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They come in various shades from violet,<ref name=fine/><ref name=Annie/><ref name="inclined"/> mauve to purple,<ref name=Stebbings/> purple,<ref name="irisbotanique"/> lavender,<ref name=daves/> pale blue,<ref name="irisbotanique"/><ref name="inclined"/><ref name="delights"/><!-- also <ref name=efloras/><ref name=Kroeger/> --> white,<ref name=fine/> (rarely<ref name="american"/>), cream,<ref name=efloras/> or pink.<ref name="american"/>
They come in various shades from violet,<ref name=fine/><ref name=Annie/><ref name="inclined"/> mauve to purple,<ref name=Stebbings/> purple,<ref name="irisbotanique"/> lavender,<ref name=daves/> pale blue,<ref name="irisbotanique"/><ref name="inclined"/><ref name="delights"/><!-- also <ref name=efloras/><ref name=Kroeger/> --> white,<ref name=fine/> (rarely<ref name="american"/>), cream,<ref name=efloras/> or pink.<ref name="american"/>


Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book | first= Claire | last=Austin | title= Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia | publisher= Timber Press, Incorporated | isbn = 978-0881927306 | year = 2005 |ol = OL8176432M}}</ref>
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]]), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book | first= Claire | last=Austin | title= Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia | publisher= Timber Press, Incorporated | isbn = 978-0881927306 | year = 2005 |ol = OL8176432M}}</ref>






The outer petals are broadly oblanceolate shaped (much longer than wide and with the widest portion near the tip), {{convert|3|-|3.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and about 1 cm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name="irisbotanique"/> The ‘claw’ (section closest to the centre) is striped,<ref name=Stebbings/> or reticulated (marked with a grid),<ref name="irisbotanique"/> with yellowish brown and the limb (the end part) has darker spots on a central, pale patch.<ref name=efloras/><ref name="irisbotanique"/><ref name=Pittsburgh/> The patch can have a whitish colour tinged with green and the spots can be lilac-mauve,<ref name=dykesonirises/> brown-purple,<ref name="inclined"/> or red-purple.<ref name=Kroeger/> The tips of the falls are free from any spots or markings.<ref name=dykesonirises/> The plain inner petals are narrowly obovate shaped (teardrop-like), {{convert|2.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 6-8 mm wide, with a retuse apex (rounded end with a depression).<ref name=efloras/>


It has very distinct arms on the [[Stigma_(botany)#Style|flower style]],<ref name=onrock/><ref name="irisbotanique"/> which are {{convert|2.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, with purplish brown markings.<ref name=efloras/>
It’s [[perianth|perianth tube]] is extremely short,<ref name=efloras/> or missing.<ref name=Stebbings/> It has [[stamens]] that are {{convert|1.6|-|1.8|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and a green ovary that is 1 cm long.<ref name=efloras/>


After it has flowered, the plant will produce a seed capsule and seeds,<ref name=Kroeger/> between August and September.<ref name=efloras/>
After it has flowered, the plant will produce a seed capsule and seeds,<ref name=Kroeger/> between August and September.<ref name=efloras/>

Revision as of 00:49, 23 April 2021

Iris dichotoma
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Iridaceae
Subfamily:
Iridoideae
Tribe:
Irideae
Genus:
Iris
Species:
I. dichotoma
Binomial name
Iris dichotoma
Synonyms[1]
  • Evansia dichotoma (Pall.) Decne.
  • Evansia vespertina Decne.
  • Iris pomeridiana Fisch. ex Klatt
  • Pardanthopsis dichotoma (Pall.) L.W.Lenz
  • Pardanthopsis dichotoma (Pall.) Ledeb.
  • Pardanthus dichotomus (Pall.) Ledeb.

Iris dichotoma (also known as Vesper Iris) was formerly known as Pardanthopsis dichotoma. It is a species in the genus Iris and it is also in the subgenus of Iris. It was formerly

It is native to Siberia, China, Mongolia and Korea.


Description

Iris dichotoma grows from a small fibrous rhizome,[2][3] that is stout and very short.[4] Underneath the rhizome, it has thick and swollen roots.[3]

It has numerous leaves,[2] that are typical iris-looking leaves,[5] that are similar in form to a bearded iris,[6] except fan shaped.[2][7] They are also similar to a Vanda orchid’s leaves.[6] They grow from the base of rhizome (i.e. basal) and are sword-shaped,[4][6][8] greyish green and slightly curved.[4] The leaves have no midvein and can grow between 15–35 cm (6–14 in) long and 1.5–3 cm (1–1 in) wide.[4]

It has dichotomously,[4] or multi-branched stems,[9][10][11] which can grow up to between 90–120 cm (35–47 in) tall.[6][10][12] The tall stems keep the flowers much higher then the foliage of the leaves,[2] and they have 4 or 5 leafy spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are green, lanceolate (spear-like) shaped and 1.5–2.3 cm (1–1 in) long.[4]

It blooms in the US between May and midsummer.[13] Elsewhere, it begins to bloom in summer,[14] or late summer,[6] between July and early August.[4][2][8]

It unusually blooms in the late afternoon,[2][8][13] at approx. 3 o'clock,[7] or 4 o’clock.[10][15] This occurs at the time of hearing ‘’Vespers’’, hence its common name, of ‘Vespers Iris’.[2][8] They fully open out in just a couple of minutes,[13] but only last one day,[9][11][16] as they twist into tight little spirals after dark and then drop from the stem.[4] Withered flowers are never normally seen on the stems.[7]

Each stem can hold between 3-6 flowers.[4][11] This means, a well established plant can have nearly hundreds of flowers,[9][6][7] the display of flowers can last for up to 3 - 4 weeks.[13][7] The flowers are fragrant.[10] As the flowers (and nectar) are extremely attractive to hummingbirds and honeybees, cross-pollination can take place and then later seeds can be formed.[10]

Unfortunately, the flowers are small,[14][11] at about 1 in (25 mm) long.[10][5][9]

They come in various shades from violet,[5][13][8] mauve to purple,[16] purple,[2] lavender,[12] pale blue,[2][8][14] white,[5] (rarely[9]), cream,[4] or pink.[9]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[17]

The outer petals are broadly oblanceolate shaped (much longer than wide and with the widest portion near the tip), 3–3.5 cm (1–1 in) long and about 1 cm wide.[4][2] The ‘claw’ (section closest to the centre) is striped,[16] or reticulated (marked with a grid),[2] with yellowish brown and the limb (the end part) has darker spots on a central, pale patch.[4][2][7] The patch can have a whitish colour tinged with green and the spots can be lilac-mauve,[11] brown-purple,[8] or red-purple.[10] The tips of the falls are free from any spots or markings.[11] The plain inner petals are narrowly obovate shaped (teardrop-like), 2.5 cm (1 in) long and 6-8 mm wide, with a retuse apex (rounded end with a depression).[4]

It has very distinct arms on the flower style,[6][2] which are 2.5 cm (1 in) long, with purplish brown markings.[4]

It’s perianth tube is extremely short,[4] or missing.[16] It has stamens that are 1.6–1.8 cm (1–1 in) long and a green ovary that is 1 cm long.[4]

After it has flowered, the plant will produce a seed capsule and seeds,[10] between August and September.[4]

The seed capsule is cylindric in shape, yellowish-green and 3.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long and 1–1.2 cm (0–0 in) wide.[4] Inside, it has elongated,[6] or elliptic shaped,[4] and dark brown,[4] or brown coloured seeds,[6] that have small wings.[4] As compared to ‘’Iris domestica’’ and related hybrids which have large round black seeds.[6]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[17] It has a chromosome count of 2n=32.[2]

2n=32, Doronkin & Krasnikov, 1984; 2n=32, Sha et al., 1995; 2n=32, Yan et al., 1995 Doronkin, V. M. & A. A. Krasnikov. 1984. Cytotaxonomic studies in some Siberian species of the genus Iris (Iridaceae). Bot. Zhurn. SSSR 65(5): 683–685. (In Russian). Sha, W., L. h. Wang, X. j. Yang, X. l. Qi, G. h. Ma & D. y. Zhao. 1995. Chromosome numbers of 20 species from northeast China. J. Wuhan Bot. Res. 32(2): 180–182. Yan, G. x., S. z. Zheng, F. h. Xue, J. f. Yun, L. y. Wang & X. q. Fu. 1995. The chromosome numbers of 35 forage species and their geographical distribution. Grassl. China 1995(1): 16–20.[9][18]

The rhizome of Iris dichotoma Pall., contains isoflavonoids as the main bioactive compound.[19]

Taxonomy

Iris dichotoma

Iris dichotoma is pronounced as EYE-ris dy-KAW-toh-muh.[12][6]

It is written as 野鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as ye yuan wei.[4]

It has common name of 'Vesper Iris' due to the unusual function of the plant, that the blooms open up at around 4:00 pm each day, just in time for Vespers.[6][10][14] It is also thought to be commonly known as 'Autumn iris' and 'Blue curls' in the UK.[20] Although Trichostema dichotomum is normally commonly called 'Blue curls'.[21]

‘The Latin specific epithet dichotoma means divided into two equal portions, equal-branched or split into two,[22][23] or forked.[24]

Iris dichotoma was first published and described by Peter Simon Pallas in 'Reise Russ. Reich.' (Reise durch Verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs.) Vol.3 on page 712 in 1776.[25][1][26]

Then in 1972, using morphological studies botanist L.W.Lenz re-classified the species as a separate species and renamed it Pardanthopsis dichotoma which he then published in Aliso Vol.7 on page 403.[14][27][28] It's lack of perianth tube was the feature that originally separated it from other iris species.[16]

Then in 1998, Goldblatt in (Klaus Kubitzki (ed.)) 'The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants' Vol.3 on page 326, also noted that it was a monospecific genus between Iris and Belamcamda.[4]

Then in 2001, based on DNA analysis,[29] Pardanthopsis was then merged back into the genus Iris, and the name Iris dichotoma Pall. was used again.[14][2][6]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 25 October 2005,[25] and it was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2017.[20]



Pardanthopsis has been sometimes included in Iris and sometimes separated into a genus in its own right. It is in the Iridaceae family and has only one species. It was introduced in 1773 as Iris dichotoma, separated out in 1972 as Pardanthopsis dichotoma and now generally accepted as Iris dichotoma again.

Iris dichotoma (Pall.) L.W.Lenz , syn. Pardanthopsis dichotoma Pall., is one half of the combination which produced the so-called Candy Lilies , × Pardancanda norrisii. The other parent was Belamcanda chinensis, now called Iris domestica. Iris dichotoma is often called the Vesper Iris. This species sometimes behaves as a biennial, so keep an eye on the seed pods.[3]

Aliso 7: 403 1972.[30] Lenz, Lee Wayne (1915-2019) Iris sect. Pardanthopsis

Pardanthopsis is an iris genus that is so closely related to Iris that many people consider them to be co-generic. Consisting of a single species, Pardanthopsis dichotoma (aka Iris dichotoma)[14]

The plant known today as Pardanthopsis was first described by Linnaeus in 1773 as Iris dichotoma and based on morphological studies in 1972 was moved into its own genus by LW Lenz. Then in 2001, based on DNA analysis, Pardanthopsis was merged back into the genus Iris. This sort of taxonomic wishy-washiness is quite common in the plant world and causes all kinds of confusion among gardeners. So we will continue to call the plant Pardanthopsis to make things easier for you.[14]

Pardanthopsis is called the Vesper Iris because the flowers open in early evening, at the same time as vesper prayers are recited. Another claim to fame of this plant is that it can be crossed with its close relative Belamcanda chinensis (aka Iris domestica) to create the Candy Lily, xPardancanda,[14]


Pardanthopsis group, it is the only species of the group.[2]

It is a plant that crosses the genera since its classification. In 1773 Pardanthopsis were classified as Dichotoma, in 1972 irises emerged and classified Dichotoma Pardanthopsis. Today this plant is considered whole iris Dichotoma. [2]


An interesting and not commonly grown Iris that had some ‘name adventures’, back and forth from Pardanthopsis. [8]

This plant used to be called an Iris and then it was moved to its own genus and called Pardanthopsis dichotoma. As a result of recent DNA studies it has now been renamed, Iris dichotoma. Many references still use the old name.[6]

The Candy Lily, originally called “x Pardancanda norrisii” is a cross between Pardanthopsis dichotoma and Belamcanda chinensis, the Blackberry Lily. The “x’ in front of the name Pardancanda indicates that it is a man-made primary hybrid between two different genera. Both Pardanthopsis and Belamcanda (now called Iris domestica) have now been moved to the genus Iris, so the scientific name of the Candy Lily also had to be renamed. The proposed name is Iris x norrisii, where the “x” now indicates that it is a man-made primary hybrid between two species.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Iris dichotoma

I. dichotoma is native to temperate regions of Asia.[25][13]

Range

It is found in Siberia,[6][3][14] near Lake Baikal,[2] and the Dahuria region,[26] as well as near the Russian Federation city of Chita,[25] and also in the Russian Federation state of Amur.[25]

It is also found in Mongolia,[6][3][2] Korea,[25][14][4] and in China.[6][3][14] Within the Chinese states of Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia , Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi and Yunnan.[25][4]

Habitat

"Iris dichotoma" grows in quercus (Oak) forests, sandy grasslands, dry sunny areas,[4] which have moist fertile soils.[6] It can be found at an altitude of 200–2,300 m (660–7,550 ft) above sea level.[4]

Cultivation

Iris dichotoma

it can be combined in July with trumpet lilies or Galtonia candicans in a white garden. likes growing in humus rich garden soil with good water holding capacity to enhance blooming. the soil can be slightly acidic, neutral or slightly alkaline. sometimes treated as a biennial by many gardeners as it is short lived. But it consistently sets a full crop of viable seeds which germinate immediately in august[10] to replace the mother plants The fibrous root system of the iris enables the young plants to be transplanted with ease.


Pardanthopsis prefers sun and fertile soil and tends to be a short-lived perennial, but produces plenty of seed for you to keep it going in your garden. The flowers open fairly quickly in early evening over the span of just a few minutes, so you can watch the magical procession in real time if you'd like. Pardanthopsis pairs well with other evening bloomers like Cestrum and Jasminum in a night garden. Try combining the evening flowering Pardanthopsis with a morning flowering Hemerocallis (day lilies) to create your own lauds and vespers in your garden.[14]

Iris dichotoma is difficult to cultivate, they are not recommended for amateurs.[2]

Noteworthy Characteristics Late blooming season for an iris relative; beautiful flowers; easy from seed. Short-lived perennial.[5]

Care Best in full sun and fertile, loamy soil. Keep well watered and fertilized, especially if first-summer bloom is a goal.[5]

Spacing: 18-24 in. (45-60 cm)[12] Hardiness: USDA Zone 6a: to -23.3 °C (-10 °F) - USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) Sun Exposure: Full Sun[12] Soil pH requirements: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildly acidic) - 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline)[12]

Hardy to Zone 6. Well drained soil is best. Rare in the trade.

Full sun Regular water Perennial during bloom season[13]

The hybrids seem to be long lived. Life Cycle: perennial – short lived Luckily they grow quickly and easily from seed so you can expect some self seedling. Seedlings can flower the first year. Cultivation: Light: full sun Soil: normal, well draining soil, tolerates a wide range, pH 6.5 - 7.5 Water: drought tolerant once established, but prefers regular watering USDA Hardiness Zone: 5 – 10[6] Propagation: seed Seedex availability (ORG&HPS annual Seed Exchange): available infrequently (will be there in 2012) Germination Tips: Requires soaking. Place in warm water until seeds swell, usually 24-48 hours. Discard floaters and the water used for soaking. Sow @ 20°C. Seed germinates within 3 months.[6] Special Care: Iris dichotoma seed prefers sunshine and variable temperature but rots if too wet. Seeds at milk stage rot without germinating; seeds at dough stage can germinate and have rather high germination rate; fully ripe seeds can germinate without dormancy, and the germination rate is up to 100%. Soak and rinse ripe seed in clean water daily x 4 weeks[6]

can be planted in late June or early July, will flower a few weeks later, must be planted after the blooming season and will not produce another crop of flowers until the following spring. require no winter protection (in Pittsburgh) It survived a winter of 20* below zero. It will thrive in any soil, light or heavy, full or half sun. Immune to drought.[7]can be planted in late june or early july,

This is a collector’s plant; something special for those who like growing plants that none of their gardening buddies have. Although fairly rare in cultivation, the vesper iris is easy to grow and adds a special touch to the garden late in the year when few other plants flower. [6]


Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[31] or by seed growing.

Germination: easy, sown in the spring; it may flower the first year if started very early (February-March). The seedlings dislike transplanting if they get too big, so better hold on to start it until March/April, sow only few seeds/pot and transplant as a whole in the garden as soon as possible.[8]

Propagation Plants produce abundant seed. Sow in pots or flats and refrigerate for 4 to 6 weeks. After coming out of cold storage, seeds will germinate in a week or two. Transplant seedlings outdoors after the threat of frost has passed.[5]

Propagation Methods: By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets)[12] Seed Collecting: Allow pods to dry on plant; break open to collect seeds[12]

Cultivars

Known cultivars: 'Dichotoma Alba',[32] 'Shilka'.[9]

Known crosses: 'Ai Hua', 'Auroral Sail,[33] 'Azure Pinwheel,[34] 'Blazing Sunflower',[35] Bountiful Blush', 'Bright Smile'. 'Butterfly Magic',[36] 'Candy Lilies', 'Cherry Pie',[37] 'Chic Leopard', 'Chocolate Knight',[38] 'Colorful Stelleroid',[39] 'Dancing Woman', 'Daybreak Sail',[40] 'Dazzler Series', 'Fiery Rhapsody,[41] 'Fire Leaf', 'Happy Yanyan',[42] 'Heart Of Darkness',[43] 'Jungle Colors', 'Kiba Giants' 'Laced Lavender', 'Lost Bar',[44] 'Mandarin Lady', 'Moonlit Hairpin',[45] 'Orange Diamond',[46] 'Pastel Parfait', 'Pink Leopard',[47] 'Romantic Celebration', 'Rosy Brocade', 'Sangria',[48] 'Seiya Hui', 'Sharp Shine', 'Sheng Ni', 'Shining Butterfly',[49] 'Slight Smile', 'Sparkling Fire',[50] 'Star Eyes', 'Spooky World',[51] 'Spotted Dog Hui', 'Starlit Shell',[52] 'Starry Bodhi', 'Summer Candy',[53] 'Summer Snow', 'Sunset Tones'. 'Sweet Princess'[54] and 'Wedding Dress'.[9]

There is also a Intergeneric Hybrid between Belamcanda chinensis and Pardanthopsis dichotoma.[27]

One of the parents of "Candy Lily,”[13]

Samuel Norris crossed in 1967, I. dichotoma with Iris domestica, the hybrid obtained was named Pardancanda norrisii.[2]

Uses

Iris dichotoma, is used in Chinese herbal medicine. Can be offered for sale, it does not hinder real cultivation difficulties.[2] has been used to treat several disorders such as inflammation, throat disorders, asthma and coughs.[19]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (especially the rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested they can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[12]


References

  1. ^ a b "Iris dichotoma Pall. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Chapter II tufted iris and other (part 3)". dictionaire des iridacée (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Pardanthopsis". Pacific bulb society. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Iris dichotoma Pallas". efloras.org. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Vesper iris, Pardanthopsis dichotoma". fine gardening.com. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Plant of the Month for August, 2012". onrockgarden.com. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "The Pittsburgh Press - May 6, 1951, page 71". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Iris dichotoma". Botanically Inclined - Seed Adventures. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pries, Bob (14 December 2018). "(SPEC) Iris dichotoma Pallas". Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Diana Beresford-Kroeger A Garden for Life: The Natural Approach to Designing, Planting, and Maintaining a North Temperate Garden, University of Michigan Press, 2004 at Google Books
  11. ^ a b c d e f Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). p. 261. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Species Iris, Vesper Iris, Iris dichotoma". Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h "Pardanthopsis dichotoma, "Vesper Iris"". Annie's annuals.com. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "More Information About Pardanthopsis". plantdelights.com. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  15. ^ "THE REPRODUCTIVE SYNDROME AND IRIS DICHOTOMA". botanicallyinclined.org. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  16. ^ a b c d e Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 45. ISBN 0715305395.
  17. ^ a b Austin, Claire (2005). Irises: A Gardener's Encyclopedia. Timber Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0881927306. OL 8176432M.
  18. ^ Gui-xing, Yan; Su-zhen, Zhang; Fenghua, Xue; Jin-feng, Yun; Liu-ying, Wang; Xiang-qian, Fu (1995). "Chromosome numbers of 35 forage species and their geographical distribution". Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  19. ^ a b Wei, Yuling; Shu, Pan; Hong, Junli; Qin, Minjian (May–Jun 2012). "Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of phenolic compounds in Iris dichotoma Pall". Phytochem Anal. 23 (3): 197–207. doi:10.1002/pca.1343.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  20. ^ a b "Iris dichotoma". rhs.org.uk.
  21. ^ "Trichostema". Gardening in the Coastal Southeast. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  22. ^ "Drosera binata ssp. dichotoma". Denver botanicgardens.org. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  23. ^ Allen J. Coombes The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants, p. 99, at Google Books
  24. ^ "Aloidendron Dichotomum". pza.sanbi.org. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g "Iris dichotoma". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  26. ^ a b "Iris dichotoma Pall., Reise Russ. Reich". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  27. ^ a b Lenz, Lee W. (1972). ""An Intergeneric Hybrid Between Belamcanda Chinensis and Pardanthopsis Dichotoma (=Iris Dichotoma),". Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany. 7 (4): 405–407.
  28. ^ "Pardanthopsis | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  29. ^ Tillie, N.; Chase, M.W.; Hall, T. (2001). "Molecular studies in the genus Iris L.: a preliminary study". Annali di Botanica (Roma): 197–207. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  30. ^ "Pardanthopsis | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  31. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  32. ^ "Iris dichotoma alba | Moon garden, Iris, Growing food". Pinterest. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  33. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Auroral Sail') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  34. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Azure Pinwheel') with 17 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  35. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Blazing Sunflower') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  36. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Butterfly Magic') with one image and 17 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  37. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Cherry Pie') with one image and 19 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  38. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Chocolate Knight') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  39. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Colorful Stelleroid') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  40. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Daybreak Sail') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  41. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Fiery Rhapsody') with 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  42. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Happy Yanyan') with 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  43. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Heart of Darkness') with one image and 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  44. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Lost Bar') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  45. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Moonlit Hairpin') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  46. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Orange Diamond') with 17 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  47. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Pink Leopard') with one image and 19 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  48. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Sangria') with 4 images and 11 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  49. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Shining Butterfly') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  50. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Sparkling Fire') with 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  51. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Spooky World') with one image and 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  52. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris 'Starlit Shell') with 15 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  53. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Summer Candy') with 4 images and 20 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  54. ^ "Plant database entry for Species X Iris (Iris x norrisii 'Sweet Princess') with 16 data details". garden.org. Retrieved 22 April 2021.

Other sources

  • Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR) Cambridge University Press. Note: = Pardanthopsis dichotoma (Pall.) L. W. Lenz
  • Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934-1964. Flora SSSR.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 184. Note: = Pardanthopsis dichotoma (Pall.) L. W. Lenz
  • Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
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