Job 19: Difference between revisions
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{{Bible chapter|letname= Job 19 |previouslink= Job 18 |previousletter= chapter 18 |nextlink= Job 20 |nextletter= chapter 20 |book=[[Book of Job]] |biblepart=[[Old Testament]] | booknum= 18 |hbiblepart= [[Ketuvim]] | hbooknum = 3 |category= [[Ketuvim#Sifrei Emet|Sifrei Emet]] | filename= Leningrad-codex-16-job.pdf | size=240px |caption=The whole Book of Job in the [[Leningrad Codex]] (1008 C.E.) from an old fascimile edition.}} |
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#REDIRECT [[Book of Job]] |
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'''Job 19''' is the nineteenth [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|chapter]] of the [[Book of Job]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]].{{sfn|Halley|1965|pp=244–245}}<ref name=Holman>Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.</ref> The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE.{{sfn|Kugler|Hartin|2009|p=193}}{{sfn|Crenshaw|2007|p=332}} This chapter records the speech of [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]], which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising [[Job 3:1]]–31:40.{{sfn|Crenshaw|2007|p=335}}{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=18}} |
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==Text== |
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The original text is written in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew language]]. [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|This chapter is divided into]] 29 verses. |
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===Textual witnesses=== |
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Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]], which includes the [[Aleppo Codex]] (10th century), and [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=36-37}} |
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There is also a translation into [[Koine Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BC; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), and [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}} |
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==Analysis== |
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The structure of the book is as follows:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=17–23}} |
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*The Prologue (chapters 1–2) |
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*The Dialogue (chapters 3–31) |
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*The Verdicts (32:1–42:6) |
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*The Epilogue (42:7–17) |
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Within the structure, chapter 19 is grouped into the Dialogue section with the following outline:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=18–21}} |
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*Job's Self-Curse and Self-Lament (3:1–26) |
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*Round One (4:1–14:22) |
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*Round Two (15:1–21:34) |
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**Eliphaz (15:1–35) |
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**Job (16:1–17:16) |
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**Bildad (18:1–21) |
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**'''Job (19:1–29)''' |
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***Rebuking the Friends (19:1–6) |
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***God's Treatment of Him (19:7–12) |
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***Others Have Abandoned Him (19:13–20) |
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***Plea to the Friends to Stop (19:21–22) |
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***The Possibility of a Redeemer (19:23–27) |
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***Back to the Friends (19:28–29) |
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**Zophar (20:1–29) |
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**Job (21:1–34) |
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*Round Three (22:1–27:23) |
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*Interlude – A Poem on Wisdom (28:1–28) |
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*Job's Summing Up (29:1–31:40) |
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The Dialogue section is composed in the format of poetry with distinctive syntax and grammar.{{sfn|Crenshaw|2007|p=335}} |
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Chapter 19 is largely a lament that can be divided into several parts:{{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=102–103}} |
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*Job's lament to God and the people (verses 1–22) |
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**Job complains his friends' torments of him (verses 1–6) |
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**Job laments God's treatment to him (verses 7–12) |
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**Job laments people's abandonment of him (verses 13–20) |
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**Job pleads his friends to stop rebuking him (verses 21–22) |
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*Job explores the possibility of a redeemer (verses 23–27) |
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*Job warns his friends of the judgment for mistreating him (verses 28–29){{sfn|Wilson|2015|pp=102–103}} |
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[[File:Job op de mesthoop Geschiedenis van Job (serietitel) Thesaurus sacrarum historiarum veteris testamenti (..) (serietitel), RP-P-1904-3557.jpg|right|thumb|200px|"[[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] on the dunghill visited by his friends (and wife)". From: ''Thesaurus sacrarum historiarum veteris testamenti'', Gerard de Jode, Antwerpen (1579/1585).]] |
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=={{Anchor|Verses 1–22}}Job's lament to God and the people (19:1–22)== |
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Job's lament in this section is framed by his complaint of his friends tormenting him (verses 1–6) and his plea for his friends to stop doing that action (verses 21–22).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=103}} In between, Job laments that he no doubt believes God's ultimate power over his fate, but he simply cannot understand why God took away his dignity and reputation ("glory" and "crown", verse 9), also that his family and the people have deserted him ("his brothers", verse 13; "all who knew him", verses 13b, 14b), "closest friends" (verse 19), basically the entire community (cf. Job 30).{{sfn|Wilson|2015|p=104}} |
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===Verse 4=== |
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:[Job said:] ''"And if indeed I have erred,'' |
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::''my error remains with me."''<ref>{{bibleref2|Job|19:4|MEV}} [[Modern English Version|MEV]]</ref> |
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*"I have erred": translated from the Hebrew verb {{lang|he|שָׁגִיתִי}}, ''shagiti'', is in the form of a hypothetical clause, because Job maintains his innocence.<ref>Note [a] on Job 19:4 in [[New English Translation|NET Bible]]</ref> |
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*"My error": translated from the Hebrew word {{lang|he|מְשׁוּגָה}}, ''meshugah'' (that [[Hapax legomenon|can only be found here]] in the Hebrew Bible), derived from {{lang|he|שׁוּג}}, ''shug'' ("to wander; to err") with a root paralleling {{lang|he|שָׁגַג}}, ''shagag'' or {{lang|he|שָׁגָה}}, ''shagah''.<ref name="4net_c">Note [c] on Job 19:4 in NET Bible</ref> |
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Job insists that even if it were true he has committed a minor, inadvertent sin (cf. Leviticus 5:18; Numbers 15:8), definitely not the intentional sin being accused by his friends, then it is solely Job concern, a matter between Job and God alone, not for his friends to prosecute him.<ref name="4net_c"/>{{sfn|Estes|2013|p=117}} |
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The Greek Septuagint version has an insertion between the two lines: "in having spoken words which it is not right to speak, and my words err, and are unreasonable".<ref>Note [b] on Job 19:4 in NET Bible</ref> |
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===Verse 25=== |
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:[Job said:] ''"For I know that my Redeemer lives, |
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::''and He will stand at last on the earth;"''<ref>{{bibleref2|Job|19:25|MEV}} [[Modern English Version|MEV]]</ref> |
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*"My Redeemer": or "my Vindicator", from the active participle of the Hebrew word {{lang|he|גָּאַל}}, ''gaʾal' ("to redeem, protect, vindicate"), a well-known word in the Hebrew Bible because of its identification as the "kinsman-redeemer" (cf. [[Book of Ruth]]), who is 'the near kinsman who will pay off one’s debts, defend the family, avenge a killing, marry the widow of the deceased'.<ref name="25net_a">Note [a] on Job 19:25 in NET Bible</ref> The concept might include the description of the mediator in Job 16:19.<ref name="25net_a"/> |
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*"At last": translated from the Hebrew word {{lang|he|אַחֲרוּן}}, ''ʾakharon'' ("last") in an adjectival form, not adverbial, as an epithet of the vindicator.<ref>Note [b] on Job 19:25 in NET Bible</ref> |
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==See also== |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| |
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*[[Afterlife]] |
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*[[Divine Providence]] |
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*[[Persecution]] |
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*[[Righteousness]] |
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}} |
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*Related [[Bible]] parts: [[Job 17]], [[Job 42]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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*{{Cite book |last = Alter |first = Robert |title = The Wisdom Books: Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes: A Translation with Commentary |publisher = W.W. Norton & Co |year = 2010 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TujOn209Ts8C| isbn = 978-0393080735}} |
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*{{Cite book|last= Coogan|first = Michael David| authorlink= Michael D. Coogan |title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 |editor-last1=Coogan |editor-first1=Michael David |editor-first2=Marc Zvi |editor-last2= Brettler |editor-first3=Carol Ann |editor-last3= Newsom |editor-first4= Pheme |editor-last4= Perkins |edition= Augmented 3rd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year =2007 |isbn = 9780195288810 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}} |
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*{{Cite book|last= Crenshaw | first= James L. | chapter = 17. Job | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton |editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman |editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 331–355 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}} |
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*{{Cite book|last= Estes | first = Daniel J. | title= Job | series= Teach the Text Commentary Series |editor-first1= John H. |editor-last1=Walton |editor-first2= Mark L. |editor-last2=Strauss | place= United States |publisher =Baker Publishing Group | year= 2013 |isbn = 9781441242778 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SpFRU1n-oUMC }} |
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*{{Cite book |last = Farmer |first = Kathleen A. |chapter = The Wisdom Books |editor1-last = McKenzie |editor1-first = Steven L. |editor2-last = Graham |editor2-first = Matt Patrick |title = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |year = 1998 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC |isbn = 978-0-66425652-4}} |
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*{{cite book|last= Halley| first= Henry H.| authorlink= Henry Hampton Halley| title= Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary |edition=24th (revised)|publisher= Zondervan Publishing House |date= 1965 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zsG4oLToI7oC | isbn= 0-310-25720-4}} |
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*{{Cite book | last1 = Kugler | first1 = Robert | last2 = Hartin | first2 = Patrick J. | title = An Introduction to the Bible | publisher = Eerdmans | year = 2009 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC | isbn = 978-0-8028-4636-5 }} |
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*{{Cite book | last1 =Walton | first1 = John H.| title = Job | place= United States | publisher = Zondervan |year= 2012 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vNQ9CvY0NccC | isbn = 9780310492009 }} |
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*{{Cite book | last1 =Wilson | first1 = Lindsay | title = Job | place= United States | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |year= 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_IpyCgAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781467443289 }} |
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*{{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes | isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}} |
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==External links== |
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* [[Judaism|Jewish]] translations: |
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** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16421 Iyov - Job - Chapter 19 (Judaica Press)] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org |
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* [[Christianity|Christian]] translations: |
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** [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Job+19 ''Online Bible'' at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) |
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* [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=22&chapter=19&version=9 Book of Job Chapter 19]. Various versions |
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* {{librivox book | title=Book of Job}} Various versions |
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{{Book of Job}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Job 19}} |
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<!--[[Category:Job 19| ]]--> |
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[[Category:Book of Job chapters|19]] |
Revision as of 00:48, 19 September 2022
Job 19 | |
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Book | Book of Job |
Hebrew Bible part | Ketuvim |
Order in the Hebrew part | 3 |
Category | Sifrei Emet |
Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
Order in the Christian part | 18 |
Job 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE.[3][4] This chapter records the speech of Job, which belongs to the Dialogue section of the book, comprising Job 3:1–31:40.[5][6]
Text
The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 29 verses.
Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).[7]
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[8]
Analysis
The structure of the book is as follows:[9]
- The Prologue (chapters 1–2)
- The Dialogue (chapters 3–31)
- The Verdicts (32:1–42:6)
- The Epilogue (42:7–17)
Within the structure, chapter 19 is grouped into the Dialogue section with the following outline:[10]
- Job's Self-Curse and Self-Lament (3:1–26)
- Round One (4:1–14:22)
- Round Two (15:1–21:34)
- Eliphaz (15:1–35)
- Job (16:1–17:16)
- Bildad (18:1–21)
- Job (19:1–29)
- Rebuking the Friends (19:1–6)
- God's Treatment of Him (19:7–12)
- Others Have Abandoned Him (19:13–20)
- Plea to the Friends to Stop (19:21–22)
- The Possibility of a Redeemer (19:23–27)
- Back to the Friends (19:28–29)
- Zophar (20:1–29)
- Job (21:1–34)
- Round Three (22:1–27:23)
- Interlude – A Poem on Wisdom (28:1–28)
- Job's Summing Up (29:1–31:40)
The Dialogue section is composed in the format of poetry with distinctive syntax and grammar.[5]
Chapter 19 is largely a lament that can be divided into several parts:[11]
- Job's lament to God and the people (verses 1–22)
- Job complains his friends' torments of him (verses 1–6)
- Job laments God's treatment to him (verses 7–12)
- Job laments people's abandonment of him (verses 13–20)
- Job pleads his friends to stop rebuking him (verses 21–22)
- Job explores the possibility of a redeemer (verses 23–27)
- Job warns his friends of the judgment for mistreating him (verses 28–29)[11]
Job's lament to God and the people (19:1–22)
Job's lament in this section is framed by his complaint of his friends tormenting him (verses 1–6) and his plea for his friends to stop doing that action (verses 21–22).[12] In between, Job laments that he no doubt believes God's ultimate power over his fate, but he simply cannot understand why God took away his dignity and reputation ("glory" and "crown", verse 9), also that his family and the people have deserted him ("his brothers", verse 13; "all who knew him", verses 13b, 14b), "closest friends" (verse 19), basically the entire community (cf. Job 30).[13]
Verse 4
- [Job said:] "And if indeed I have erred,
- my error remains with me."[14]
- "I have erred": translated from the Hebrew verb שָׁגִיתִי, shagiti, is in the form of a hypothetical clause, because Job maintains his innocence.[15]
- "My error": translated from the Hebrew word מְשׁוּגָה, meshugah (that can only be found here in the Hebrew Bible), derived from שׁוּג, shug ("to wander; to err") with a root paralleling שָׁגַג, shagag or שָׁגָה, shagah.[16]
Job insists that even if it were true he has committed a minor, inadvertent sin (cf. Leviticus 5:18; Numbers 15:8), definitely not the intentional sin being accused by his friends, then it is solely Job concern, a matter between Job and God alone, not for his friends to prosecute him.[16][17]
The Greek Septuagint version has an insertion between the two lines: "in having spoken words which it is not right to speak, and my words err, and are unreasonable".[18]
Verse 25
- [Job said:] "For I know that my Redeemer lives,
- and He will stand at last on the earth;"[19]
- "My Redeemer": or "my Vindicator", from the active participle of the Hebrew word גָּאַל, gaʾal' ("to redeem, protect, vindicate"), a well-known word in the Hebrew Bible because of its identification as the "kinsman-redeemer" (cf. Book of Ruth), who is 'the near kinsman who will pay off one’s debts, defend the family, avenge a killing, marry the widow of the deceased'.[20] The concept might include the description of the mediator in Job 16:19.[20]
- "At last": translated from the Hebrew word אַחֲרוּן, ʾakharon ("last") in an adjectival form, not adverbial, as an epithet of the vindicator.[21]
See also
References
- ^ Halley 1965, pp. 244–245.
- ^ Holman Illustrated Bible Handbook. Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, Tennessee. 2012.
- ^ Kugler & Hartin 2009, p. 193.
- ^ Crenshaw 2007, p. 332.
- ^ a b Crenshaw 2007, p. 335.
- ^ Wilson 2015, p. 18.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Wilson 2015, pp. 17–23.
- ^ Wilson 2015, pp. 18–21.
- ^ a b Wilson 2015, pp. 102–103.
- ^ Wilson 2015, p. 103.
- ^ Wilson 2015, p. 104.
- ^ Job 19:4 MEV
- ^ Note [a] on Job 19:4 in NET Bible
- ^ a b Note [c] on Job 19:4 in NET Bible
- ^ Estes 2013, p. 117.
- ^ Note [b] on Job 19:4 in NET Bible
- ^ Job 19:25 MEV
- ^ a b Note [a] on Job 19:25 in NET Bible
- ^ Note [b] on Job 19:25 in NET Bible
Sources
- Alter, Robert (2010). The Wisdom Books: Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes: A Translation with Commentary. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393080735.
- Coogan, Michael David (2007). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 (Augmented 3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195288810.
- Crenshaw, James L. (2007). "17. Job". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 331–355. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- Estes, Daniel J. (2013). Walton, John H.; Strauss, Mark L. (eds.). Job. Teach the Text Commentary Series. United States: Baker Publishing Group. ISBN 9781441242778.
- Farmer, Kathleen A. (1998). "The Wisdom Books". In McKenzie, Steven L.; Graham, Matt Patrick (eds.). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-66425652-4.
- Halley, Henry H. (1965). Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary (24th (revised) ed.). Zondervan Publishing House. ISBN 0-310-25720-4.
- Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick J. (2009). An Introduction to the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4636-5.
- Walton, John H. (2012). Job. United States: Zondervan. ISBN 9780310492009.
- Wilson, Lindsay (2015). Job. United States: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9781467443289.
- Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
External links
- Jewish translations:
- Iyov - Job - Chapter 19 (Judaica Press) translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
- Christian translations:
- Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
- Book of Job Chapter 19. Various versions
- Book of Job public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions