Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Kapampangan Carabineer Officers.jpg|thumb|Kapampangan Carabineer Officers who served in the Royal Spanish Army. Many Kapampangans enlisted in the Spanish forces.]] |
[[File:Kapampangan Carabineer Officers.jpg|thumb|Kapampangan Carabineer Officers who served in the Royal Spanish Army. Many Kapampangans enlisted in the Spanish forces.]] |
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'''Pamapanga in the Philippine Revolution''' remained almost wholly loyal to Spanish suzerainty, with only few [[Maginoo|noble]] Kapampangan families defecting to the [[Katipunan]]. [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] involvement in defending [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish]] interests began when the [[Philippine Revolution|Revolution]] broke out, with many [[Timawa|freemen]] enlisting in Spanish forces<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=1937-|first=Mitchell, Edward J. (Edward John)|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/430197464|title=The Huk rebellion in the Philippines : an econometric study|date=1969|publisher=Rand Corp|oclc=430197464}}</ref>. However, [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] rebels would eventually infiltrate the province and begin a campaign of terrorism. Once Spain lost the Battle of Manila Bay, Spanish forces in [[Pampanga]] retreated to Macabebe and awaited their return to Spain. Republican forces would raze and loot Kapampangan towns for their cooperation with Spanish forces. To revenge their losses, many Kapamapngans would enlist with the Americans to defeat the Philippine Republic. |
'''Pamapanga in the Philippine Revolution''' remained almost wholly loyal to Spanish suzerainty, with only few [[Maginoo|noble]] Kapampangan families defecting to the [[Katipunan]]. [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]] involvement in defending [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish]] interests began when the [[Philippine Revolution|Revolution]] broke out, with many [[Timawa|freemen]] enlisting in Spanish forces<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=1937-|first=Mitchell, Edward J. (Edward John)|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/430197464|title=The Huk rebellion in the Philippines : an econometric study|date=1969|publisher=Rand Corp|oclc=430197464}}</ref>. However, [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] rebels would eventually infiltrate the province and begin a campaign of terrorism. Once Spain lost the Battle of Manila Bay, Spanish forces in [[Pampanga]] retreated to Macabebe and awaited their return to Spain. Republican forces would raze and loot Kapampangan towns for their cooperation with Spanish forces. To revenge their losses, many Kapamapngans would enlist with the Americans to defeat the Philippine Republic. |
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When war broke out in and around Manila, Governor-General Ramon Blanco declared martial law in eight provinces, including Pampanga and Tarlac. Many Kapampangans would go on to join the Spanish army and fight the rebellion<ref name=":0" />. These forces consisted of volunteers, ''Los Voluntarios Pampangos'', and enlisted personnel. Many of the latter from Macabebe patrolled the Pampanga River and Candaba Swamp to prevent rebel forces from reaching Pampanga. |
When war broke out in and around Manila, Governor-General Ramon Blanco declared martial law in eight provinces, including Pampanga and Tarlac. Many Kapampangans would go on to join the Spanish army and fight the rebellion<ref name=":0" />. These forces consisted of volunteers, ''Los Voluntarios Pampangos'', and enlisted personnel. Many of the latter from Macabebe patrolled the Pampanga River and Candaba Swamp to prevent rebel forces from reaching Pampanga. |
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Through the rest of 1896 and all of 1897, Kapampangan forces cooperated with the Spanish and defeated the Katipunan in successive battles. One the Peace of Biak na Bato had been signed, however, Tagalog forces changed their strategy with regards to Pampanga. By August 1897, Katipunero infiltrators establishes a cell in Guagua to perform acts of terrorism. In October, a Katipunero infiltrator escaped from Spanish guards who were trying to capture him during a religious festival. Kapampangan towns would thereafter organize local militias to defend themselves. [[Camilo García de Polavieja|Governor-General Camilio de Polavieja]] remarked that a "belt of fire" surrounded Pampanga for the Kapampangans had refused to join the rebel forces. For their fervor in fighting for Spain, Governor Jose Canovas petitioned the Spanish crown to award all of Pampanga a title for service<ref name=":1" /> |
Through the rest of 1896 and all of 1897, Kapampangan forces cooperated with the Spanish and defeated the Katipunan in successive battles. One the Peace of Biak na Bato had been signed, however, Tagalog forces changed their strategy with regards to Pampanga. By August 1897, Katipunero infiltrators establishes a cell in Guagua to perform acts of terrorism. In October, a Katipunero infiltrator escaped from Spanish guards who were trying to capture him during a religious festival. Kapampangan towns would thereafter organize local militias to defend themselves. [[Camilo García de Polavieja|Governor-General Camilio de Polavieja]] remarked that a "belt of fire" surrounded Pampanga for the Kapampangans had refused to join the rebel forces. For their fervor in fighting for Spain, Governor Jose Canovas petitioned the Spanish crown to award all of Pampanga a title for service.<ref name=":1" /> |
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In December, an attempted Katipunero attack on Candaba failed to the local militia's defense. Around the same time, [[Macabebe]] soldiers won a skirmish with rebels near [[Mount Arayat]]. Katipunero terrorism in Pampanga, however, would continue. In March 1898, Katipunero infiltrators attempted to assassinate Don Martin Gosun, who kept to his home and evaded them. Later that month, a Dcotor Santa Maria of Guagua and his family, and all other Spaniards of Guagua were killed by Katipunero infiltrators. The local parish priest would leave town on the same day. |
In December, an attempted Katipunero attack on Candaba failed to the local militia's defense. Around the same time, [[Macabebe]] soldiers won a skirmish with rebels near [[Mount Arayat]]. Katipunero terrorism in Pampanga, however, would continue. In March 1898, Katipunero infiltrators attempted to assassinate Don Martin Gosun, who kept to his home and evaded them. Later that month, a Dcotor Santa Maria of Guagua and his family, and all other Spaniards of Guagua were killed by Katipunero infiltrators. The local parish priest would leave town on the same day. |
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== Aftermath == |
== Aftermath == |
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Fighting ruined the Kapampangan economy for many men were away to stop the rebellion. Agriculture and manufacture gave way to famine and depression<ref name=":1" />. Prices collapsed, and land went unused. Looting and razing by Katipuneros also pushed many Kapampangans to poverty. Such conditions allowed a few who allied with the Katipunan to buy large swathes of land in the American period. These actions lead to the agrarian crisis and the Huk rebellion many decades later<ref name=":0" /> |
Fighting ruined the Kapampangan economy for many men were away to stop the rebellion. Agriculture and manufacture gave way to famine and depression.<ref name=":1" />. Prices collapsed, and land went unused. Looting and razing by Katipuneros also pushed many Kapampangans to poverty. Such conditions allowed a few who allied with the Katipunan to buy large swathes of land in the American period. These actions lead to the agrarian crisis and the Huk rebellion many decades later<ref name=":0" /> |
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The war also ruined Kapampangan prestige, going from an autonomous vassal of the Spanish crown to a mere canton of the Philippine Republic<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pangilingan|first=Michael|date=2014-07-16|title=An Introduction to the Kapampángan Language|url=https://aboutphilippines.org/files/Pangilinan__TUFS__-_Kapampangan-libre.pdf|journal=Tokyo University of Foreign Studies}}</ref>. Puppet mayors enacted taxes and tribute to donate to the Philippine Republic. All these factors pushed many Kapampangans to enlist in the US Army, helping the new conquerors to pacify the rest of the archipelago. |
The war also ruined Kapampangan prestige, going from an autonomous vassal of the Spanish crown to a mere canton of the Philippine Republic<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pangilingan|first=Michael|date=2014-07-16|title=An Introduction to the Kapampángan Language|url=https://aboutphilippines.org/files/Pangilinan__TUFS__-_Kapampangan-libre.pdf|journal=Tokyo University of Foreign Studies}}</ref>. Puppet mayors enacted taxes and tribute to donate to the Philippine Republic. All these factors pushed many Kapampangans to enlist in the US Army, helping the new conquerors to pacify the rest of the archipelago. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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<references /> |
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Revision as of 14:14, 15 July 2021
Pamapanga in the Philippine Revolution remained almost wholly loyal to Spanish suzerainty, with only few noble Kapampangan families defecting to the Katipunan. Kapampangan involvement in defending Spanish interests began when the Revolution broke out, with many freemen enlisting in Spanish forces[1]. However, Tagalog rebels would eventually infiltrate the province and begin a campaign of terrorism. Once Spain lost the Battle of Manila Bay, Spanish forces in Pampanga retreated to Macabebe and awaited their return to Spain. Republican forces would raze and loot Kapampangan towns for their cooperation with Spanish forces. To revenge their losses, many Kapamapngans would enlist with the Americans to defeat the Philippine Republic.
Background
The province of Pampanga cooperated closely with Spanish authorities, with Kapampangans forming the bulk of natives that enlisted into the Spanish army. Kapampangan troops fought alongside Spaniards in land battles for Formosa, Guam, and Cagayan[2], and in naval battles against the Dutch. British forces attempting to invade Bulacan from Manila suffered heavily from Kapampangan counteroffensives that pushed them back to Intramuros[3]. In return, the Spanish allowed Kapampangans to join the Spanish peerage[4], study in Spanish universities both in Manila and in Spain[5], and join the Spanish army as officers.
As Kapampangans had cooperated closely with Spain, they found little merit in rebellion aside from a few instances. Land disputes, like those which Jose Rizal encountered, happened mostly in Tagalog regions. Kapampangans would settle quietly in Pampanga for years, until the Revolution began.
War
When war broke out in and around Manila, Governor-General Ramon Blanco declared martial law in eight provinces, including Pampanga and Tarlac. Many Kapampangans would go on to join the Spanish army and fight the rebellion[1]. These forces consisted of volunteers, Los Voluntarios Pampangos, and enlisted personnel. Many of the latter from Macabebe patrolled the Pampanga River and Candaba Swamp to prevent rebel forces from reaching Pampanga.
Through the rest of 1896 and all of 1897, Kapampangan forces cooperated with the Spanish and defeated the Katipunan in successive battles. One the Peace of Biak na Bato had been signed, however, Tagalog forces changed their strategy with regards to Pampanga. By August 1897, Katipunero infiltrators establishes a cell in Guagua to perform acts of terrorism. In October, a Katipunero infiltrator escaped from Spanish guards who were trying to capture him during a religious festival. Kapampangan towns would thereafter organize local militias to defend themselves. Governor-General Camilio de Polavieja remarked that a "belt of fire" surrounded Pampanga for the Kapampangans had refused to join the rebel forces. For their fervor in fighting for Spain, Governor Jose Canovas petitioned the Spanish crown to award all of Pampanga a title for service.[5]
In December, an attempted Katipunero attack on Candaba failed to the local militia's defense. Around the same time, Macabebe soldiers won a skirmish with rebels near Mount Arayat. Katipunero terrorism in Pampanga, however, would continue. In March 1898, Katipunero infiltrators attempted to assassinate Don Martin Gosun, who kept to his home and evaded them. Later that month, a Dcotor Santa Maria of Guagua and his family, and all other Spaniards of Guagua were killed by Katipunero infiltrators. The local parish priest would leave town on the same day.
Spanish Capitulation
When American forces won in the Battle of Manila Bay, Spanish troops in Pampanga realized that the war had been lost and retreated to Macabebe. This town held the stragglers till Spanish forces completely withdrew from the Philippines. The rest of the province, however, quickly felt the Republic's wrath. Mabalacat and San Fernando saw their parish priests executed in front of Kapampangan parishioners[5]. Republican soldiers razed and burned many establishments in revenge for supporting Spain. General Jose Alejandrino took command of the province and ordered forcible enlistment into the Republic's army. Puppet mayors demanded forced taxation and tribute to pay for the Republic's expenses. Lastly, Macabebe felt Antonio Luna's wrath for the latter had much of the town razed for letting the last stragglers remain there. Only Alejandrino's intervention prevented the town from total destruction.
Once American forces had reached Pampanga, many Kapampangans enlisted into the American army en masse to revenge their losses[6]. American sources describe them as the "Macabebe Scouts", despite coming from all over Pampanga[5]. Kapampangan soldiers would capture Emilio Aguinaldo in Isabela and help American forces establish peace and order in the whole country.
Aftermath
Fighting ruined the Kapampangan economy for many men were away to stop the rebellion. Agriculture and manufacture gave way to famine and depression.[5]. Prices collapsed, and land went unused. Looting and razing by Katipuneros also pushed many Kapampangans to poverty. Such conditions allowed a few who allied with the Katipunan to buy large swathes of land in the American period. These actions lead to the agrarian crisis and the Huk rebellion many decades later[1]
The war also ruined Kapampangan prestige, going from an autonomous vassal of the Spanish crown to a mere canton of the Philippine Republic[7]. Puppet mayors enacted taxes and tribute to donate to the Philippine Republic. All these factors pushed many Kapampangans to enlist in the US Army, helping the new conquerors to pacify the rest of the archipelago.
Lastly, Tagalog dominance after the Revolution paved the way for the eventual suppression of Kapampangan culture and language in the latter half of the 20th century[8]. Kapampangans would be denounced as dugong aso by Tagalogs for their role in fighting the revolution. Tagalog culture would eventually make inroads into Pampanga until after Mount Pinatubo's eruption, when Kapampangan economy and culture began a renaissance.
See also
References
- ^ a b c 1937-, Mitchell, Edward J. (Edward John) (1969). The Huk rebellion in the Philippines : an econometric study. Rand Corp. OCLC 430197464.
{{cite book}}:|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Borao Mateo, José Eugenio (2013-12-09). "Contextualizing the Pampangos (and Gagayano) soldiers in the Spanish fortress in Taiwan (1626-1642)". Anuario de Estudios Americanos. 70 (2): 581–605. doi:10.3989/aeamer.2013.2.07. ISSN 1988-4273.
- ^ Flannery, Kristie Patricia (2016). "Battlefield Diplomacy and Empire-building in the Indo-Pacific World during the Seven Years' War". Itinerario. 40 (3): 467–488. doi:10.1017/s0165115316000668. ISSN 0165-1153.
- ^ Santiago, Luciano (1991). "THE BROWN KNIGHT: THE RISE AND FALL OF DON NICOLAS DE HERRERA (1614-1680)". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society.
- ^ a b c d e A., Larkin, John (1972). The Pampangans : colonial society in a Philippine province. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02076-6. OCLC 50449608.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Laurie, Clayton D. (1989). "The Philippine Scouts: America's Colonial Army, 1899-1913". Philippine Studies. 37
- ^ Pangilingan, Michael (2014-07-16). "An Introduction to the Kapampángan Language" (PDF). Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
- ^ Linguistics--Philippines, Reid, Lawrence Andrew Liao, Hsiu-chuan Rubino, Carl R. Galvez Linguistic Society of the Philippines Summer Institute of (2005). Current issues in Philippine linguistics and anthropology : parangal kay Lawrence A. Reid. Manila : Linguistic Society of the Philippines : SIL Philippines. OCLC 896427747.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)