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Rosemary

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Rosemary Bread)
For the given name, see Rosemary (given name). For other uses, see Rosemary (disambiguation).

Rosemary
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Salvia
Species:
S. rosmarinus
Binomial name
Salvia rosmarinus
Synonyms[1]
  • Rosmarinus angustifolius Mill.
  • Rosmarinus communis Noronha
  • Rosmarinus flexuosus Jord. & Fourr.
  • Rosmarinus latifolius Mill.
  • Rosmarinus ligusticus Gand.
  • Rosmarinus officinalis L.
  • Rosmarinus palaui (O.Bolòs & Molin.) Rivas Mart. & M.J.Costa
  • Rosmarinus prostratus Mazziari
  • Rosmarinus rigidus Jord. & Fourr.
  • Rosmarinus tenuifolius Jord. & Fourr.
  • Salvia fasciculata Fernald

Salvia rosmarinus (/ˈsælviə ˌrɒsməˈraɪnəs/[3][4]), commonly known as rosemary, is a shrub with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves and white, pink, purple, or blue flowers. It is native to the Mediterranean region, as well as Portugal and Spain. Until 2017, it was known by the scientific name Rosmarinus officinalis (/ˌrɒsməˈraɪnəs əˌfɪsɪˈneɪlɪs/),[4] now a synonym.[5]

It is a member of the sage family Lamiaceae, which includes many other medicinal and culinary herbs. The name rosemary derives from Latin ros marinus (lit. 'dew of the sea').[6][7] Rosemary has a fibrous root system.[8]

Description

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rosemary leaves
S. rosmarinus 'Prostratus'

Rosemary is an aromatic evergreen shrub with leaves similar to Tsuga needles. It is native to the Mediterranean region,[8] but is reasonably hardy in cool climates. Special cultivars like 'Arp' can withstand winter temperatures down to about −20 °C (−4 °F).[9] It can withstand droughts, surviving a severe lack of water for lengthy periods.[10] It is considered a potentially invasive species and its seeds are often difficult to start, with a low germination rate and relatively slow growth, but the plant can live as long as 35 years.[11][12]

Forms range from upright to trailing;[8] the upright forms can reach between 1.2–1.8 metres (4–6 ft) tall.[13] The leaves are evergreen, 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long and 2–5 mm (1⁄16–3⁄16 in) broad, green above, and white below, with dense, short, woolly hair.[8]

The plant flowers in spring and summer in temperate climates, but the plants can be in constant bloom in warm climates; flowers are white, pink, purple or deep blue.[8] The branches are dotted with groups of 2 to 3 flowers down its length.[14] Rosemary also has a tendency to flower outside its normal flowering season; it has been known to flower as late as early December, and as early as mid-February (in the Northern Hemisphere).[15]

Taxonomy

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Rosemary plant

Salvia rosmarinus is now considered one of many hundreds of species in the genus Salvia.[2] Formerly it was placed in a much smaller genus, Rosmarinus, which contained only two to four species including R. officinalis,[16] which is now considered a synonym of S. rosmarinus. Salvia jordanii (formerly Rosmarinus eriocalyx) is a closely related species native to Iberia and the Maghreb of Africa.[17] Both the original and current genus names of the species were applied by the 18th-century naturalist and founding taxonomist Carl Linnaeus.[18] Elizabeth Kent noted in her Flora Domestica (1823), "The botanical name of this plant is compounded of two Latin words, signifying Sea-dew; and indeed Rosemary thrives best by the sea."[19]

Distribution

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Illustration from an Italian herbal, circa 1500

It is native to the Mediterranean region, as well as Portugal and northwestern Spain.[20] It was first mentioned on cuneiform stone tablets as early as 5000 BCE.[21] The herb was naturalized in China as early as 220 CE,[8] during the late Han dynasty.[22]

Rosemary came to England at an unknown date, though it is likely that the Romans brought it when they invaded Britain in 43 CE. Even so, there are no viable records containing rosemary in Britain until the 8th century CE. This mention was in a document which was later credited to Charlemagne, who promoted the general usage of herbs and ordered rosemary specifically to be grown in monastic gardens and farms.[23]

There are no records of rosemary being properly naturalized in Britain until 1338, when cuttings were sent to Queen Philippa by her mother, Countess Joan of Hainault.[24][25] It was then planted in the garden of the old palace of Westminster. Since then, rosemary can be found in most English herbal texts.[26]

Rosemary finally arrived in the Americas with early European settlers in the beginning of the 17th century, and was soon spread to South America and distributed globally.[8]

Cultivation

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Since it is attractive and drought-tolerant, rosemary is used as an ornamental plant in gardens and for xeriscape landscaping, especially in regions of Mediterranean climate.[8] It is considered easy to grow and pest-resistant. Rosemary can grow quite large and retain attractiveness for many years, can be pruned into formal shapes and low hedges, and has been used for topiary. It is easily grown in pots. The groundcover cultivars spread widely, with a dense and durable texture.[8]

In order to harvest from the plant, the bush should be matured 2–3 years to ensure it is large enough to withstand it.[27] The amount harvested should not exceed 20% of the growth in order to preserve the plant.[27]

Cultivars

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Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use.

  • 'Albus' – white flowers
  • 'Arp' – leaves light green, lemon-scented and especially cold-hardy
  • 'Aureus' – leaves speckled yellow
  • 'Benenden Blue' – leaves narrow, dark green
  • 'Blue Boy' – dwarf, small leaves
  • 'Blue Rain' – pink flowers
  • 'Golden Rain' – leaves green, with yellow streaks
  • 'Gold Dust' – dark green leaves, with golden streaks but stronger than 'Golden Rain'
  • 'Haifa' – low and small, white flowers
  • 'Irene' – low and lax, trailing, intense blue flowers
  • 'Lockwood de Forest' – procumbent selection from 'Tuscan Blue'
  • 'Ken Taylor' – shrubby
  • 'Majorica Pink' – pink flowers
  • 'Miss Jessopp's Upright' – distinctive tall fastigiate form, with wider leaves.
  • 'Pinkie' – pink flowers
  • 'Prostratus' – lower groundcover
  • 'Pyramidalis' (or 'Erectus') – fastigate form, pale blue flowers
  • 'Remembrance' (or 'Gallipoli') – taken from the Gallipoli Peninsula[28]
  • 'Roseus' – pink flowers
  • 'Salem' – pale blue flowers, cold-hardy similar to 'Arp'
  • 'Severn Sea' – spreading, low-growing, with arching branches, flowers deep violet
  • 'Sudbury Blue' – blue flowers
  • 'Tuscan Blue' – traditional robust upright form
  • 'Wilma's Gold' – yellow leaves

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[29]

Uses

[edit]
Illustration from Köhler's Medicinal Plants
Seeds – MHNT

Aside from its usage in the fragrance industry, rosemary is not only used as a decorative plant in gardens, but also cultivated for practical applications, such as medicine and cooking. When the plant is fully grown, the leaves, twigs, and flowering apices are often extracted for use in these areas.[34] The leaves are used to flavor various foods, such as stuffing and roasted meats.[35] Rosemary, along with holly and ivy, was commonly used for Christmas decorations in the 17th century.[36]

Culinary

[edit]
Dried leaves

Rosemary leaves are used as a flavoring in foods,[8] such as stuffing and roasted lamb, pork, chicken, and turkey. Fresh or dried leaves are used in traditional Mediterranean cuisine. They have a bitter, astringent taste and a characteristic aroma which complements many cooked foods. Herbal tea can be made from the leaves. When roasted with meats or vegetables, the leaves impart a mustard-like aroma with an additional fragrance of charred wood that goes well with barbecued foods.[citation needed]

In amounts typically used to flavor foods, such as one teaspoon (1 gram), rosemary provides no nutritional value.[37][38] Rosemary extract has been shown to improve the shelf life and heat stability of omega 3-rich oils which are prone to rancidity.[39] Rosemary is also an effective antimicrobial herb.[40]

Fragrance

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Hungary water, which dates to the 14th century, was one of the first alcohol-based perfumes in Europe, and was primarily made from distilled rosemary.[41]

Essential oil

Rosemary oil[42] is used for purposes of fragrant bodily perfumes or to emit an aroma into a room. It is also burnt as incense, and used in shampoos and cleaning products.[citation needed]

Phytochemicals

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Rosemary contains a number of phytochemicals, including rosmarinic acid, camphor, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol.[43] Rosemary essential oil contains 10–20% camphor.[44]

Rosemary extract, specifically the type mainly consisting of carnosic acid and carnosol, is approved as a food antioxidant preservative in several countries. The E number is E392.[45]

For hair growth

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Some research shows that rosemary oil may help stimulate hair growth in some cases. One of the studies investigating the clinical efficacy of rosemary oil in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia and comparing its effects with minoxidil 2% (a current standard of care medication), found no significant difference between study groups using either rosemary oil or minoxidil regarding hair count, either at month 3 or month 6 of treatment. The frequencies of dry hair, greasy hair, and dandruff were not found to be significantly different from baseline at either month 3 or month 6 trial in the groups. The frequency of scalp itching at the 3- and 6-month trial points was significantly higher compared with baseline in both groups, however, it was more frequent in the minoxidil group at both assessed endpoints.[46][47]

In culture

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Rosemary was considered sacred to ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks.[34] In Don Quixote (Part One, Chapter XVII), the fictional hero uses rosemary in his recipe for balm of fierabras.[48] It was written about by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE)[49] and Pedanius Dioscorides (c. 40 CE to c. 90 CE), a Greek botanist (amongst other things). The latter talked about rosemary in his most famous writing, De Materia Medica, one of the most influential herbal books in history.[50]

The plant has been used as a symbol for remembrance during war commemorations and funerals in Europe and Australia.[51] Mourners would throw it into graves as a symbol of remembrance for the dead. In Australia, sprigs of rosemary are worn on ANZAC Day and sometimes Remembrance Day to signify remembrance; the herb grows wild on the Gallipoli Peninsula, where many Australians died during World War I.[51]

Several Shakespeare plays refer to the use of rosemary in burial or memorial rites. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, Ophelia says, "There's rosemary, that's for remembrance. Pray you, love, remember."[52] It likewise appears in Shakespeare's Winter's Tale in Act 4 Scene 4, where Perdita talks about "Rosemary and Rue".[53] In Act 4 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet, Friar Lawrence admonishes the Capulet household to "stick your rosemary on this fair corse, and as the custom is, and in her best array, bear her to church."[citation needed] It is also said that "In the language of flowers it means 'fidelity in love.'"[54]

In the Spanish fairy tale The Sprig of Rosemary, the heroine touches the hero with the titular sprig of rosemary in order to restore his magically lost memory.[55]

Rosemary is very important in Danube Swabian culture being used for christenings, weddings, burials and festivals; for example, an apple with a sprig of rosemary in it is present at Kirchweih celebrations.[56][57]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Salvia rosmarinus Spenn". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  2. ^ a b Drew, Bryan T.; González-Gallegos, Jesús Guadalupe; Xiang, Chun-Lei; Kriebel, Ricardo; Drummond, Chloe P.; Walker, Jay B.; Sytsma, Kenneth J. (2017). "Salvia united: The greatest good for the greatest number". Taxon. 66 (1): 133–145. doi:10.12705/661.7. S2CID 90993808.
  3. ^ "Salvia". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  4. ^ a b "Rosemary". California Plant Names. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  5. ^ Drew; et al. (February 2017). "Salvia united: The greatest good for the greatest number".
  6. ^ Room, Adrian (1988). A Dictionary of True Etymologies. Taylor & Francis. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-415-03060-1.
  7. ^ Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 66.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)". Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  9. ^ Tucker, Arthur O.; Maciarello, Michael J. (September 1986). "The essential oils of some rosemary cultivars". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 1 (4–5): 137–142. doi:10.1002/ffj.2730010402.
  10. ^ "How to Grow Rosemary". Garden Action. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  11. ^ Shepherd, Lizz. The Complete Guide to Growing Vegetables, Flowers, Fruits, and Herbs from Containers. Page 127. Retrieved on 6 Oct. 2023. "Rosemary seeds can be hard to start, with a slow germinating time and a low germination rate, which means many seeds do not develop into plants."
  12. ^ Federal Register. Volume 52, Issues 13-20 - Page 2228. Retrieved on 6 Oct. 2023. "Mature rosemary approaches senescence at an age of 30-35 years…it releases toxic chemicals into the soil that inhibit or prevent the growth of most other plants, resulting in areas of relatively bare, open sand between the shrubs."
  13. ^ Mahr, Susan. "Rosemary, Rosemarinus officinalis". Wisconsin Horticulture. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  14. ^ Mahr, Susan. "Rosemary, Rosemarinus officinalis". Wisconsin Horticulture. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  15. ^ McCoy, Michael (27 June 2012). "The good graces of rosemary". The Gardenist. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  16. ^ Rosselló, J. A.; Cosín, R.; Boscaiu, M.; Vicente, O.; Martínez, I.; Soriano, P. (2006). "Intragenomic diversity and phylogenetic systematics of wild rosemaries (Rosmarinus officinalis L. s.l., Lamiaceae) assessed by nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences (ITS)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 262 (1–2): 1–12. Bibcode:2006PSyEv.262....1R. doi:10.1007/s00606-006-0454-5. JSTOR i23655428. S2CID 25645455.
  17. ^ "Salvia jordanii J.B. Walker". Plants of the Worls Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  18. ^ Linnaeus, Carolus (1753). Species Plantarum. Vol. 1. p. 23. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  19. ^ Kent, Elizabeth (1823). Flora Domestica, or the Portable Flower-Garden. Taylor and Hessey. p. 330.
  20. ^ Mahr, Susan. "Rosemary, Rosemarinus officinalis". Wisconsin Horticulture. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  21. ^ Leafy Medicinal Herbs: Botany, Chemistry, Postharvest Technology and Uses by Dawn Ambrose, 216, 210-11
  22. ^ "Han dynasty | Definition, Map, Culture, Art, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  23. ^ The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: History, Botany by Deborah Madison, 2017, p.266
  24. ^ Vale, Juliet (2004). "Philippa [Philippa of Hainault] (1310x15?–1369), queen of England, consort of Edward III". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22110. Retrieved 2023-06-26. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  25. ^ Keiser, George R. (2005). "A Middle English Rosemary Treatise in Verse and Prose". ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews. 18 (1): 9–18. doi:10.3200/ANQQ.18.1.9-18. ISSN 0895-769X.
  26. ^ A Brief History of Thyme and other Herbs by Miranda Seymour, 2002, p.96
  27. ^ a b Mahr, Susan. "Rosemary, Rosemarinus officinalis". Wisconsin Horticulture. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  28. ^ Rosemary Archived 2012-04-22 at the Wayback Machine. Gardenclinic.com.au. Retrieved on 2014-06-03.
  29. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 93. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  30. ^ "Rosmarinus officinalis (Angustifolia Group) 'Benenden Blue'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  31. ^ "Rosmarinus officinalis 'Miss Jessopp's Upright'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  32. ^ "Rosmarinus officinalis 'Severn Sea'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  33. ^ "Rosmarinus officinalis 'Sissinghurst Blue'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  34. ^ a b Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornara, Laura; Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics Properties and Mechanisms of Action. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-4398-1214-3.
  35. ^ "About the Herb Rosemary and Uses". The Spruce Eats. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  36. ^ The diary of Samuel Pepys, 23 December 1660
  37. ^ "Nutrition Facts – Dried rosemary, one teaspoon (1 g)". nutritiondata.com. Conde Nast, USDA Nutrient Database, version SR-21. 2014.
  38. ^ "USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference". NAL.usda.gov. US Department of Agriculture. 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  39. ^ Daniells, Stephen (20 November 2017). "Oregano, rosemary extracts promise omega-3 preservation". Food Navigator.
  40. ^ Nieto, G.; Ros, G.; Castillo, J. (2018). "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, L.): A Review". Medicines. 5 (3): 98. doi:10.3390/medicines5030098. PMC 6165352. PMID 30181448.
  41. ^ Sullivan, Catherine (1994-03-01). "Searching for nineteenth-century Florida water bottles". Historical Archaeology. 28 (1): 78–98. doi:10.1007/BF03374182. ISSN 0440-9213. S2CID 162639733.
  42. ^ Rosemary Oil: Benefits and Uses, Chiltan Pure.
  43. ^ Vallverdú-Queralt, Anna; Regueiro, Jorge; Martínez-Huélamo, Miriam; Rinaldi Alvarenga, José Fernando; Leal, Leonel Neto; Lamuela-Raventos, Rosa M. (2014). "A comprehensive study on the phenolic profile of widely used culinary herbs and spices: Rosemary, thyme, oregano, cinnamon, cumin and bay". Food Chemistry. 154: 299–307. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.106. PMID 24518346.
  44. ^ "Rosemary | Professional". Drugs.com. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  45. ^ Birtić, Simona; Dussort, Pierre; Pierre, François-Xavier; Bily, Antoine C.; Roller, Marc (2015-07-01). "Carnosic acid". Phytochemistry. 115: 9–19. Bibcode:2015PChem.115....9B. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.026. ISSN 0031-9422. PMID 25639596.
  46. ^ Panahi, Yunes; et al. (Jan–Feb 2015). "Rosemary oil vs minoxidil 2% for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a randomized comparative trial". Skinmed. 13 (1): 15–21. PMID 25842469.
  47. ^ "Growth Market: How Rosemary Oil May Help Your Hair". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  48. ^ Capuano, Thomas M. (2005). "Las huellas de otro texto médico en Don Quijote: Las virtudes del romero". Romance Notes (in Spanish). 45 (3): 303–310.
  49. ^ Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, trans. John Bostock (London: Taylor and Francis, 1855)
  50. ^ Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbos (2000). Osbaldeston, Tess Anne (ed.). De materia medica: Being an herbal with many other medicinal matters. Written in Greek in the first century of the common era. Johannesburg: IBIDIS. ISBN 0-620-23435-0.
  51. ^ a b "Rosemary". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  52. ^ Shakespeare, William. Scene 13. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  53. ^ Shakespeare, William (2005). The Winter's Tale. Simon & Schuster. p. 139.
  54. ^ Brewer, E. Cobham, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 14th ed., London: Cassel, Petter, Galpin, and Co., no date [1880 per Google Books], p. 765.
  55. ^ Lang, Andrew (1897). The Pink Fairy Book. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 237.
  56. ^ "Rosemary in the Life of the Danube Swabians by Hans Gehl". www.dvhh.org. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  57. ^ Kirchweih in Warjasch 2017, 27 March 2021, retrieved 2023-09-17
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