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'''Cell Squeeze®''' is the commercial name for a method for deforming a cell as it passes through a small opening, disrupting the cell membrane and allowing material to be inserted into the cell.<ref>[http://sqzbiotech.com/technology/ How It Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310070246/http://sqzbiotech.com/technology/ |date=2014-03-10 }}. SQZBiotech®. Retrieved on 2014-05-18.</ref><ref name=pmid23341631>{{cite journal |last1=Jensen |first1=Klavs F. |last2=Langer |first2=Robert |last3=Anderson |first3=Daniel G. |last4=Kim |first4=Kwang-Soo |last5=Hartoularos |first5=George C. |last6=Kang |first6=Jeon Woong |last7=Heller |first7=Daniel A. |last8=Lee |first8=Jungmin |last9=Jhunjhunwala |first9=Siddharth |last10=Basto |first10=Pamela A. |last11=Lytton-Jean |first11=Abigail |last12=Han |first12=Min-Joon |last13=Schneider |first13=Sabine |last14=Mao |first14=Shirley |last15=Jackson |first15=Emily |last16=Cho |first16=Nahyun |last17=Sim |first17=Woo Young |last18=Adamo |first18=Andrea |last19=Zoldan |first19=Janet |last20=Sharei |first20=Armon |title=A vector-free microfluidic platform for intracellular delivery |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=5 February 2013 |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=2082–2087 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1218705110 |pmc=3568376 |pmid=23341631 |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is an alternative method to [[electroporation]] or [[cell-penetrating peptides]] and operates similarly to a [[French pressure cell press|french cell press]] that temporarily disrupts cells, rather than completely bursting them.<ref name=pmid23813915>{{cite journal |last1=Meacham |first1=J. Mark |last2=Durvasula |first2=Kiranmai |last3=Degertekin |first3=F. Levent |last4=Fedorov |first4=Andrei G. |title=Physical Methods for Intracellular Delivery |journal=Journal of Laboratory Automation |date=February 2014 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1177/2211068213494388 |pmc=4449156 |pmid=23813915 }}</ref> |
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== Method == |
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The cell-disrupting change in pressure is achieved by passing cells through a narrow opening in a [[Microfluidics|microfluidic device]]. The device is made up of channels etched into a [[Wafer (electronics)|wafer]] through which cells initially flow freely. As they move through the device, the channel width gradually narrows. The cell's flexible membrane allows it to change shape and become thinner and longer, allowing it to squeeze through. As the cell becomes more and more narrow, it shrinks in width by about 30 to 80 percent<ref name=pmid23341631/> its original size and the forced rapid change in cell shape temporarily creates holes in the membrane, without damaging or killing the cell. |
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While the cell membrane is disrupted, target molecules that pass by can enter the cell through the holes in the membrane. As the cell returns to its normal shape, the holes in the membrane close. Virtually any type of molecule can be delivered into any type of cell.<ref>[http://www.rdmag.com/news/2013/07/researchers-put-squeeze-cells-deliver Researchers put squeeze on cells to deliver]. Rdmag.com (2013-07-22). Retrieved on 2014-05-18.</ref> The throughput is approximately one million per second. Mechanical disruption methods can cause fewer gene expression changes than electrical or chemical methods.<ref name=pmid23813915/> This can be preferable in studies that require the gene expression to be controlled at all times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.mit.edu/2016/cell-squeezing-enhances-protein-imaging-0201/|title=Cell squeezing enhances protein imaging|date=2 February 2016|publisher=MIT News Office|author=Anne Trafton}}</ref> |
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== Applications == |
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Like other cell permeablisation techniques, it enables [[intracellular]] delivery materials, such as proteins, siRNA, or carbon nanotubes. The technique has been used for over 20 cell types, including embryonic stem cells and naïve immune cells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/36099/title/Narrow-Straits/|title=Narrow Straits - The Scientist Magazine®}}</ref> Initial applications focused on immune cells, for example delivering: |
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* Anti-HIV siRNAs for blocking HIV infection in CD4+ T cells.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jensen |first1=Klavs F. |last2=Lieberman |first2=Judy |last3=Langer |first3=Robert |last4=Anderson |first4=Daniel G. |last5=Andrian |first5=Ulrich H. von |last6=Addo |first6=Marylyn |last7=Khan |first7=Omar F. |last8=Talkar |first8=Tanya |last9=Liu |first9=Sophia |last10=Heimann |first10=Megan |last11=Mao |first11=Shirley |last12=Poceviciute |first12=Roberta |last13=Sharma |first13=Siddhartha |last14=Angin |first14=Mathieu |last15=Lytton-Jean |first15=Abigail |last16=Eyerman |first16=Alexandra T. |last17=Hartoularos |first17=George C. |last18=Jhunjhunwala |first18=Siddharth |last19=Trifonova |first19=Radiana |last20=Sharei |first20=Armon |title=Ex Vivo Cytosolic Delivery of Functional Macromolecules to Immune Cells |journal=PLOS ONE |date=13 April 2015 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e0118803 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118803 |pmc=4395260 |pmid=25875117 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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* Whole protein antigen and enabling [[MHC class I]] processing/presentation in polyclonal [[B cells]], facilitating B cell-based vaccine approaches.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irvine |first1=Darrell J. |last2=Jensen |first2=Klavs |last3=Langer |first3=Robert |last4=Heimann |first4=Megan |last5=Mao |first5=Shirley |last6=Brefo |first6=Mavis |last7=Frew |first7=Kirubel |last8=Park |first8=Clara |last9=Alejandro |first9=Brian |last10=Sharei |first10=Armon |last11=Worku |first11=Hermoon |last12=Egeren |first12=Debra Van |last13=Szeto |first13=Gregory Lee |title=Microfluidic squeezing for intracellular antigen loading in polyclonal B-cells as cellular vaccines |journal=Scientific Reports |date=22 May 2015 |volume=5 |pages=10276 |doi=10.1038/srep10276 |pmid=25999171 |pmc=4441198 }}</ref> |
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== Commercialization == |
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The process was originally developed in 2013 by Armon Sharei and Andrea Adamo, in the lab of [[Robert S. Langer|Langer]] and Jensen at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name=pmid23341631/> In 2014 Sharei founded SQZBiotech® to demonstrate the technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sqzbiotech.com/|title=Home|website=SQZ Biotech|access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> That year, SQZBiotech® won the $100,000 grand prize in the annual startup competition sponsored by Boston-based accelerator MassChallenge.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/30/ma-sqz-biotech-idUSnBw305865a+100+BSW20141030 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=March 6, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402225745/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/30/ma-sqz-biotech-idUSnBw305865a%2B100%2BBSW20141030 |archivedate=April 2, 2015 }}</ref> |
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[[Boeing]] and the [[Center for the Advancement of Science in Space]] CASIS awarded the company the CASIS-Boeing Prize for Technology in Space to support the use of Cell Squeeze® on the [[International Space Station]] (ISS).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iss-casis.org/press-releases/casis-and-the-boeing-company-partner-to-award-entrepreneurial-research-through-masschallenge/ |title=Partner to Award Entrepreneurial Research Through MassChallenge|access-date=2018-06-12}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Transfection]] |
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== References == |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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[[Category:Cell biology]] |
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Latest revision as of 12:26, 15 March 2022
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