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'''''Chrysolina coerulans''''', also known as the '''Blue Mint Beetle''',<ref name="rhs">{{cite web|title=Blue mint beetle |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=768 |publisher=rhs.org.uk |accessdate=20 April 2017}}</ref> or '''Blue Mint Leaf Beetle''',<ref name="safari">{{cite web |title=Blue Mint Leaf Beetles - Chrysolina coerulans - UK Safari |url=https://www.uksafari.com/blue_mint_leaf_beetles.htm |website=www.uksafari.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref> is a species of [[beetle]] in the family [[leaf beetle|Chrysomelidae]]. It is in the [[subgenus]] of ''Synerga''. It is native to
'''''Chrysolina coerulans''''', also known as the '''Blue Mint Beetle''',<ref name="rhs">{{cite web|title=Blue mint beetle |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=768 |publisher=rhs.org.uk |accessdate=20 April 2017}}</ref> or '''Blue Mint Leaf Beetle''',<ref name="safari">{{cite web |title=Blue Mint Leaf Beetles - Chrysolina coerulans - UK Safari |url=https://www.uksafari.com/blue_mint_leaf_beetles.htm |website=www.uksafari.com |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref> is a species of [[beetle]] in the family [[leaf beetle|Chrysomelidae]]. It is in the [[subgenus]] of ''Synerga''. It is native to a wide range of countries between mid and eastern Europe,


It was first spotted in the UK in 2011, when it was first reported to the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s entomology department in July.<ref name="Amateur"/>
It was first spotted in the UK in 2011, when it was first reported to the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]’s entomology department in July.<ref name="Amateur"/>
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{{convert|60|–|100|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} &nbsp;

Chrysolina caerulans
Chrysolina caerulans
Generally slightly smaller (6.2-9mm)
Generally slightly smaller (6.2-9mm)
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⚫
Blue mint beetle
⚫
The blue mint beetle, ''Chrysolina coerulans'', was detected breeding in the UK for the first time in July 2011, from Kent. Since 2012 the beetle has been found in Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Hampshire, parts of London and Edinburgh. The beetle is of widespread occurrence on the mainland of Europe and it may spread further in Britain.


⚫
Blue mint beetle Image: RHS/Science
⚫
Quick facts
Common name Blue mint beetle
⚫
Scientific name Chrysolina coerulans
⚫
Plants affected Mint (Mentha spp)
⚫
Main symptoms Holes in foliage, beetles on leaves
⚫
Most active Spring to autumn<ref name="RHS"/> ?? where rest of ref??


⚫
The blue mint beetle (Chrysolina coerulans) was first reported to the Royal Horticultural Society’s entomology department in July 2011.<ref name="Amateur"/>
⚫
One year on, as there has only been a single confirmed sighting, the charity is keen to find out if it was an isolated outbreak – or if the pest is more widespread.

⚫
RHS plant health principal scientist Andrew Halstead said the bug was established on mainland Europe.

⚫
“The detection of breeding adults in the UK could mean problems for gardeners who grow this herb,” he said.
⚫
“It is important that we find out if there are other breeding adults in the UK.”<ref name="Amateur"/>


Adults (7mm long) are black and soft-bodied, making them different in colour to the green mint beetle (emerald green).<ref name="Amateur">{{cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Marc |title=Watch out for blue mint beetle |url=https://www.amateurgardening.com/news/watch-out-for-blue-mint-beetle-4977 |website=amateurgardening.com |accessdate=7 May 2020 |date=20 August 2012}}</ref>
Adults (7mm long) are black and soft-bodied, making them different in colour to the green mint beetle (emerald green).<ref name="Amateur">{{cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Marc |title=Watch out for blue mint beetle |url=https://www.amateurgardening.com/news/watch-out-for-blue-mint-beetle-4977 |website=amateurgardening.com |accessdate=7 May 2020 |date=20 August 2012}}</ref>
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Originally published and described by German theologian and [[entomologist]], [[Ludwig Gottlieb Scriba]] in 1791 in 'Journal für die Liebhaber der Entomologie' (Journal Liebh. Ent.), Volume 3 on page 286.<ref name=Gruev>Blagoĭ Gruev {{google books|7MFqjN1Wg_YC|Checklist of Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Hispinae and Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) In Republic of Macedonia (1998)|page=2}}</ref><ref name=Tomov>Blagoĭ Gruev and Vassil Tomov {{google books|Pb9E4fpH0XgC|Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricae Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (1998)|page=48}}</ref>
Originally published and described by German theologian and [[entomologist]], [[Ludwig Gottlieb Scriba]] in 1791 in 'Journal für die Liebhaber der Entomologie' (Journal Liebh. Ent.), Volume 3 on page 286.<ref name=Gruev>Blagoĭ Gruev {{google books|7MFqjN1Wg_YC|Checklist of Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Hispinae and Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) In Republic of Macedonia (1998)|page=2}}</ref><ref name=Tomov>Blagoĭ Gruev and Vassil Tomov {{google books|Pb9E4fpH0XgC|Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricae Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (1998)|page=48}}</ref>


Its species name ''coerulans'' is a form of the Latin noun ''caeruleus'' meaning "turning blue".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Names of Plants, David Gledhill |url=https://issuu.com/marcoacuna/docs/the_names_of_plants_114 |accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref>
Its species name ''coerulans'' is a form of the Latin noun ''caeruleus'' meaning "turning blue".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Names of Plants, David Gledhill |url=https://issuu.com/marcoacuna/docs/the_names_of_plants_114 |accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref> Occasionally, it is misspelt as ''Chrysolina caerulans'', (with an a in the 2nd name).<ref name=Salisbury/><ref>{{cite web |title=coerulans Scriba, 1791 described in Chrysomela |url=http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/speciestaxon?id=52505 |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Its distribution spans mid and eastern Europe,<ref name="safari"/> including [[Hungary]],<ref>Pierre Jolivet, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay and Michael Schmitt (Editors) {{google books|4JrgIfqtBSAC|Research on Chrysomelidae: Volume 2 (2009)|page=243}}</ref> [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Macedonia]] and [[Turkey]].<ref name=Gruev/>
Its distribution spans mid and eastern Europe,<ref name="safari"/> including [[Hungary]],<ref>Pierre Jolivet, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay and Michael Schmitt (Editors) {{google books|4JrgIfqtBSAC|Research on Chrysomelidae: Volume 2 (2009)|page=243}}</ref> [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Macedonia]], [[Turkey]].<ref name=Gruev/> Then as of 2011; [[Austria]], Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Ukraine.<ref name=Salisbury/>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
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from Chrysolina cerealis
from Chrysolina cerealis


Adults can be found from Spring to autumn,<ref name="RHS"/> during May to September.<ref name="safari"/> It lives
Adults can be found from Spring to autumn,<ref name="rhs"/> during May to September.<ref name="safari"/>
It feeds on various plant species of ''[[Mentha]]'' and ''[[Tanacetum]]''.<ref name=Tomov/> Including within a garden setting; [[Mentha#Species|Garden Mint]], Moroccan Mint, [[Spearmint]] and [[Corsican Mint]].<ref name="candide"/>
It feeds on various plant species of ''[[Mentha]]'' and ''[[Tanacetum]]''.<ref name=Tomov/> Including within a garden setting; [[Mentha#Species|Garden Mint]], Moroccan Mint, [[Spearmint]] and [[Corsican Mint]].<ref name="candide"/>


Blue mint beetle adults and larvae both eat foliage. The RHS is asking gardeners to check mint plants for tell-tale holes.<ref name="Amateur"/>
Blue mint beetle adults and larvae both eat foliage. The RHS is asking gardeners to check mint plants for tell-tale holes.<ref name="Amateur"/><ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Wisley. Blue mint beetle |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00wwqtx |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=Gardener's World |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>


Symptoms-Feeding activity results in the irregular shaped holes in mint leaves.
Symptoms-Feeding activity results in the irregular shaped holes in mint leaves.
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Special features: Blue Mint Beetles are thought to have arrived in the UK from mainland Europe around 2011. Both the larvae and the adult beetles feed on mint.
Special features: Blue Mint Beetles are thought to have arrived in the UK from mainland Europe around 2011. Both the larvae and the adult beetles feed on mint.
There is another similar beetle which also feeds on mint, but is green in colour. It's called the Mint Leaf Beetle (''Chrysolina herbacea'')<ref name="safari"/>
There is another similar beetle which also feeds on mint, but is green in colour. It's called the Mint Leaf Beetle (''Chrysolina herbacea'')<ref name="safari"/>

⚫
==Blue mint beetle in the UK==
⚫
2012 First record of blue mint beetle ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Britain.
<ref name=Salisbury>{{cite journal |last1=Salisbury |first1=Andrew |last2=Malumphy |first2=Chris |last3=Halstead |first3=Andrew J. |date=2012 |title=First record of blue mint beetle ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba, 1791) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Britain. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280921405_First_record_of_blue_mint_beetle_Chrysolina_coerulans_Scriba_1791_Chrysomelidae_breeding_in_Britain |journal=The Coleopterist |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=35–37 |doi= |access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

⚫
The blue mint beetle, ''Chrysolina coerulans'', was detected breeding in the UK for the first time in July 2011, from Kent. Since 2012 the beetle has been found in Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Hampshire, parts of London and Edinburgh. The beetle is of widespread occurrence on the mainland of Europe and it may spread further in Britain.<ref name="rhs/">
⚫
Quick facts
⚫
Common name Blue mint beetle
⚫
Scientific name Chrysolina coerulans
⚫
Plants affected Mint (Mentha spp)
⚫
Main symptoms Holes in foliage, beetles on leaves
⚫
Most active Spring to autumn<ref name="rhs/">

⚫
The blue mint beetle (Chrysolina coerulans) was first reported to the Royal Horticultural Society’s entomology department in July 2011.<ref name="Amateur"/>
⚫
One year on, as there has only been a single confirmed sighting, the charity is keen to find out if it was an isolated outbreak – or if the pest is more widespread.

⚫
RHS plant health principal scientist Andrew Halstead said the bug was established on mainland Europe.

⚫
“The detection of breeding adults in the UK could mean problems for gardeners who grow this herb,” he said.
⚫
“It is important that we find out if there are other breeding adults in the UK.”<ref name="Amateur"/>


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Line 128: Line 132:


==Other sources==
==Other sources==
⚫
* Salisbury, A., Malumphy, C. & Halstead, A.J. (2012). First record of blue mint beetle ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba, 1791) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Britain. The Coleopterist 21(1): 35.
* Salisbury, A. & Halstead, A.J. (2012). Blue mint beetle ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Cambridgeshire. The Coleopterist 21(3): 145.
* Salisbury, A. & Halstead, A.J. (2012). Blue mint beetle ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Cambridgeshire. The Coleopterist 21(3): 145.
* Sage, B. (2009). ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) in Norfolk: the second British record. The Coleopterist 18(1): 6.
* Sage, B. (2009). ''Chrysolina coerulans'' (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) in Norfolk: the second British record. The Coleopterist 18(1): 6.
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[[Category;Beetles described in 1791]]
[[Category;Beetles described in 1791]]
[[Category;Chrysomelinae]]
[[Category;Chrysomelinae]]
[[Category;Taxa named by Caspar Erasmus Duftschmid]] -->
[[;Category:Beetles of Europe]] -->

Revision as of 19:08, 3 May 2021

Chrysolina coerulans
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Family:
Chrysomelidae
Genus:
Chrysolina
Species:
C. coerulans
Binomial name
Chrysolina coerulans
Scriba, 1791
Synonyms
  • Chrysomela herbacea (Duftschmidt, 1825)

Chrysolina coerulans, also known as the Blue Mint Beetle,[1] or Blue Mint Leaf Beetle,[2] is a species of beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is in the subgenus of Synerga. It is native to a wide range of countries between mid and eastern Europe,

It was first spotted in the UK in 2011, when it was first reported to the Royal Horticultural Society’s entomology department in July.[3]

uses Chrysolina herbacea article

Description

Chrysolina coerulans
Chrysolina coerulans

'chrysolina herbacea' notes The species is green, with black legs and antennae. Females can range in colour from green to purplish-grey. It can be 8-9mm long and has black coloured larvae.


60–100 cm (2 ft 0 in – 3 ft 3 in)   Chrysolina caerulans Generally slightly smaller (6.2-9mm) Usually distinctly metallic blue. Head smooth, without longitudinal groove. Elyta smooth.[4]




Adults (7mm long) are black and soft-bodied, making them different in colour to the green mint beetle (emerald green).[3]


Similar to other species of Chrysolina beetles, C. coerulans has cardiac glycosides (including Xylose) in their defensive glands.[5]

A relatively new resident to the UK, the Blue Mint Beetle is a small, deep metallic blue insect that was first spotted back in 2011. First seen in the Kent area, this beetle has now dispersed further inland, and it may spread further across the country with time. Both the adult beetles and larvae feed on mint foliage, which makes them damaging if in large quantities. There are a handful of UK beetles that share similar appearances to the blue mint beetle. A good trick to tell them apart is by the plant that they're found on. For example, a metallic blue beetle located near an Alder tree will most likely be an alder leaf beetle, as opposed to a Blue Mint Beetle. Traits; A food resource for other wildlife. Adult beetles and larvae eat the leaves of mint leaving holes behind.[6]

Appearance; Adults: Adult beetles are quite small in size, measuring around 7mm in length. They are iridescent blue giving them a 'jewel-like' complexion. Larvae: Larvae are soft-bodied, rounded in shape and black in colour. Tip* These beetles are not to be confused with the Green Mint Beetle, native to the UK. They are greener in appearance and slightly larger in size (8-9mm).[6]




Taxonomy

Originally published and described by German theologian and entomologist, Ludwig Gottlieb Scriba in 1791 in 'Journal für die Liebhaber der Entomologie' (Journal Liebh. Ent.), Volume 3 on page 286.[7][8]

Its species name coerulans is a form of the Latin noun caeruleus meaning "turning blue".[9] Occasionally, it is misspelt as Chrysolina caerulans, (with an a in the 2nd name).[10][11]

Distribution

Its distribution spans mid and eastern Europe,[2] including Hungary,[12] France, Italy, Macedonia, Turkey.[7] Then as of 2011; Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Ukraine.[10]

Habitat

It is found in lowlands and mountains, up to 1,650 m (5,410 ft) above sea level.[8]

Biology

Adults can be found from April to September. This beetle lives on base-rich screes and lays its eggs during June on grasses such as Agrostis capillaris and Festuca ovina, although both larvae and adults mostly feed on the wild thyme Thymus polytrichus,[5] preferring the flowers to the leaves. from Chrysolina cerealis

Adults can be found from Spring to autumn,[1] during May to September.[2] It feeds on various plant species of Mentha and Tanacetum.[8] Including within a garden setting; Garden Mint, Moroccan Mint, Spearmint and Corsican Mint.[6]

Blue mint beetle adults and larvae both eat foliage. The RHS is asking gardeners to check mint plants for tell-tale holes.[3][13]

Symptoms-Feeding activity results in the irregular shaped holes in mint leaves. Activity Diurnal (active during the day).[6]

Distribution: A few sightings in Kent and Cambridgeshire in England Months seen: May to September Life span: Just over 1 year Habitat: Gardens, damp meadows and riversides Food: Mint Special features: Blue Mint Beetles are thought to have arrived in the UK from mainland Europe around 2011. Both the larvae and the adult beetles feed on mint. There is another similar beetle which also feeds on mint, but is green in colour. It's called the Mint Leaf Beetle (Chrysolina herbacea)[2]

Blue mint beetle in the UK

2012 First record of blue mint beetle Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Britain. [10]

The blue mint beetle, Chrysolina coerulans, was detected breeding in the UK for the first time in July 2011, from Kent. Since 2012 the beetle has been found in Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Hampshire, parts of London and Edinburgh. The beetle is of widespread occurrence on the mainland of Europe and it may spread further in Britain.<ref name="rhs/"> Quick facts Common name Blue mint beetle Scientific name Chrysolina coerulans Plants affected Mint (Mentha spp) Main symptoms Holes in foliage, beetles on leaves Most active Spring to autumn<ref name="rhs/">

The blue mint beetle (Chrysolina coerulans) was first reported to the Royal Horticultural Society’s entomology department in July 2011.[3] One year on, as there has only been a single confirmed sighting, the charity is keen to find out if it was an isolated outbreak – or if the pest is more widespread.

RHS plant health principal scientist Andrew Halstead said the bug was established on mainland Europe.

“The detection of breeding adults in the UK could mean problems for gardeners who grow this herb,” he said. “It is important that we find out if there are other breeding adults in the UK.”[3]

Treatment

Biological treatment=

Mint plants are able to tolerate some damage. However, beetles can be removed by hand if required. Drop them in soapy water or give them a squash with your boot.[6]

Chemical treatment

It's not advised to chemically treat plants that are intended to be used for culinary purposes. Likewise, pesticides should be avoided if near water bodies. It's best to try and target the larvae as these are more susceptible to chemicals. There is a range of organic pesticides on the market. These should be applied over the course of several applications to ensure good quality control. Please read and follow the manufacturer's instructions before any products are used. More persistent chemicals typically have a non-selective mode of action, meaning anything the chemical comes in contact with, will be affected.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b "Blue mint beetle". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d "Blue Mint Leaf Beetles - Chrysolina coerulans - UK Safari". www.uksafari.com. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e Rosenberg, Marc (20 August 2012). "Watch out for blue mint beetle". amateurgardening.com. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Chrysolina herbacea (Linnaeus, 1758)". uk beetles. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  5. ^ E. David Morgan Biosynthesis in Insects (2004), p. 112, at Google Books
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Blue Mint Beetle Chrysolina coerulans". candide gardening.com. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  7. ^ a b Blagoĭ Gruev Checklist of Eumolpinae, Chrysomelinae, Alticinae, Hispinae and Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) In Republic of Macedonia (1998), p. 2, at Google Books
  8. ^ a b c Blagoĭ Gruev and Vassil Tomov Catalogus Faunae Bulgaricae Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae (1998), p. 48, at Google Books
  9. ^ "The Names of Plants, David Gledhill". Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  10. ^ a b c Salisbury, Andrew; Malumphy, Chris; Halstead, Andrew J. (2012). "First record of blue mint beetle Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba, 1791) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Britain". The Coleopterist. 21 (1): 35–37. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  11. ^ "coerulans Scriba, 1791 described in Chrysomela". Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  12. ^ Pierre Jolivet, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay and Michael Schmitt (Editors) Research on Chrysomelidae: Volume 2 (2009), p. 243, at Google Books
  13. ^ "RHS Wisley. Blue mint beetle". www.bbc.co.uk. Gardener's World. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  • Monty Don from [[Gardeners World explains with RHS expert Andrew Halstead shows the signs of the beetle

Other sources

  • Salisbury, A. & Halstead, A.J. (2012). Blue mint beetle Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) breeding in Cambridgeshire. The Coleopterist 21(3): 145.
  • Sage, B. (2009). Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) in Norfolk: the second British record. The Coleopterist 18(1): 6.
  • Sage, B. (2009). The second occurrence of Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba) (Chrysomelidae) in Norfolk. The Coleopterist 18(2): 138.


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