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CUT continues to hold quarterly retreats at the Royal Teton Ranch and to hold Summit University sessions and retreats for teens and young adults around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=http://royaltetonranch.com/about-royal-teton-ranch/|access-date=2020-12-12|website=Royal Teton Ranch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Summit University {{!}} About|url=http://summituniversity.org/donate/about-us/|access-date=2020-12-12}}</ref>
CUT continues to hold quarterly retreats at the Royal Teton Ranch and to hold Summit University sessions and retreats for teens and young adults around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=http://royaltetonranch.com/about-royal-teton-ranch/|access-date=2020-12-12|website=Royal Teton Ranch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Summit University {{!}} About|url=http://summituniversity.org/donate/about-us/|access-date=2020-12-12}}</ref>

== The Summit Lighthouse ==
{{anchor|The Summit Lighthouse}}
The Summit Lighthouse is an international spiritual organization founded on August 7, 1958, by Prophet. Today it is the outreach arm of CUT, which was founded in 1975 by Prophet's wife [[Elizabeth Clare Prophet]]. The stated mission of The Summit Lighthouse is to "publish and apply the teachings of the [[Ascended Master|ascended masters]] as taught by Mark and Elizabeth Clare Prophet."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/thesummitlighthouse|title=The Summit Lighthouse - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> “Ascended masters” are believed to be individuals who have lived in physical bodies, acquired the wisdom and mastery needed to become immortal and free of the cycles of "re-embodiment" and karma, and have attained their "Ascension." The Ascension is considered to be the complete permanent union of the purified inner self with the "I AM" Presence – an identity that is the unique Individualization of God of each person—and to have [[Entering heaven alive|gone to heaven without having to die]], termed "raising one's body".<ref>Prophet, Mark & Elizabeth. ''Climb the Highest Mountain'' Summit University Press 1972</ref>


== Branches ==
== Branches ==

Revision as of 10:47, 30 January 2023

Church Universal and Triumphant
Formation1975
TypeNew Religious Movement (Ascended Master Teachings religion)
Founder
Elizabeth Clare Prophet

The Church Universal and Triumphant (CUT) is an international New Age religious organization founded in 1975 by Elizabeth Clare Prophet. It is an outgrowth (and is now the corporate parent) of The Summit Lighthouse, founded in 1958 by Prophet's husband, Mark L. Prophet. Its beliefs reflect features of the traditions of Theosophy and New Thought.[1] The church's headquarters is located near Gardiner, Montana, and the church has local congregations in more than 20 countries.

Definition and classification

The Church Universal and Triumphant is classified as a new religious movement,[2] while the geographers Starrs and Wright termed it a sect.[3] It has also been described as a New Age organization.[4] Melton characterised it as part of the "Western metaphysical tradition".[5]

The Catholic Church originated the phrase "Church Militant and Church Triumphant" to refer to Christians in Heaven. In 1895, Mary Baker Eddy used the terms "universal" and "triumphant" in her first Church Manual as referring to the church she founded. In the 1903 edition of this work, she capitalized these terms, referring to her church as the "Church Universal and Triumphant".[6] In 1919 Alice A. Bailey, in what some students of esotericism view as a reference to the future organization, prophesied that the religion of the New Age would appear by the end of the 20th century and it would be called the Church Universal.[7] However Bailey's phrase was "Church Universal," rather than "Church Universal and Triumphant," and on page 152 of Bailey's "A Treatise on White Magic," she indicated that her "Church Universal" was not a church or conventional organization at all but a subjectivity or mystical entity: "It is that inner group of lovers of God, the intellectual mystics, the knowers of reality who belong to no one religion or organization, but who regard themselves as members of the Church universal and as 'members one of another.'" The name "Church Universal and Triumphant" was announced by Elizabeth Clare Prophet on July 2, 1973, in a message from the ascended master Portia.[8]

Theology

Gordon Melton lists the Church Universal and Triumphant as a religion of the Ancient Wisdom tradition akin to Theosophy and the "I AM" Activity.[9]

The church's theology is a syncretistic belief system, including elements of Buddhism, Christianity, esoteric mysticism and alchemy, with a belief in angels and elementals (or spirits of nature). It centers on communications received from Ascended Masters through the Holy Spirit. Many of the Ascended Masters, such as Sanat Kumara, Maitreya, Djwal Khul, El Morya, Kuthumi, Paul the Venetian, Serapis Bey, the Master Hilarion, the Master Jesus and Saint Germain, have their roots in Theosophy and the writings of Madame Blavatsky, C.W. Leadbeater, and Alice A. Bailey. Others, such as Buddha, Confucius, Lanto and Lady Master Nada, were identified as Ascended Masters in the "I AM" Activity or the Bridge to Freedom. Some, such as Lady Master Lotus and Lanello, are Ascended Masters who were first identified as such by Elizabeth Clare Prophet. All in all, she identified more than 200 Ascended Masters that were not identified as Masters of the Ancient Wisdom in the original teachings of Theosophy.[10]

Mark Prophet, and later his wife, claimed to be Messengers of the Ascended Masters. As such they are able to communicate with the Masters and deliver their instruction to the world. Dictations described as coming directly from the Masters were published weekly as Pearls of Wisdom.[citation needed]

Group members practice prayers, affirmations, mantras and a dynamic form of prayer known as "decrees". These serve many purposes: devotion, calling on angels for protection, calling forth the light of God on the earth, praying for healing, for wisdom, seeking to know God's will and for the transmutation of negative karma. One of the most important uses of decrees is to invoke the violet flame, claimed to be the most effective method of balancing karma built up in the past. The doctrine of the Seven Rays is also taught, as well as teachings about the chakras and reincarnation.[11]

History

Origins

The Church Universal and Triumphant was strongly influenced by two earlier religious movements, Theosophy and I AM.[12] Theosophy had been established largely by Helena Blavatsky, a woman born in the Russian Empire but who moved to the United States. There, during the 1880s, she presented the claim that she had been contacted by spiritual adepts known as the Masters and that she was relaying their messages through her publications.[13]

I AM adopted the idea of Ascended Masters from Theosophy.[13] In 1929, an American named Guy Ballard claimed to have encountered an Ascended Master named Saint Germaine while on Mount Shasta in California. He subsequently began delivering messages to his followers that he maintained were from these Ascended Masters.[14][15] It was Ballard, the scholar of religion J. Gordon Melton claimed, who was responsible for "developing much of the Church [of Universal and Triumphant]'s thought and practice".[5] I AM taught that the Ascended Masters had designated the United States as the place where the new golden age of humanity would begin.[16] Its political stance was right-wing, characterised by firm American patriotism and strident anti-communism, features that would influence the CUT.[17] Ballard died in 1939.[18][15] While I AM became embroiled in legal issues, new groups formed from people claiming to be Messengers from the Ascended Masters during the 1940s and 1950s.[19]

Mark Prophet

Mark Prophet, the founder of the organization that became the CUT, had been involved in one of the factions that splintered from I AM in the 1950s.[16] This was Francis Ekey's Lighthouse of Freedom, which had established formal classes in 1954.[20] In its newsletter, I AM the Lighthouse of Freedom, the group anonymously published messengers allegedly channeled from the Ascended Masters; Prophet was the one responsible for providing these messages.[20] Raised into a working-class Pentecostal family, Prophet was an Army Air Corps veteran from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.[20] He alleged that the Ascended Master El Morya had first appeared before him when he was driving spikes on the railway line near Chippewa Falls, asking him to serve their cause.[21] Whitsel described Prophet as one of "the most prominent competing Messengers" from the Ascended Masters amid the vacuum caused by Ballard's death.[21]

Mark Prophet claimed he was first contacted by the Ascended Masters at the age of 18. In 1945 he joined the Rosicrucians under Max Heindel, working in a branch in Saint Louis, Missouri. He later affiliated with the Self-Realization Fellowship. In 1952 Prophet founded a group known as the Ashram, sending out periodic letters received from the Ascended Masters, in particular El Morya.[22] In about 1956 Mark Prophet came in contact with The Bridge to Freedom, an offshoot of the I AM Activity led by Geraldine Innocente. Prophet studied with the Bridge until 1958 while also continuing with his own Ashram group. On August 7, 1958, Mark sent the final communication to the members of the Ashram, announcing the establishment of The Summit Lighthouse. The founding meeting of The Summit Lighthouse was held in Philadelphia on August 7, 1958.[23] The headquarters was in Washington, D.C.[24]

In 1961, Mark met Elizabeth Clare Wulf; they married in 1964 and had four children. Wulf, subsequently Elizabeth Clare Prophet, had grown up under influences including New Thought and Christian Science.[25]

In January 1966, the Prophets moved their church to Colorado Springs, Colorado. In 1970, a second major center of the organization was established in Santa Barbara, California. The first session of Ascended Master University – a religious study center for teaching of the ancient wisdom – was held there in July 1970. (Ascended Master University was later renamed Summit University.)[citation needed]

On November 2, 1971, the church opened a branch of Montessori International, a private school based on the principles of Italian educator Maria Montessori. In later years, the school was expanded to provide a full program from preschool to Grade 12. On May 1, 1972, the church opened the Four Winds Organic Center in Colorado Springs, a health food store and organic restaurant. On February 26, 1973, Mark Prophet died, leaving his wife as leader.[citation needed]

Church Universal and Triumphant was initially incorporated as a separate organization on May 1, 1975, later becoming the parent organization for The Summit Lighthouse. The organization moved its headquarters to Pasadena, California, in 1976. In 1978, it moved to the historic Gillette mansion in the Santa Monica Mountains.[26] The church renamed the property "Camelot".[26]

In 1981, the organization purchased a 12,000-acre (49 km2) property in Montana, on the northern border of Yellowstone National Park, which it named the Royal Teton Ranch. Camelot was sold and the organization moved its headquarters to Montana in 1986.[26]

The church became well known during the late 1980s when it predicted a period of heightened danger of nuclear war at the end of that decade. Members were urged to prepare by building fallout shelters and supplying them with food and other necessities.[27] When nuclear war failed to occur, Prophet claimed that the community had averted the war through their prayers.[citation needed]

With changes in employment laws for non-profit organizations and a decline in U.S. membership, the church was forced to downsize its headquarters staff in the late 1990s and the first years of the 2000s.[citation needed] In July 1996 Elizabeth Clare Prophet handed over the day-to-day running of the organization to a new president and board of directors, who oversaw this major restructuring of operations at the church headquarters. Portions of the Royal Teton Ranch were sold to the U.S. government as part of a complex sale and land-exchange agreement.[28]

Since the early 1990s church membership has fallen in the United States. Controversy in the media and Prophet's retirement were likely significant factors leading to this decline. However, the CUT remains a significant presence in the area of its headquarters, and centers continue to be active in large cities across the nation.[citation needed]

Prophet retired in 1999 due to health reasons. She died in 2009.[29]

A 2020 article in Insider stated that the group had largely disintegrated and the majority of the group's assets had been sold off. Several splinter groups exist, near Billings, Montana, and Yellowstone, with several hundred members.[30]

Controversy

Along with many other new religious movements, Church Universal and Triumphant has been described as a cult,[27][31] especially in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Articles and letters critical of the church were published in the local newspapers the Livingston Enterprise and the Bozeman Daily Chronicle.[32] Several of the letters were written by former church members who raised lawsuits against the church.[31] In 1986, the church was accused of using sleep deprivation to control its members.[33]

Public scrutiny intensified in 1989 when it was discovered that the Church Universal and Triumphant was building fallout shelters and that members of the church, including Vernon Hamilton and vice president and husband of Elizabeth Clare Prophet, Edward Francis, had purchased weapons illegally. The FBI, the ATF, state, and local law enforcement agencies subsequently investigated the church. The BATF investigation resulted in Francis being sentenced to one month in prison and three months' house detention and Vernon Hamilton being sentenced to three months' probation after spending 11 days in jail in Spokane, Washington.[34] As a result of the government scrutiny, the church made several changes to its operations, including the appointment of a number of independent directors to its governing board.

In the summer of 1993, a team of academic specialists conducted an interdisciplinary study of the church and its members. They published their results in Church Universal and Triumphant in Scholarly Perspective, edited by James R. Lewis and J. Gordon Melton. These scholars rejected the negative stereotype of the organization as a cult. Lewis characterized the organization and its leaders as one that was "trying to do the good" and as "one of the most intrinsically interesting religious communities to have come into being in this century."[35] Other scholars have cast doubt on these conclusions. Robert Balch and Stephan Landgon, participants in the Lewis/Melton study, alleged that the original scholars themselves had engaged in groupthink, and did not observe what he called frontstage and back stage behavior[clarification needed] and other research errors.[36] Others accused Lewis and Melton of abandoning scholarly objectivity and claimed that they had allowed themselves to be co-opted by the Church. They also alleged that they had become effectively spokespersons for the movement.[37]

21st century

Elizabeth Prophet developed Alzheimer's disease in the late 1990s, and in 1999 she retired from active involvement with the organization. From then until her death on October 15, 2009, at the age of 70, she lived in Bozeman, Montana under house care. The church continued its work under the direction of a presidency with a board of directors and a council of elders.[citation needed] Prophet's legal guardian, Murray Steinman, said she suffered from advanced Alzheimer's disease and died at her apartment.[38]

In recent years several former members of the church have come forward claiming to deliver dictations from the Ascended Masters. In 1995 former minister Monroe Shearer and his wife, Carolyn, founded The Temple of The Presence, now based in Tucson, Arizona. In 2005, another former church official, David C. Lewis, set up his own new Ascended Master Teachings group called The Hearts Center which is based in Livingston, Montana. Mark and Elizabeth Prophet both spoke about plans for future messengers to follow after them, and the organization has a mechanism by which future messengers may be recognized.[39] However, no other claimant to the office of messenger has thus far been recognized by the church.

CUT continues to hold quarterly retreats at the Royal Teton Ranch and to hold Summit University sessions and retreats for teens and young adults around the world.[40][41]

Branches

Church Universal and Triumphant is part of an organizational structure that includes:

  • The Summit Lighthouse, which includes the Keepers of the Flame Fraternity, a non-denominational fraternity of those dedicated to keeping the flame of life on earth. Members pay nominal monthly dues and receive lessons on cosmic law.[42]
  • Summit University Press, publishing books, audio and video on spirituality and personal growth.
  • Summit University, offering online courses for personal growth, spiritual retreats, and seminars.[43]

Demographics

The CUT never revealed the number of members it had.[44] Whitsel thought it "likely" that the Church had up to 25,000 followers in the late 1970s.[45][46] Melton, writing in 1993, suggested that 30,000 to 50,000 followers was a "reasonable" estimate.[47][48] One former member told the scholar Robert Balch that at its peak, the CUT's membership was "closer to 10,000."[46] During the 1990s, following the group's failed apocalyptic predictions, membership of the Church declined heavily.[45] Whitsel also noted that the Church gained a "modest international following" outside the US.[49]

The church has never released membership numbers, and its total affiliation is difficult to estimate due to the decentralized, international structure. One author has estimated that the membership peaked at about 10,000 active participants, but declined following a series of crises and controversies in the early to mid-1990s.[50]

Having visited the Royal Teton Ranch in 1992, the scholar of religion James R. Lewis thought the CUT members he encountered were "balanced, well-integrated individuals", with their children being "exceptionally bright and open".[51] He noted that many members had been financially "quite well-off" and that this was reflected in the houses they built on the Royal Teton Ranch.[52]

Reception

Whitsel noted that the CUT was "one of the most prominent" new religions to appear in the United States during the 1960s and early 1970s.[4] Lewis thought that they represented "one of the most intrinsically interesting religious communities to come into being" during the 20th century.[53] The Church faced opposition from the anti-cult movement, especially the Cult Awareness Network.[54] In one case, a deprogrammer kidnapped a Church member in Belgium.[55]

During its history, the Church has attracted both scholarly and media attention.[4] In July 1993, a group of academics including Lewis and Melton were permitted to visit the Royal Teton Ranch and study the community, in a trip financed by the Association of World Academics for Religious Education (AWARE).[56] An edited volume containing contributions from these scholars was subsequently published in 1994.[57] Writing in Skeptic magazine, Stephen A. Kent and Theresa Krebs criticised this publication, claiming that it was "as much an apology as a social scientific product."[58] Kent and Krebs made this criticism as part of what they saw as a "questionable relationship" between certain social scientists and specific new religions, including the CUT but also the Church of Scientology and The Family.[59] The political scientist Bradley C. Whitsel subsequently devoted his doctoral research to the group, undertaking interviews with members between 1993 and 2000.[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (1994). Church Universal and Triumphant in Scholarly Perspective. Stanford, Calif. : Center for Academic Publication. p. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-8191-9634-7.
  2. ^ Whitsel 2003, p. xi; Palmer & Abravanel 2009, p. 171.
  3. ^ Starrs & Wright 2005, p. 106.
  4. ^ a b c Whitsel 2003, p. xi.
  5. ^ a b Melton 1994, p. 1.
  6. ^ Wright, Helen M. "Mary Baker Eddy's Church Manual and Church Universal and Triumphant". Mary Baker Eddy Science Institute. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  7. ^ Bailey, Alice A. (1957). The Externalisation of the Hierarchy. New York: Lucis Publishing Co. p. 510.
  8. ^ Prophet, Elizabeth Clare, Pearls of Wisdom, vol. 16 no. 51, December 23, 1973.
  9. ^ Melton, J. Gordon Encyclopedia of American Religions, 5th Edition. New York: 1996. Gale Research. ISBN 0-8103-7714-4, ISSN 1066-1212 Chapter 18--"The Ancient Wisdom Family of Religions" Pages 151–158; see chart on page 154 listing Masters of the Ancient Wisdom (Ascended Masters); also see Section 18, pages 717–757 Descriptions of various Ancient Wisdom religious organizations, including the Church Universal and Triumphant
  10. ^ Prophet, Elizabeth Clare and Prophet, Mark (as compiled by Annice Booth) The Masters and Their Retreats Corwin Springs, Montana:2003 Summit University Press "Profiles of the Ascended Masters"--Pages 13–394 More than 200 "Ascended Masters" are listed
  11. ^ These subjects are discuss in many of the Elizabeth Clare Prophet's books. See, for example, Lords of the Seven Rays (1986), Your Seven Energy Centers (2000), and Reincarnation: The Missing Link in Christianity (1997).
  12. ^ Barrett 2001, p. 376; Whitsel 2003, p. 7; Palmer & Abravanel 2009, p. 172.
  13. ^ a b Melton 1994, p. 2.
  14. ^ Melton 1994, pp. 2, 4.
  15. ^ a b Palmer & Abravanel 2009, p. 172.
  16. ^ a b Whitsel 2003, p. 8.
  17. ^ Whitsel 2003, pp. 7, 44.
  18. ^ Melton 1994, p. 4.
  19. ^ Melton 1994, pp. 13–14; Palmer & Abravanel 2009, pp. 172–173.
  20. ^ a b c Whitsel 2003, p. 27.
  21. ^ a b Whitsel 2003, p. 28.
  22. ^ El Morya, Ashram Notes (Corwin Springs, Mont.: Summit University Press, 1990)
  23. ^ Prophet, Elizabeth Clare (1 May 2008). Pearls of Wisdom. 51 (9). {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  24. ^ The History of The Summit Lighthouse: "The Past Is Prologue". The Summit Lighthouse. 1994.
  25. ^ Prophet, Elizabeth Clare (2009). In My Own Words. Gardiner, Mont.: Summit University Press. pp. 52–62, 106–15, 131–48. ISBN 978-1-932890-15-0.
  26. ^ a b c Pool, Bob (29 November 1986). "Buyers clearing out reminders of secretive cult as it heads for new home in Montana : Dismantling the Inner Sanctum of 'Guru Ma'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  27. ^ a b Lorraine Locherty. "Church under fire". Calgary Herald.
  28. ^ Wald, Matthew L. (22 August 1999). "Federal Land Deal Protects Yellowstone Herd and Geysers". New York Times. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  29. ^ "Elizabeth Clare Prophet dies at 70; former leader of religious sect". Los Angeles Times. October 19, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  30. ^ Orecchio-Egresitz, Haven. "The world didn't end, and this once thriving doomsday cult has faded. But some of its loyal leaders still operate near Yellowstone National Park". Insider. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  31. ^ a b Andree Brooks (April 26, 1986). "'Cults' And The Aged: A New Family Issue". The New York Times. What is believed to be the first jury decision in this area was handed down this month. Gregory Mull, a 64-year-old architect, was awarded $1.6 million in damages in a suit against the Church Universal and Triumphant, a spiritual organization with headquarters in Malibu, Calif.
  32. ^ Jeanie Senior (March 17, 1990). "Montana Residents Leery Of Activity Around Church Universal Property". The Oregonian. Chris Gilbert, 16, who is a junior at Park High in nearby Livingston, told the Livingston Enterprise that after he moved in with a Livingston family, his mother visited him at his part-time job to warn him 'something might happen.' He said she invited him to rejoin his family in the church's fallout shelters. Church members have built a network of more than 40 such shelters.
  33. ^ "Church Blamed for Stroke". Santa Cruz Sentinel. February 14, 1986. p. 18. Retrieved April 23, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  34. ^ Eng, James L. "Montana Church Member Spared Jail Time for Illegal Weapons Purchase". AP News Archive. Associated Press. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  35. ^ Lewis, James R., and J. Gordon Melton, eds. (1994). Church Universal and Triumphant in Scholarly Perspective. Center for Academic Publication. pp. vii-xiv. ISBN 978-0-8191-9634-7.
  36. ^ Dorofeyeva, L. V. (November 1975). "Obtaining of measles virus haemagglutinin from strain L-16 grown in primary cell cultures". Acta Virologica. 19 (6): 497. ISSN 0001-723X. PMID 1998.
  37. ^ Kent, Stephen A.; Krebs, Theresa (1998). "When Scholars Know Sin: Alternative Religions and Their Academic Supporters". Skeptic Magazine. 6 (3). The Skeptics Society. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  38. ^ Associated Press, Oct. 16, 2009.
  39. ^ Church Universal and Triumphant. Articles of Incorporation. p. Article X, Section 1.The mechanism for recognizing future messengers is largely unchanged since the original Articles of Incorporation for the church were filed with the state of Montana on May 1, 1975. The church's Council of Elders is the governing body responsible for recognizing future messengers.
  40. ^ "About Us". Royal Teton Ranch. Retrieved 2020-12-12.
  41. ^ "Summit University | About". Retrieved 2020-12-12.
  42. ^ "Keepers of the Flame Fraternity of The Summit Lighthouse". The Summit Lighthouse.
  43. ^ "Summit University". April 23, 2021.
  44. ^ Melton 1994, p. 20; Barrett 2001, p. 380; Whitsel 2003, p. 4.
  45. ^ a b Whitsel 2003, p. 4.
  46. ^ a b Palmer & Abravanel 2009, p. 171.
  47. ^ Melton 1994, p. 20.
  48. ^ Melton, J. Gordon. "Church Universal and Triumphant". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  49. ^ Whitsel 2003, p. 36.
  50. ^ Partridge, Christopher, ed. (2004). New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 333–334.
  51. ^ Lewis 1994, p. ix.
  52. ^ Lewis 1994, p. x.
  53. ^ Lewis 1994, p. xiii.
  54. ^ Barrett 2001, p. 373.
  55. ^ Barrett 2001, p. 379.
  56. ^ Lewis 1994, p. xi; Kent & Krebs 1998, p. 38.
  57. ^ Kent & Krebs 1998, p. 39.
  58. ^ Kent & Krebs 1998, p. 38.
  59. ^ Kent & Krebs 1998, p. 36.
  60. ^ Whitsel 2003, p. xii-xiii.

External links


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