Kuki-Chin languages: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Language family}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} |
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{{Use British English|date=November 2017}} |
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The '''Chin languages''' (also called C'''hin-Mizo''',<ref>{{cite book |last=Burling |first=Robbins |year=2003 |chapter=The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeastern India |editor=Graham Thurgood |editor2=Randy J. LaPolla |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |pages=169–191}}</ref> '''Kukish''' or '''South-Central Tibeto-Burman''' languages) are a branch of 50 or so [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken in northeastern [[India]], western [[Myanmar]] and southeastern [[Bangladesh]]. Most speakers of these languages are known as [[Mizo people|Mizo]] in [[Mizoram]] and [[Manipur]]. [[Chin people|Chin]] in [[Burmese language|Burmese]]; some also identify as Zomi. [[Mizo language|Mizo]] is the most widely spoken of the Chin languages.Chin is sometimes placed under [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Chin–Naga]], a geographical rather than linguistic grouping. |
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Most Chin languages are spoken in and around [[Chin State]], [[Myanmar]], with some languages spoken in [[Sagaing Division]], [[Magway Region]] and [[Rakhine State]] as well. In [[Northeast India]], many Northern Chin languages are also spoken in [[Mizoram]] State and [[Manipur]] State, India, especially in [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur District]], [[Pherzawl District]]. Northwestern Chin languages are spoken mostly in [[Chandel District]], Manipur. |
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Chin is alternatively called ''South-Central'' Trans-Himalayan (or ''South Central'' Tibeto-Burman) by Konnerth (2018), because of negative connotations of the term "Chin" for many speakers of languages in this group.<ref>Konnerth, Linda. 2018. [https://doi.org/10.5070/H917134878 The historical phonology of Monsang (Northwestern South-Central/“Kuki-Chin”): A case of reduction in phonological complexity]. ''Himalayan Linguistics'', Vol. 17(1): 19-49, note [2]: "...many language activists among the speakers of languages of the South-Central branch has made it clear to me that using the “Kuki-Chin” label is very insensitive."</ref> |
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==Internal classification== |
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The [[Karbi language]]s may be closely related to Chin, but Thurgood (2003) and van Driem (2011) leave Karbi unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.<ref>Thurgood, Graham (2003) "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: The interaction between language contact, change, and inheritance." In G. Thurgood and R. LaPolla, eds., ''The Sino-Tibetan languages'', pp. 13–14. London: Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1129-1}}.</ref><ref>{{citation |
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|last=van Driem |
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|first=George L. |
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|title=Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar |
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|journal=Himalayan Linguistics Journal |
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|volume=10 |
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|issue=1 |
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|year=2011a |
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|pages=31–39 |
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|url=http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html |
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|postscript=. |
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|url-status=dead |
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112220623/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html |
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|archive-date=12 January 2012 |
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}}</ref> |
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The Chin branches listed below are from VanBik (2009), with the ''[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]'' branch added from [[Scott DeLancey]], et al. (2015),<ref>DeLancey, Scott; Krishna Boro; Linda Konnerth1; Amos Teo. 2015. ''Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo-Myanmar borderland''. 31st South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable, 14 May 2015.</ref> and the ''[[Khomic languages|Khomic]]'' branch (which has been split off from the ''Southern'' branch) from Peterson (2017).<ref name="Peterson2017"/> |
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;'''Chin''' |
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*'''[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]''': [[Mizo language|Mizo]] (Duhlian), [[Bawm language|Bawm]] (Sunthla and Panghawi), [[Tawr language|Tawr]], [[Hmar language|Hmar]], [[Hakha Chin language|Hakha]] (Lai/Pawi, Mi-E, Zokhua), [[Pangkhua language|Pangkhua]], [[Saihriem language|Saihriem]], [[Falam language|Laizo]]/[[Taisun language|Tlaisun]], [[Khualshim language|Khualsim]], [[Zanniat]], [[Zahau language|Zahau]] |
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*'''[[Maraic languages|Maraic]]''': [[Mara language|Mara]] (Tlosai {Siaha and Saikao}, Hawthai {Lyvaw, Sizo, and Lochei}, Hlaipao {Zyhno, Heima, and Lialai}), [[Zyphe language|Zophei]], [[Senthang language|Senthang]], [[Zotung language|Zotung]] (Lungngo, Calthawn, Innmai), [[Lautu Chin language|Lautu]] |
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*'''[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]''': [[Falam language|Falam]] (Hallam, Hauhulh, Simpi, Hualngo, [[Chorei]]), Suantak-Vaiphei, [[Hrangkhol language|Hrangkhol]], [[Zou language|Zo]] (Zou), [[Biate language|Biate]] (Bete), [[Paite language|Paite]], [[Tedim language|Tedim]], [[Thado language|Thado]] (Kuki), [[Gangte language|Gangte]], [[Simte language|Simte]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Sizang language|Sizang]], [[Ralte language|Ralte]], [[Ngawn language|Ngawn]] |
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*'''[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]]''': [[Shö language|Shö]] (Asho/Khyang, Chinbon), [[Thaiphum language|Thaiphum]], [[Daai language|Daai]] (Nitu), [[Mün language|Mün]], [[Yindu Daa languages|Yindu]], [[Nga La language|Matu]], [[Welaung language|Welaung]] (Rawngtu), [[Kaang Chin language|Kaang]], [[Laitu Chin language|Laitu]], [[Rungtu Chin language|Rungtu]], [[Songlai Chin language|Songlai]], [[Sumtu Chin language|Sumtu]] |
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*'''[[Khomic languages|Khomic]]''': [[Khumi language|Khumi]] (Khumi proper and Khumi Awa), [[Mro language|Mro]], [[Rengmitca language|Rengmitca]], etc. |
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*'''[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]''' ( '''[[Southern Naga languages|Nagas]]'''): [[Monsang language|Monsang]], [[Moyon language|Moyon]], [[Lamkang language|Lamkang]], [[Aimol language|Aimol]], [[Anal language|Anal]], [[Tarao language|Tarao]], [[Koireng language|Koireng]] (Kolhreng), [[Chiru language|Chiru]], [[Kom language (India)|Kom]], [[Chothe language|Chothe]], [[Purum language|Purum]],<ref name="Peterson2017"/> [[Kharam language|Kharam]],<ref name="Peterson2017"/> |
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[[Darlong language|Darlong]] and [[Ranglong language|Ranglong]] are unclassified Chin language. |
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The recently discovered [[Sorbung language|Sorbung]] language may be mixed language that could classify as either a Kuki-Chin or [[Tangkhul languages|Tangkhul]] language (Mortenson & Keogh 2011).<ref>David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. "[http://jseals.org/JSEALS-4-1.pdf Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman]", in ''JEALS'' 4, vol 1.</ref> |
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[[Anu-Hkongso Chin language|Anu-Hkongso]] speakers self-identify as ethnic [[Chin people]], although their language is closely related to [[Mru language|Mru]] rather than to Chin languages. The [[Mruic languages]] constitute a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, and are not part of Chin. |
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===VanBik (2009)=== |
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Kenneth VanBik's (2009:23) classified the Kuki-Chin languages based on shared [[sound changes]] (phonological innovations) from Proto-Kuki-Chin as follows. |
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'''Chin''' |
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*[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]: *k(ʰ)r-, *p(ʰ)r- > *t(ʰ)r-; *k(ʰ)l-, *p(ʰ)l- > *t(ʰ)l-; *y- > *z- |
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**[[Pangkhua language|Pangkhua]]? |
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**[[Tawr language|Lamtuk Thet]]: Lamtuk, Ruavan |
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**[[Lai languages|Lai]] |
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***[[Hakha Chin language|Hakha]]: [[Hakha Chin language|Hakha]], [[Thantlang]], Zokhua |
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***[[Falam language|Falam]]: [[Bawm language|Bawm]], Bualkhaw, [[Falam language|Laizo]], Lente, [[Khualshim language|Khualsim]], Khuangli, Sim, Tlaisun, [[Zanniat language|Zanniat]] |
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**[[Mizo language|Mizo]] |
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***[[Mizo language|Mizo]]: Fanai, Hualngo, Lushai, Khiangte |
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***[[Hmar language|Hmar]]: Khosak, Thiek, Lawitlang, Khawbung, Darngawn, Lungtau, Leiri |
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*[[Maraic languages|Maraic]]: *kr- > *ts-; *-ʔ, *-r, *-l > -Ø; *-p, *-t, *-k > *-ʔ; *θ- > *s- |
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**[[Mara language|Mara]] |
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***Tlosai |
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****Saikao |
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****Siaha |
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***Hlaipao |
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****Heima |
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****Lialai |
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****Vahapi/Zyhno |
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***HawThai |
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****Sizo |
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*****Ngaphepi |
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*****Sabyu |
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*****Chapi |
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****Lyvaw |
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*****Lochei |
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*****Tisih |
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*****Phybyu |
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**[[Lautu language|Lautu]] |
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***Hnaro |
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***Chawngthia |
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**[[Zyphe language|Zophei]] |
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***Vytu |
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***Sate/Awsa |
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**[[Senthang language|Senthang]] |
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***Khuapi |
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***Surkhua |
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**[[Zotung language|Zotung]] *h- > *f-; *kr- > *r-; *khl- > *kh-, *l-; *c(<sup>h</sup>)- > *t(<sup>h</sup>)-/*s-; *y- > *z-/*z(<sup>h</sup>)-; *w- > *v- |
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***Calthawng |
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***Innmai |
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***Lungngo/Tinpa |
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*Peripheral: *r- > *g- |
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**[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]: *θ- > *ts-; *kl- > *tl-; *-r > *-k |
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***[[Thado language|Thado]]/[[Kuki language|Kuki]], [[Tedim language|Tedim]], Khuangsai, [[Paite language|Paite]] Vuite, [[Chiru language|Chiru]] |
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***[[Siyin language|Sizang]], [[Guite people|Guite]], [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]], [[Ralte language|Ralte]], |
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**[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]] (Southern Plains): *-r > *-y |
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***[[Khumi language|Khumi]]: Khomi, Wakung |
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***[[Shö language|Cho-Asho]] |
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****Asho |
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****Cho: [[Matu language|Matu]]; Chinpon; [[Daai language|Daai]], Nghmoye, Ngmuun, Mkaang |
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===Peterson (2017)=== |
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David A. Peterson's (2017:206)<ref name="Peterson2017">Peterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds. ''Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley'', 189-209. Leiden: Brill.</ref> internal classification of the Chin languages is as follows. |
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;Chin |
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*[[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern]]: ''[[Purum language|Purum (Naga)]], Koireng, [[Monsang language|Monsang (Naga)]]'', etc. |
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*Central |
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**[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Core Central]] |
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**[[Maraic languages|Maraic]] |
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*Peripheral |
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**[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northeastern]] |
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**[[Khomic languages|Khomic]]: ''Khami/[[Khumi language|Khumi]], [[Mro language|Mro]]-Khimi, Lemi, [[Rengmitca language|Rengmitca]]'', etc. |
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**[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]] |
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***''Cho'' |
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***Daai'' |
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***''Hyow''/''[[Shö language|Asho]]'' |
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Peterson's ''Northeastern'' branch corresponds to VanBik's ''Northern.'' |
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==See also== |
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*[[Lai languages]] |
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*[[Pau Cin Hau script]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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==Further reading== |
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*Button, Christopher. 2011. ''Proto Northern Chin''. STEDT Monograph 10. {{ISBN|0-944613-49-7}}. http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph10_Proto-Northern-Chin.pdf |
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*{{cite thesis | given = Khoi | surname = Lam Thang | year = 2001 | title = A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Chin | type = MA thesis | location = Chiang Mai | publisher = Payap University | url = http://inter.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_PDF/Khois-Proto-Reconstruction-of-Chin-revised.pdf }} |
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*Mann, Noel, and Wendy Smith. 2008. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Chin%20Bibliography.pdf Chin bibliography]. Chiang Mai: Payap University. |
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*Qand [[Vaiphei language|Vaiphei]]] |
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*Smith, Wendy and Noel Mann. 2009. [http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/Chin%20Bibliography%20with%20Selected%20Annotations.pdf Chin bibliography with selected annotations]. Chiang Mai: Payap University. |
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==External links== |
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* [http://hmartlangsam.blogspot.com/ Tlângsam: Latest News in Hmar language – Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, NE India] |
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{{Sino-Tibetan languages}} |
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{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}} |
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{{Languages of Myanmar}} |
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{{Languages of Northeast India}} |
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[[Category:Kuki-Chin languages| ]] |
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[[Category:Languages of India]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]] |
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