Corylus jacquemontii: Difference between revisions
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Layering in autumn. Easy, it takes about 6 months[78 - Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. Author Sheat. W. G., Publisher MacMillan and Co, Year |
Layering in autumn. Easy, it takes about 6 months[78 - Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. Author Sheat. W. G., Publisher MacMillan and Co, Year |
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1948, 200]. |
1948, 200]. |
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42. Corylus jacquemontii Decaisne CORYLACEAE |
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Jacquemont’s hazel |
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This tree was named for the French botanist and writer Victor Jacquemont, who travelled in the Himalaya in 1830. The tree is restricted to the Western Himalaya, occurring from Kashmir eastwards into western Nepal, but the origin of this fine specimen is unknown. Like the British hazel, the edible nut sits in a structure called a ‘cupule’, which in this species is divided into jagged segments. The drawing shown here comes from the collection of the Indian forester Hugh Cleghorn, and was copied for him by one of his Indian artists from the account of Jacquemont’s Travels; in the 1860s Cleghorn recorded that nuts from this species were sold in the bazaar in Shimla.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noltie |first1=Henry |title=''Corylus jacquemontii'' |url=https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/25674 |website=Botanics Stories |access-date=10 June 2021 |date=2017-07-06}}</ref> |
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==Biochemistry== |
==Biochemistry== |
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Revision as of 21:53, 10 June 2021
| Corylus jacquemontii | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Betulaceae |
| Genus: | Corylus |
| Species: | C. jacquemontii
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| Binomial name | |
| Corylus jacquemontii | |
| Synonyms | |
Corylus jacquemontii (Jacquemont's hazelnut or Indian Tree Hazel) is a species of hazelnut found in Kashmir to W. Nepal. It is a small tree or shrub.
Description
Jacquemont's Hazel is a medium sized deciduous tree, with thin dark grey bark. Leaves are broadly ovate, 8-15 cm, long-pointed, with doubly saw-toothed margins. Insignificantly small flowers arise in male catkins 2-4 cm long, and female spikes. Nuts arise in clusters of 2-3, each with a leathery, hairy, bell-like covering, up to 4 cm long, much longer than the nuts. The rim of the covering is cut into narrow linear lobes. Trees are cultivated for the nuts, which are an important food. Jacquemont's Hazel is found in the Himalayas, from Afghanistan to W. Nepal, at altitudes of 1800-3000 m. Flowering: March-April.[4]
Edible parts of Indian Tree Hazel: Seed - raw or cooked. Rich in oil. The seed ripens in mid to late autumn and will probably need to be protected from squirrels. When kept in a cool place, and not shelled, the seed should store for at least 12 months. An edible oil is obtained from the seed.
Description of the plant:
Plant: Deciduous Tree Height: 25 m (82 feet) Flowering: April to May Habitat of the herb: Forests and shrubberies to 3000 metres.
Propagation of Indian Tree Hazel: Seed - best sown as soon as it is harvested in autumn in a cold frame. Germinates in late winter or spring. Stored seed should be pre-soaked in warm water for 48 hours and then given 2 weeks warm followed by 3 - 4 months cold stratification. Germinates in 1 - 6 months at 20 C. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame or sheltered place outdoors for their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer. Layering in autumn. Easy, it takes about 6 months.
Cultivation of the herb: Forests and shrubberies to 3000 metres.
Medicinal use of Indian Tree Hazel: None known[5]
Jacquemont’s hazelnut, Corylus jacquemontii (syn. Corylus colurna var. lacera, Betulaceae), commonly known as 'Thangi' or 'Thankoli', a deciduous tree around 21 m high, flowers from April to May and seeds ripen from September to October, is one of the most esteemed tree nut of the western Himalayan region (Badhwar and Fernandez 2011).[6] Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognized edible nuts as “heart healthy” foods. Frequent nut intake is associated with low risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer (Surh 2003; Hertog et al. 1993; Ness and Powles 1997). The prevalent phenolics accumulates in Corylus avellana kernels and its by-products are catechin, gallic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, their esters and flavonoids (Shahidi et al. 2007; Del Rio et al. 2011). Various other bioactive phenols have also been characterized in hazelnut leaves and foliar buds (Oliveira et al. 2007). seven polyphenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, kaempferol, syringic acid and p-coumaric acid) were found in the plant.[6]
Compatibility between c jacuquemontii , corylus fargesii and c ferrox have yet to be evaluated in breeding programs. Non-suckering, has small, thick shelled nuts with husks that retain the nuts at maturity [7]
c jacque Indian tree hazel, is native to Hindu Kush mountains of north east Afghanistan through the Himalayas of Pakistan and India to western Nepal. It resembles the Turkish tree Hazel (Corylus colurna ) but has a small tree, thinner bark, larger leaves, less glandular and less fleshy husks, and fewer nuts per cluster. The nuts occur in clusters of one to 3, they have very thick shells and are easily separated from the husk.[8]
Common Name: Indian Tree Hazel No Image. General Information Corylus jacquemontii is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 25.00 metres tall. It is harvested from the wild for local use as a food. Known Hazards None known Botanical References 11 - Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Publication Author Bean. W. Publisher Murray Year 1981 , 51 - Flowers of the Himalayas. Author Polunin. O. and Stainton. A. Publisher Oxford University Press Year 1984 - , 200 - The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. Huxley. A. Publisher MacMillan Press Year 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Range E. Asia - N.W. Himalayas. Habitat Forests and shrubberies to 3000 metres[51]. Properties Edibility Rating
Habit Deciduous Tree Height 25.00 m Pollinators Wind Self-fertile Yes Cultivation Status Wild Cultivation Details An easily grown plant, it succeeds in most soils, but is in general more productive of seeds when grown on soils of moderate fertility[11, 200]. It does less well in rich heavy soils or poor ones[11, 63 - Nuts. Author Howes. F. N. Publisher Faber, Year 1948]. Does well in a loamy soil[11]. Very suitable for an alkaline soil[11], but it dislikes very acid soils[17 - Flora of the British Isles. Author - Clapham, Tutin and Warburg., Publisher Cambridge University Press, Year 1962]. Plants are fairly wind tolerant[1 - RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956, Author F. Chittendon.,Publisher Oxford University Press, Year 1951, 11]. This species is cultivated for its edible seed in Asia[51], it frequently sets fruit at Kew[11]. Closely allied to C. colurna[11], and considered to be no more than a sub-species by some botanists, it is an upright growing tree that does not produce suckers[183 - Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Author Facciola. S., Publisher Kampong Publications Year 1990]. Members of this genus bear transplanting well and can be easily moved even when relatively large[11]. Edible Uses = Seed - raw or cooked[51, 105 - Tanaka's Cyclopedia of Edible Plants of the World. Author Tanaka. T. & Nakao S., Publisher Keigaku Publishing; Tokyo, Year 1976]. Rich in oil. The seed ripens in mid to late autumn and will probably need to be protected from squirrels[K]. When kept in a cool place, and not shelled, the seed should store for at least 12 months[K - ]. An edible oil is obtained from the seed. Medicinal None known Other Uses None known Propagation Seed - best sown as soon as it is harvested in autumn in a cold frame[164 - Growing from Seed. Volume 4. Author Bird. R. (Editor), Publisher Thompson and Morgan. Year 1990]. Germinates in late winter or spring. Stored seed should be pre-soaked in warm water for 48 hours and then given 2 weeks warm followed by 3 - 4 months cold stratification[164]. Germinates in 1 - 6 months at 20°c[164]. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame or sheltered place outdoors for their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer[K]. Layering in autumn. Easy, it takes about 6 months[78 - Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. Author Sheat. W. G., Publisher MacMillan and Co, Year 1948, 200].
42. Corylus jacquemontii Decaisne CORYLACEAE
Jacquemont’s hazel
This tree was named for the French botanist and writer Victor Jacquemont, who travelled in the Himalaya in 1830. The tree is restricted to the Western Himalaya, occurring from Kashmir eastwards into western Nepal, but the origin of this fine specimen is unknown. Like the British hazel, the edible nut sits in a structure called a ‘cupule’, which in this species is divided into jagged segments. The drawing shown here comes from the collection of the Indian forester Hugh Cleghorn, and was copied for him by one of his Indian artists from the account of Jacquemont’s Travels; in the 1860s Cleghorn recorded that nuts from this species were sold in the bazaar in Shimla.[9]
Biochemistry
Taxonomy
The Latin specific epithet jacquemontii refers to the French botanist and geologist Victor Jacquemont (1844–1912).[10]
It was first published and described by Joseph Decaisne in V. Jacquemont, Voyage dans l'Inde (Voy. Inde) 4(Bot.):160, t. 160. 1835-1844[3][11]
Jacquemont’s hazel
This tree was named for the French botanist and writer Victor Jacquemont, who travelled in the Himalaya in 1830. The tree is restricted to the Western Himalaya, occurring from Kashmir eastwards into western Nepal, but the origin of this fine specimen is unknown. Like the British hazel, the edible nut sits in a structure called a ‘cupule’, which in this species is divided into jagged segments. The drawing shown here comes from the collection of the Indian forester Hugh Cleghorn, and was copied for him by one of his Indian artists from the account of Jacquemont’s Travels; in the 1860s Cleghorn recorded that nuts from this species were sold in the bazaar in Shimla.[12]
Corylus jacquemontii Family Betulaceae Name Status RHS Accepted name is an accepted name[13]
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 2 January 2003.[11]
Distribution and habitat
C. jacquemontii is native to temperate areas between Europe and Central Asia.
Native
Asia-Temperate WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan
Asia-Tropical INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, [Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh] Nepal[11]
Range
Afghanistan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu-Kashmir, Uttaranchal); Nepal; Pakistan
NUMBER OF LOCATIONS UPPER ELEVATION LIMIT 2,900 metres
LOWER ELEVATION LIMIT 2,300 metres[1]
Plant range NW Himalaya[13]
Habitat
This is a tree to 15 (-25) m tall, this species is found in moist oak forests of upper montane zones[1]
Cultivation
It's genetic diversity and potential for breeding had not been assessed. It was thought to have non-suckering rootstock. Could be used within gardens as an ornamental shade tree. It maybe susceptible to EFB (Eastern Filbert Blight) but it has not been fully researched.[14]
Threats
Agriculture & aquaculture Annual & perennial non-timber crops Biological resource use Logging & wood harvesting[1]
Uses
The nuts of C. jacquemontii & Corylus colurna are often consumed by local human populations.[15]
References
- ^ a b c d e Shaw, Kirsty; Shyamali, Roy; Wilson, Becky (2014-08-01). "Corylus jacquemontii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ^ "Corylus jacquemontii Decne". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Corylus jacquemontii Decne. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Jacquemont's Hazel". flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ a b "INDIAN TREE HAZEL - Corylus jacquemontii". www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ a b Kumar, Ashish; Kumar, Pawan; Koundal, Rajkesh; Agnihotri, Vijai K. (September 2016). "Antioxidant properties and UPLC–MS/MS profiling of phenolics in jacquemont's hazelnut kernels (Corylus jacquemontii) and its by-products from western Himalaya". J Food Sci T. 53 (9): 3522–3531. doi:10.1007/s13197-016-2329-2.
- ^ Jameel M. Al-Khayri, Shri Mohan Jain and Dennis V. Johnson (editors) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops, Volume 4 (2019), p. 191, at Google Books
- ^ Jules Janick and Robert E. Paull (Editos) The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts (2008), p. 164, at Google Books
- ^ Noltie, Henry (2017-07-06). "Corylus jacquemontii". Botanics Stories. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- ^ Allen J. Coombes The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants, p. 50, at Google Books
- ^ a b c "Corylus jacquemontii". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Noltie, Henry (6 July 2017). "Corylus jacquemontii". Botanics Stories. RBG (Royal Botanic Garden) Edinburgh. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ a b "Corylus jacquemontii | /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Chittaranjan Kole (Editor) Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Forest Trees (2011), p. 39, at Google Books
- ^ Helmstetter, Andrew J.; Buggs, Richard J. A.; Lucas, Stuart J. (2019). "Repeated long-distance dispersal and convergent evolution in hazel". Scientific Reports. 9.
External links
- Coyne, C. J. et al. 1998. Sources of resistance to eastern filbert blight in hazelnut. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 123:253-257. Note: this study found Corylus jacquemontii susceptible to blight
- Govaerts, R. & D. G. Frodin. 1998. World checklist and bibliography of Fagales
- Hara, H. et al. 1978-1982. An enumeration of the flowering plants of Nepal.
- Kasapligil, B. 1972. A bibliography on Corylus (Betulaceae) with annotations. Rep. (Annual) N. Nut Grower's Assoc. 63:158. Note: = Corylus colurna var. lacera (Wall.) DC.
- Mehlenbacher, S. A. 1991. Hazelnuts (Corylus). Acta Hort. 290:791-836.
- Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970-. Flora of [West] Pakistan. Note: = Corylus colurna var. lacera (Wall.) DC.
- Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963-. Flora iranica.
- Rehder, A. 1949. Bibliography of cultivated trees and shrubs.
- Thompson, M. M. et al. 1996. Hazelnuts. Fruit breeding, 3 vols. 3:125-184. Note: John Wiley & Sons, New York
jacquemontii ;Category:Endemic flora of China ;Category:Trees of China