D.; Dayarathne, Monika C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Norphanphoun, Chada; Senanayake, Indunil C. (2016-06-03). "Families of Sordariomycetes". Fungal Diversity. 79 (1): 1–317. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6. ISSN 1560-2745.
  5. ^ Norphanphoun, C.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Daranagama, A.; Bulgakov, T.S.; Bhat, D.J.; Bahkali, A.H.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2015). "Towards a backbone tree for Seimatosporium, with S. physocarpi sp. nov". Mycosphere. 6 (3): 385–400.
  6. ^ Farr, D. F.; Rossman, A. Y. (2019). "Fungal Databases". Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., ARS, USDA. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  7. ^ Nag Raj, T.R. 1993: Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-bearing Conidia. Mycologue Publications.
  8. ^ Liu, Fang; Bonthond, G.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Cai, L.; Crous, P.W. (March 2019). "Sporocadaceae, a family of coelomycetous fungi with appendage-bearing conidia". Studies in Mycology. 92: 287–415. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2018.11.001.
  9. ^ a b c d Lee, Seonju; Crous, Pedro W.; Wingfield, Michael J. (May 2006). "Pestalotioid fungi from Restionaceae in the Cape Floral Kingdom". Studies in Mycology. 55: 175–187. doi:10.3114/sim.55.1.175.
  10. ^ BC Sutton, The Coelomycetes: Fungi imperfecti with pycnidia, acervuli, and stromata, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, U.K. (1980)
  11. ^ TR Nag Raj, Coelomycetous anamorphs with appendage-bearing conidia, Mycologue Publications, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (1993)
  12. ^ a b Ono, Yasunori; Kobayashi, Takao (April 2003). "Notes on new and noteworthy plant-inhabiting fungi from Japan (2): Griphosphaerioma zelkovicola sp. nov. with Sarcostroma anamorph isolated from bark of Zelkova serrata". Mycoscience. 44 (2): 109–114. doi:10.1007/S10267-003-0093-4.
  13. ^ a b Bradbury, Paul; Dick, Margaret. "NZ Farm Forestry - Disease affects eucalypts in South Island". www.nzffa.org.nz. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  14. ^ "Sarcostroma Cooke". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Sarcostroma - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 6 March 2023.

Category:Amphisphaeriales

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