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Impeachment in the United States is the process by which the House of Representatives brings charges against a civil federal officer, the vice president, or the president for misconduct alleged to have been committed. Impeachment may also occur at the state level if the state or commonwealth has provisions for it under its constitution.

The federal House of Representatives can impeach a party with a simple majority of the House members present or such other criteria as the House adopts in accordance with Article One, Section 2, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution. This triggers a federal impeachment trial in the United States Senate, which can vote by a 2/3 majority to convict an official, removing them from office. The Senate can also further, with just a simple-majority vote, vote to bar an individual convicted in a senate impeachment trial from holding future federal office

Most state legislatures can impeach state officials, including the governor, in accordance with their respective state constitution.

Impeachment proceedings are remedial rather than punitive in nature, and the remedy is limited to removal from office. Because all officers in the federal government are confirmed in the Senate, officers appointed under the Appointments Clause of the Constitution may also be disqualified from holding any other appointed office under the United States in the future. Because the process is not punitive, a party may also be subject to criminal or civil trial, prosecution, and conviction under the law after removal from office. Also because the conviction is not a punishment, the president is constitutionally precluded from granting a pardon to impeached and convicted persons.

Federal impeachment

Constitutional provisions

Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 of the United States Constitution provides:

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Article I, Section 3, Clauses 6 and 7 provide:

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two-thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States; but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Article II, Section 2 provides:

[The President] ... shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

Article II, Section 4 provides:

The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.^[1]

The Constitution limits grounds of impeachment to "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors",^[2] but does not itself define "high crimes and misdemeanors".

The Constitution gives Congress the authority to impeach and remove "The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States" upon a determination that such officers have engaged in treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. The Constitution does not articulate who qualifies as a "civil officer of the United States".^[3] Federal judges are subject to impeachment.^[4] Within the executive branch, any presidentially appointed "principal officer", including a head of an agency such as a Secretary, Administrator, or Commissioner, is a "civil officer of the United States" subject to impeachment.^[5] At the opposite end of the spectrum, lesser functionaries, such as federal civil service employees, do not exercise "significant authority", and are not appointed by the president or an agency head. These employees do not appear to be subject to impeachment, though that may be a matter of allocation of House floor debate time by the Speaker, rather than a matter of law.

The Senate has concluded that members of Congress (representatives and senators) are not "civil officers" for purposes of impeachment.^[6] As a practical matter, expulsion is effected by the simpler procedures of Article I, Section 5, which provides "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members ... Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member" (see List of United States senators expelled or censured and List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded). This allows each House to expel its own members without involving the other chamber. In 1797, the House of Representatives impeached Senator William Blount of Tennessee.^[7]

The constitutional text is silent on whether an officer can be tried after the officer resigns or his/her term ends. However, when the issue has arisen, the House has been willing to impeach after resignation, and the Senate has been willing to try the official after resignation. In 1797, the Senate continued impeachment proceedings against William Blount even after he had been expelled from office, dismissing the proceedings only after determining that a Senator is not a "civil officer of the United States". In 1876, William W. Belknap was impeached by the House of Representatives hours after resigning as United States Secretary of War. The Senate held by a 37–29 vote that it had jurisdiction to try Belknap notwithstanding his resignation, but ultimately acquitted him after trial.^[8] The permissibility of trying a former official was a major issue in the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump, which commenced 20 days after Trump's term in office expired, although Trump's impeachment itself occurred while he was President. By a 55–45 vote, the Senate rejected a motion asserting that the trial was unconstitutional.^[9]

The Constitution does not limit the number of times an individual may be impeached. As of 2022, Donald Trump is the only federal officer to have been impeached more than once.

Process

At the federal level, the impeachment process is typically a three-step procedure. The first phase is typically an impeachment inquiry, though this is not a required stage.^[10] The two stages constitutionally required for removal are impeachment by the House of Representatives and trial by the United States Senate.

First, the the House investigates through an impeachment inquiry.
Second, the House of Representatives must pass, by a simple majority of those present and voting, articles of impeachment, which constitute the formal allegation or allegations. Upon passage, the defendant has been "impeached".
Third, the Senate tries the accused. In the case of the impeachment of a president, the chief justice of the United States presides over the proceedings. For the impeachment of any other official, the Constitution is silent on who shall preside, suggesting that this role falls to the Senate's usual presiding officer, the president of the Senate, who is also the vice president of the United States. Conviction in the Senate requires the concurrence of a two-thirds supermajority of those present. The result of conviction is removal from office and (optionally, in a separate vote) disqualification from holding any federal office in the future, which requires a concurrence of only a majority of senators present.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Impeachment in the House of Representatives

Impeachment proceedings may be requested by a member of the House of Representatives, either by presenting a list of the charges under oath or by asking for referral to the appropriate committee. The impeachment process may be requested by non-members. For example, when the Judicial Conference of the United States suggests a federal judge be impeached, a charge of actions constituting grounds for impeachment may come from a special prosecutor, the president, or state or territorial legislature, grand jury, or by petition. An impeachment proceeding formally begins with a resolution adopted by the full House of Representative.^[10]

An impeachment resolution may first pass through a House committee before the full House vores on it.^[10] The type of impeachment resolution determines the committee to which it is referred. A resolution impeaching a particular individual is typically referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary. A resolution to authorize an investigation regarding impeachable conduct is referred to the House Committee on Rules, and then to the Judiciary Committee. The House Committee on the Judiciary, by majority vote, will determine whether grounds for impeachment exist (this vote is not law and is not required, US Constitution and US law).

Either as part of the impeachment resolution or separately specific grounds and allegations of for impeachment will be outlined in one or more articles of impeachment.

The House debates the resolution and may at the conclusion consider the resolution as a whole or vote on each article of impeachment individually. A simple majority of those present and voting is required for each article for the resolution as a whole to pass. If the House votes to impeach, managers (typically referred to as "House managers", with a "lead House manager") are selected to present the case to the Senate. Recently, managers have been selected by resolution, while historically the House would occasionally elect the managers or pass a resolution allowing the appointment of managers at the discretion of the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. These managers are roughly the equivalent of the prosecution or district attorney in a standard criminal trial. Also, the House will adopt a resolution in order to notify the Senate of its action. After receiving the notice, the Senate will adopt an order notifying the House that it is ready to receive the managers. The House managers then appear before the bar of the Senate and exhibit the articles of impeachment. After the reading of the charges, the managers return and make a verbal report to the House.^{[citation needed]}

Trial in the Senate

Senate rules call for an impeachment trial to begin at 1 pm on the day after articles of impeachment are delivered to the Senate, except for Sundays. There is no timeframe requirement for when the managers must actually deliver the articles of impeachment to the Senate. On the set date, senators are sworn in for the impeachment trial.^[14]

The proceedings take the form of a trial, with the Senate having the right to call witnesses and each side having the right to perform cross-examinations.^[15] The House members, who are given the collective title of managers during the trial, present the prosecution case, and the impeached official has the right to mount a defense with his or her own attorneys as well. Senators must also take an oath or affirmation that they will perform their duties honestly and with due diligence. After hearing the charges, the Senate usually deliberates in private. The Constitution requires a two-thirds supermajority to convict a person being impeached.^[16] The Senate enters judgment on its decision, whether that be to convict or acquit, and a copy of the judgment is filed with the Secretary of State.^[15]

Upon conviction in the Senate, the official is automatically removed from office and may by a separate vote also be barred from holding future office. The Senate trial is not an actual criminal proceeding and more closely resembles a civil service termination appeal in terms of the contemplated deprivation. Therefore, the removed official may still be liable to criminal prosecution under a subsequent criminal proceeding. The president may not grant a pardon in the impeachment case, but may in any resulting federal criminal case (unless it is the president who is convicted and thus loses the pardon power). However, whether the president can self-pardon for criminal offenses is an open question, which has never been reviewed by a court.^[17]^{[failed verification – see discussion]}

Beginning in the 1980s with Harry E. Claiborne, the Senate began using "Impeachment Trial Committees" pursuant to Senate Rule XI.^[15] These committees presided over the evidentiary phase of the trials, hearing the evidence and supervising the examination and cross-examination of witnesses. The committees would then compile the evidentiary record and present it to the Senate; all senators would then have the opportunity to review the evidence before the chamber voted to convict or acquit. The purpose of the committees was to streamline impeachment trials, which otherwise would have taken up a great deal of the chamber's time. Defendants challenged the use of these committees, claiming them to be a violation of their fair trial rights as this did not meet the constitutional requirement for their cases to be "tried by the Senate". Several impeached judges, including District Court Judge Walter Nixon, sought court intervention in their impeachment proceedings on these grounds. In Nixon v. United States (1993),^[18] the Supreme Court determined that the federal judiciary could not review such proceedings, as matters related to impeachment trials are political questions and could not be resolved in the courts.^[19]

In the case of impeachment of the president, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides over the trial. During the second impeachment trial of Donald Trump, some Senate Republicans argued that the Chief Justice was required to preside, even though Trump was no longer the President when the trial began. However, by a 55–45 vote, the Senate rejected a motion asserting that the trial was unconstitutional.^[20] The trial was presided over by President pro tempore Patrick Leahy.

The Constitution is silent about who would preside in the case of the impeachment of a vice president. It is doubtful the vice president would be permitted to preside over their own trial.^{[citation needed]} As president of the Senate, the vice president would preside over other impeachments. If the vice president did not preside over an impeachment (of anyone besides the president), the duties would fall to the president pro tempore of the Senate.

To convict an accused, "the concurrence of two thirds of the [senators] present" for at least one article is required. If there is no single charge commanding a "guilty" vote from two-thirds of the senators present, the defendant is acquitted and no punishment is imposed.

Removal and disqualification

Conviction immediately removes the defendant from office. Following the vote on conviction, the Senate may by a separate vote also bar the individual from holding future federal office, elected or appointed. As the threshold for disqualification is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, the Senate has taken the position that disqualification votes only require a simple majority rather than a two-thirds supermajority. The Senate has used disqualification sparingly, as only three individuals have been disqualified from holding future office.^[21]^[22]^[23]

Conviction does not extend to further punishment, for example, loss of pension. After conviction by the Senate, "the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law"^[24] in the regular federal or state courts. However, the Former Presidents Act of 1958, which provides a pension and other benefits, does not extend to presidents who were removed from office following an impeachment conviction. Because of an amendment to that law in 2013, a former president who has been removed from office due to impeachment and conviction is still guaranteed lifetime Secret Service protection.^[25]

List of federal impeachments

The House has approved articles of impeachment 21 times for 20 federal officers. Of these:

Fifteen were federal judges: thirteen district court judges, one court of appeals judge (who also sat on the Commerce Court), and one associate justice of the Supreme Court
Three were sitting presidents: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump (impeached twice).^[26]
One was a Cabinet secretary
One was a U.S. Senator.

Of the 21 impeachments by the House, eight defendants were convicted and removed from office, four cases did not come to trial because the individuals had left office and the Senate did not pursue the case, and nine ended in acquittal. To date, every convicted official was a federal judge.^[27]^[28] Of the eight to have been convicted and removed, three were disqualified from ever holding federal office again by the Senate.^[23] One of the remaining five is former congressman Alcee Hastings (D-Florida), who was convicted and removed from office as a federal judge in 1989, but was not barred from holding federal office, only to be elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1992, a seat he held until his death on April 6, 2021.

No president impeached by the House has been convicted by the Senate. In two cases, a Senate majority voted to convict an impeached president, but the vote fell short of the required two-thirds majority and therefore the impeached president was not convicted. The two instances where this happened were the Senate trial of Andrew Johnson in 1868 (where Johnson escaped conviction by one vote), and the second Senate trial of Donald Trump in 2021, where Trump missed conviction by 10 votes.^[29]

The following table lists federal officials who were impeached. Blue highlight indicates presidents of the United States.

#	Date of impeachment		Office	Accusations	Result^{[Note 1]}
1	July 7, 1797	William Blount	United States Senator (Tennessee)	Conspiring to assist Britain in capturing Spanish territory	Senate expelled him from the chamber on their own authority on July 8, 1797. The House approved articles of impeachment on January 28, 1798.^[30]^[31] At the end of the trial on January 11, 1799, Senate voted that they did not have jurisdiction.^{[Note 2]}^[32]
2	March 2, 1803	John Pickering	Judge (District of New Hampshire)	Drunkenness and unlawful rulings	Convicted; removed on March 12, 1804^[30]^[32]^[33]
3	March 12, 1804	Samuel Chase	Associate Justice (Supreme Court of the United States)	Political bias and arbitrary rulings, promoting a partisan political agenda on the bench^[34]	Acquitted on March 1, 1805^[30]^[33]
4	April 24, 1830	James H. Peck	Judge (District of Missouri)	Abuse of power^[35]	Acquitted on January 31, 1831^[30]^[33]^[32]
5	May 6, 1862	West Hughes Humphreys	Judge (Eastern, Middle, and Western Districts of Tennessee)	Supporting the Confederacy	Convicted; removed and disqualified on June 26, 1862^[32]^[30]^[33]
6	February 24, 1868	Andrew Johnson	President of the United States	Violating the Tenure of Office Act. The Supreme Court would later state in dicta that the (by then repealed) Tenure of Office Act had been unconstitutional.^[36]	Acquitted on May 26, 1868; 35–19 in favor of conviction, falling one vote short of two-thirds.^[30]^[32]
7	February 28, 1873	Mark W. Delahay	Judge (District of Kansas)	Drunkenness	Resigned on December 12, 1873^[33]^[37]
8	March 2, 1876	William W. Belknap	United States Secretary of War (resigned just before impeachment vote)	Graft, corruption	Resigned on March 2, 1876; acquitted on August 1, 1876^[30]^[32]
9	December 13, 1904	Charles Swayne	Judge (Northern District of Florida)	Failure to live in his district, abuse of power^[38]	Acquitted on February 27, 1905^[30]^[33]^[32]
10	July 11, 1912	Robert W. Archbald	Associate Justice (United States Commerce Court) Judge (Third Circuit Court of Appeals)	Improper acceptance of gifts from litigants and attorneys	Convicted; removed and disqualified on January 13, 1913^[32]^[30]^[33]
11	April 1, 1926	George W. English	Judge (Eastern District of Illinois)	Abuse of power	Resigned on November 4, 1926,^[32]^[30] proceedings dismissed on December 13, 1926^[32]^[33]
12	February 24, 1933	Harold Louderback	Judge (Northern District of California)	Corruption	Acquitted on May 24, 1933^[30]^[33]^[32]
13	March 2, 1936	Halsted L. Ritter	Judge (Southern District of Florida)	Champerty, corruption, tax evasion, practicing law while a judge	Convicted; removed on April 17, 1936^[30]^[33]^[32]
14	July 22, 1986	Harry E. Claiborne	Judge (District of Nevada)	Tax evasion	Convicted; removed on October 9, 1986^[30]^[33]^[32]
15	August 3, 1988	Alcee Hastings	Judge (Southern District of Florida)	Accepting a bribe, and committing perjury during the resulting investigation	Convicted; removed on October 20, 1989^[30]^[33]^[32]
16	May 10, 1989	Walter Nixon	Chief Judge (Southern District of Mississippi)	Perjury	Convicted; removed on November 3, 1989^[30]^[33]^{[Note 3]}^[32]
17	December 19, 1998	Bill Clinton	President of the United States	Perjury and obstruction of justice^[39]	Acquitted on February 12, 1999: 45–55 on perjury and 50–50 on obstruction of justice^[30]^[40]
18	June 19, 2009	Samuel B. Kent	Judge (Southern District of Texas)	Sexual assault, and obstruction of justice during the resulting investigation	Resigned on June 30, 2009,^[33]^[41] proceedings dismissed on July 22, 2009^[30]^[33]^[42]^[43]
19	March 11, 2010	Thomas Porteous	Judge (Eastern District of Louisiana)	Making false financial disclosures, corruption.	Convicted; removed and disqualified on December 8, 2010^[30]^[33]^[44]^[45]
20	December 18, 2019	Donald Trump	President of the United States	Abuse of power and obstruction of Congress	Acquitted on February 5, 2020: 48–52 on abuse of power and 47–53 on obstruction of Congress
21	January 13, 2021	Donald Trump	President of the United States	Incitement of insurrection	Acquitted on February 13, 2021: 57–43 in favor of conviction on incitement of insurrection, falling 10 votes short of two-thirds.

Impeachment by state governments

State legislatures can impeach state officials, including governors and judicial officers, in every state except Oregon.^[46]^[47] The court for the trial of impeachments may differ somewhat from the federal model—in New York, for instance, the Assembly (lower house) impeaches, and the State Senate tries the case, but the members of the seven-judge New York State Court of Appeals (the state's highest, constitutional court) sit with the senators as jurors as well.^[48] Impeachment and removal of governors has happened occasionally throughout the history of the United States, usually for corruption charges. At least eleven U.S. state governors have faced an impeachment trial; a twelfth, Governor Lee Cruce of Oklahoma, escaped impeachment by one vote in 1912. Several others, including Missouri's Eric Greitens in 2018, have resigned rather than face impeachment, when events seemed to make it inevitable.^[49] The most recent impeachment of a state governor occurred on January 14, 2009, when the Illinois House of Representatives voted 117–1 to impeach Rod Blagojevich on corruption charges;^[50] he was subsequently removed from office and barred from holding future office by the Illinois Senate on January 29. He was the eighth U.S. state governor to be removed from office.

The procedure for impeachment, or removal, of local officials varies widely. For instance, in New York a mayor is removed directly by the governor "upon being heard" on charges—the law makes no further specification of what charges are necessary or what the governor must find in order to remove a mayor.

In 2018, the entire Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia was impeached, something that has been often threatened, but had never happened before.

Most states follow the same model as the United States federal government of having the lower chamber of their legislatures hold a vote to "impeach", thereby triggering an impeachment trial held in the upper chamber of their legislatures. However, several states do differ from the convention of holding the impeachment trial in the state legislature’s upper chamber. In a reverse, in Alaska it is the upper chamber of the legislature that votes to impeach while the lower chamber acts as the court of impeachment. In Missouri, after the lower chamber votes to impeach, an impeachment trial is held before a panel of seven judges (requiring a vote of five judges to convict). The members of the panel are selected by the upper legislative chamber, the Missouri State Senate. In Nebraska, which has a unicameral legislature, after the Nebraska Legislature votes to impeach, an impeachment trial takes place before the Nebraska Supreme Court. In Oklahoma, after an impeachment vote, both chambers of the Oklahoma Legislature act together as a court of impeachment in a joint session.^[46] In addition to all the members of its upper chamber, the state of New York's Court of the Trial of Impeachments also includes all seven members of the state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals.^[51]

State and territorial officials impeached

Date		Office	Result
1804	William W. Irvin	Associate Judge, Fairfield County, Ohio, Court of Common Pleas	Removed
1832	Theophilus W. Smith	Associate Justice, Illinois Supreme Court	Acquitted^[52]
February 26, 1862	Charles L. Robinson	Governor of Kansas	Acquitted^[53]
	John Winter Robinson	Secretary of State of Kansas	Removed on June 12, 1862^[54]
	George S. Hillyer	State auditor of Kansas	Removed on June 16, 1862^[54]
1871	William Woods Holden	Governor of North Carolina	Removed
1871	David Butler	Governor of Nebraska	Removed^[53]
February 1872	Harrison Reed	Governor of Florida	Acquitted^[55]
March 1872	George G. Barnard	New York Supreme Court (1st District)	Removed
1872	Henry C. Warmoth	Governor of Louisiana	"Suspended from office", though trial was not held^[56]
1876	Adelbert Ames	Governor of Mississippi	Resigned^[53]
1888	James W. Tate	Kentucky State Treasurer	Removed
1901	David M. Furches	Chief Justice, North Carolina Supreme Court	Acquitted^[57]
1901	Robert M. Douglas	Associate Justice, North Carolina Supreme Court	Acquitted^[57]
August 13, 1913^[58]	William Sulzer	Governor of New York	Removed on October 17, 1913^[59]
July 1917	James E. Ferguson	Governor of Texas	Removed^[60]
October 23, 1923	John C. Walton	Governor of Oklahoma	Removed
January 21, 1929	Henry S. Johnston	Governor of Oklahoma	Removed
April 6, 1929^[61]	Huey P. Long	Governor of Louisiana	Acquitted
June 13, 1941	Daniel H. Coakley	Massachusetts Governor's Councilor	Removed on October 2, 1941
May 1958^[62]	Raulston Schoolfield	Judge, Hamilton County, Tennessee Criminal Court	Removed on July 11, 1958^[63]
March 14, 1984^[64]	Paul L. Douglas	Nebraska Attorney General	Acquitted by the Nebraska Supreme Court on May 4, 1984^[65]
February 6, 1988^[66]	Evan Mecham	Governor of Arizona	Removed on April 4, 1988^[67]
March 30, 1989^[68]	A. James Manchin	State treasurer of West Virginia	Resigned on July 9, 1989, before trial started^[69]
January 25, 1991^[70]	Ward "Butch" Burnette	Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture	Resigned on February 6, 1991, before trial started^[71]
May 24, 1994^[72]	Rolf Larsen	Associate Justice, Pennsylvania Supreme Court	Removed on October 4, 1994, and declared ineligible to hold public office in Pennsylvania^[73]
October 6, 1994^[74]	Judith Moriarty	Secretary of State of Missouri	Removed by the Missouri Supreme Court on December 12, 1994^[75]
November 11, 2004^[76]	Kathy Augustine	Nevada State Controller	Censured on December 4, 2004, not removed from office^[77]
April 11, 2006^[78]	David Hergert	Member of the University of Nebraska Board of Regents	Removed by the Nebraska Supreme Court on July 7, 2006^[79]
January 8, 2009 (first vote)^[80]	Rod Blagojevich	Governor of Illinois	95th General Assembly ended
January 14, 2009 (second vote)^[81]	Rod Blagojevich	Governor of Illinois	Removed on January 29, 2009, and declared ineligible to hold public office in Illinois^[82]
February 11, 2013^[83]	Benigno Fitial	Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands	Resigned on February 20, 2013
August 13, 2018^[84]	Robin Davis	Associate Justices, Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia	Retired on August 13, 2018.^[85]
	Allen Loughry		Resigned on November 12, 2018.^[86]^[87]
	Beth Walker		Reprimanded and censured on October 2, 2018, not removed from office.^[88]
	Margaret Workman	Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia	Retired on December 31, 2020.^[89]
April 12, 2022^[90]	Jason Ravnsborg	South Dakota Attorney General	Removed on June 21, 2022 and declared ineligible to hold office in South Dakota^[91]

State governors

At least five state governors have been impeached and removed from office:

William Sulzer, Democratic Governor of New York; false report, perjury, and suborning perjury; convicted and removed October 1913.
James E. Ferguson, Democratic Governor of Texas, was impeached for misapplication of public funds and embezzlement. In July 1917, Ferguson was convicted and removed from office.
Jack C. Walton, Democratic Governor of Oklahoma, was impeached for a variety of crimes including illegal collection of campaign funds, padding the public payroll, suspension of habeas corpus, excessive use of the pardon power, and general incompetence. In November 1923, Walton was convicted and removed from office.^[92]
Evan Mecham, Republican Governor of Arizona, was impeached for obstruction of justice and misusing government funds^[93] and removed from office in April 1988.
Rod Blagojevich, Democratic Governor of Illinois, was impeached for abuse of power and corruption, including an attempt to sell the appointment to the United States Senate seat vacated by the resignation of Barack Obama.^[94] He was removed from office in January 2009.

Impeachment by other government bodies in the United States

Other governments in the United States also utilize impeachment, one example being the tribal government of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, which uses a somewhat similar bifurcated process with an impeachment vote followed by an impeachment trial.^[95]

Notes

^ "Removed and disqualified" indicates that following conviction the Senate voted to disqualify the individual from holding further federal office pursuant to Article I, Section 3 of the United States Constitution, which provides, in pertinent part, that "[j]udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States."
^ During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount, it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument, the House has never again impeached a member of Congress. The Constitution allows either house to expel one of its members by a two-thirds vote, which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him (but before the Senate heard the case).
^ Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States.

References

Citations

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^ "U.S. Senate: Impeachment". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010.
^ Thomas Berry (2021). "Late Impeachment: An In-Depth Account of the Belknap Trial, by Thomas Berry". Part One. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
^ David Morgan (January 26, 2021). "Senate Republicans unite behind failed effort to challenge Trump impeachment trial". Reuters. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Impeachment and Removal Archived November 15, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Congressional Research Service, October 29, 2015
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^ Millhiser, Ian (January 8, 2021). "How Congress can permanently disqualify Trump from office after impeachment". Vox. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
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^ Senators sworn in for Trump impeachment trial
^ ^a ^b ^c "Rules and Procedures of Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials" (PDF). Senate Manual Containing the Standing Rules, Orders, Laws and Resolutions Affecting the Business of the United States Senate. United States Senate. August 16, 1986. Section 100–126, 105th Congress, pp. 177–185. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
^ "What would Trump have to do to get impeached?". whatifhq.com. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
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^ Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993).
^ Presser, Stephen B. "Essays on Article I: Impeachment". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
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^ Foley, Edward B. (September 25, 2019). "Congress Should Remove Trump from Office, But Let Him Run Again in 2020". Politico. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Steve Vladeck (January 14, 2021). "Why Trump Can Be Convicted Even as an Ex-President". The New York Times.
^ Article I, Clause 7, Section 3 of the Constitution of United States (1787)
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^ "Jailed Official Resigns Before Impeachment Trial". Orlando Sentinel. February 7, 1991. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015. Kentucky's commissioner of agriculture, serving a one-year jail sentence for felony theft, resigned Wednesday hours before his impeachment trial was scheduled to begin in the state Senate.
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Attribution

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government.

External links

An Overview of the Impeachment Process at congressionalresearch.com
Congressional Research Service at congressionalresearch.com
Constitution Annotated - Resources about Impeachment Archived February 18, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
House Judiciary Committee, Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment, February 1974, and Politico story, September 2019
U.S. Senate : Impeachment

[TF_Definitions-30] "Removed and disqualified" indicates that following conviction the Senate voted to disqualify the individual from holding further federal office pursuant to Article I, Section 3 of the United States Constitution, which provides, in pertinent part, that "[j]udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States."

[TF_Blount-33] During the impeachment trial of Senator Blount, it was argued that the House of Representatives did not have the power to impeach members of either House of Congress; though the Senate never explicitly ruled on this argument, the House has never again impeached a member of Congress. The Constitution allows either house to expel one of its members by a two-thirds vote, which the Senate had done to Blount on the same day the House impeached him (but before the Senate heard the case).

[TF_Nixon-41] Judge Nixon later challenged the validity of his removal from office on procedural grounds; the challenge was ultimately rejected as nonjusticiable by the Supreme Court in Nixon v. United States.

[1] "The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription". National Archives. November 4, 2015. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2019.

[law.cornell.edu-2] "Article II". LII / Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019.

[3] The Constitution also discusses the president's power to appoint "Officers of the United States", "the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments", and "Inferior officers". These are different.

[4] Joshua E. Kastenberg, The Campaign to Impeach Justice William O. Douglas: Nixon, Vietnam, and the Conservative Attack on Judicial Independence (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2019)

[CRSReport2015-5] Cite error: The named reference CRSReport2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[SenateJ1798-6] Senate Journal, 5th Congress, 3rd Session, December 17, 1798 to January 10, 1799.

[7] "U.S. Senate: Impeachment". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010.

[8] Thomas Berry (2021). "Late Impeachment: An In-Depth Account of the Belknap Trial, by Thomas Berry". Part One. Retrieved January 31, 2022.

[9] David Morgan (January 26, 2021). "Senate Republicans unite behind failed effort to challenge Trump impeachment trial". Reuters. Retrieved January 31, 2022.

[crs-10] Impeachment and Removal Archived November 15, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Congressional Research Service, October 29, 2015

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[12] Millhiser, Ian (January 8, 2021). "How Congress can permanently disqualify Trump from office after impeachment". Vox. Retrieved January 15, 2021.

[13] "Judgment - Removal and Disqualification". Justia. Retrieved January 19, 2021.

[14] Senators sworn in for Trump impeachment trial

[R&PoP-USS-15] "Rules and Procedures of Practice in the Senate When Sitting on Impeachment Trials" (PDF). Senate Manual Containing the Standing Rules, Orders, Laws and Resolutions Affecting the Business of the United States Senate. United States Senate. August 16, 1986. Section 100–126, 105th Congress, pp. 177–185. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018.

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[17] Gerhardt, Michael J. "Essays on Article I: Punishment for Impeachment". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018.

[Nixon_v_US-18] Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993).

[PresserArticleI-19] Presser, Stephen B. "Essays on Article I: Impeachment". The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2018.

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[21] "Judgment—Removal and Disqualification". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved January 27, 2021.

[22] Foley, Edward B. (September 25, 2019). "Congress Should Remove Trump from Office, But Let Him Run Again in 2020". Politico. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved September 28, 2019.

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[24] Article I, Clause 7, Section 3 of the Constitution of United States (1787)

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[28] "Impeachment History". Infoplease. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.

[29] Erskine, Daniel H. (2008). "The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton: Law As a Weapon for Political Reform". Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 7 (1). ISSN 1546-6981. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2017.

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[32] The First Impeachment Archived January 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, United States Senate, accessed January 14, 2021

[gpo-34] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o U.S. Joint Committee on Printing (September 2006). "Impeachment Proceedings". Congressional Directory. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2009.()

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[36] "1801: Senate Tries Supreme Court Justice". November 25, 2014. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.

[37] "PBS NewsHour". PBS. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2017.

[38] Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926).

[FJCDelahay-39] "Judges of the United States Courts – Delahay, Mark W." Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2009.

[40] "Hinds' Precedents, Volume 3 – Chapter 78 – The Impeachment and Trial of Charles Swayne". Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 15, 2013.

[42] ttps://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/105th-congress/house-report/830 Archived June 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine House Report 105-830 – Impeachment of William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States

[43] Erskine, Daniel H (2008). "The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton: Law As a Weapon for Political Reform". Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 7 (1). Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.

[resignaccepted-44] Gamboa, Suzanne (June 30, 2009). "White House accepts convicted judge's resignation". Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2009.

[endoftrial-45] Gamboa, Suzanne (July 22, 2009). "Congress ends jailed judge's impeachment". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2010.

[impeach-46] Powell, Stewart (June 19, 2009). "U.S. House impeaches Kent". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2009. In action so rare it has been carried out only 14 times since 1803, the House on Friday impeached a federal judge—imprisoned U.S. District Court Judge Samuel B. Kent ...

[nolaremoved-47] Alpert, Bruce; Tilove, Jonathan (December 8, 2010). "Senate votes to remove Judge Thomas Porteous from office". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2010.

[nolaimpeached-48] Alpert, Bruce (March 11, 2010). "Judge Thomas Porteous impeached by U.S. House of Representatives". New Orleans Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2010.

[states-49] "Gubernatorial impeachment procedures". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 7, 2022.

[50] "Impeachment | Definition, Process, History, & Facts". www.britannica.com. Retrieved April 2, 2022.

[51] New York State Constitution, Article VI, § 24

[Greitens-52] Suntrup, Jack; Erickson, Kurt. "Embattled Gov. Eric Greitens resigns". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018.

[TribuneBlagojevichImpeach-53] "House votes to impeach Blagojevich again". Chicago Tribune. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2009.

[54] Niedzwaidek, Nick; Golway, Terry (August 3, 2021). "Here's how impeachment works in New York". Politico. Retrieved December 10, 2022.

[HEI-55] Bateman, Newton; Selby, Paul; Shonkwiler, Frances M.; Fowkes, Henry L. (1908). Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Chicago, IL: Munsell Publishing Company. p. 489. Archived from the original on November 22, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2019.

[ref1-56] "Impeachment of State Officials". Cga.ct.gov. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.

[Cyclopedia-57] Blackmar, Frank (1912). Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History. Standard Publishing Co. p. 598.

[58] "Letters Relating to the Efforts to Impeach Governor Harrison Reed During the Reconstruction Era". floridamemory.com. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.

[59] "State Governors of Louisiana: Henry Clay Warmoth". Enlou.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.

[christensen-60] News & Observer: NC's dark impeachment history Archived July 21, 2017, at the Wayback Machine by Rob Christensen

[61] "Sulzer Impeached by Assembly But Refuses to Surrender Office", Syracuse Herald, August 13, 1913, p. 1

[62] "High Court Removes Sulzer from Office by a Vote of 43 to 12", Syracuse Herald, October 17, 1913, p. 1

[63] Block, Lourenda (2000). "Permanent University Fund: Investing in the Future of Texas". TxTell (University of Texas at Austin). Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.

[64] Official Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana, April 6, 1929 pp. 292–94

[schoolfielddied-65] "Raulston Schoolfield, Impeached Judge, Dies". UPI. October 8, 1982. Archived from the original on February 4, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.

[schoolfieldremoved-66] "Impeachment Trial Finds Judge Guilty". AP. July 11, 1958. Archived from the original on October 26, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.

[neagimpeached-67] "Attorney General is Impeached". AP. March 14, 1984. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2012.

[neacquitted-68] "Nebraskan Found Not Guilty". AP. May 4, 1984. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2012.

[azimpeach-69] Gruson, Lindsey (February 6, 1988). "House Impeaches Arizona Governor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2009.

[azremoved-70] Gruson, Lindsey (April 5, 1988). "Arizona's Senate Ousts Governor, Voting Him Guilty of Misconduct". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2009.

[wvimpeached-71] AP staff reporter (March 30, 1989). "Impeachment in West Virginia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2009.

[wvresigned-72] Wallace, Anise C. (July 10, 1989). "Treasurer of West Virginia Retires Over Fund's Losses". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2009.

[kyimpeachment-73] "Kentucky House Votes To Impeach Jailed Official". Orlando Sentinel. January 26, 1991. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015. The House voted unanimously Friday to impeach the agriculture commissioner six days after he began serving a one-year sentence for a payroll violation.

[kyresigned-74] "Jailed Official Resigns Before Impeachment Trial". Orlando Sentinel. February 7, 1991. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015. Kentucky's commissioner of agriculture, serving a one-year jail sentence for felony theft, resigned Wednesday hours before his impeachment trial was scheduled to begin in the state Senate.

[paimpeached-75] Hinds, Michael deCourcy (May 25, 1994). "Pennsylvania House Votes To Impeach a State Justice". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2010. A State Supreme Court justice convicted on drug charges was impeached today by the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

[paremoved-76] Moushey, Bill; Tim Reeves (October 5, 1994). "Larsen Removed Senate Convicts Judge On 1 Charge". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, PA. p. A1. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2013. Rolf Larsen yesterday became the first justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to be removed from office through impeachment. The state Senate, after six hours of debate, found Larsen guilty of one of seven articles of impeachment at about 8:25 p.m, then unanimously voted to remove him permanently from office and bar him from ever seeking an elected position again.

[moimpeach-77] Young, Virginia (October 7, 1994). "Moriarty Is Impeached – Secretary Of State Will Fight Removal". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, MO. p. 1A. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2013. The House voted overwhelmingly Thursday to impeach Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty for misconduct that 'breached the public trust'. The move, the first impeachment in Missouri in 26 years, came at 4:25 p.m. in a hushed House chamber.

[moremoved-78] Young, Virginia; Bell, Kim (December 13, 1994). "High Court Ousts Moriarty". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, MO. p. 1A. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2013. In a unanimous opinion Monday, the Missouri Supreme Court convicted Secretary of State Judith K. Moriarty of misconduct and removed her from office.

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