Pseudochorthippus parallelus
| Pseudochorthippus parallelus | |
|---|---|
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| Male | |
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| Female | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Orthoptera |
| Suborder: | Caelifera |
| Family: | Acrididae |
| Subfamily: | Gomphocerinae |
| Tribe: | Gomphocerini |
| Genus: | Pseudochorthippus |
| Species: | P. parallelus
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| Binomial name | |
| Pseudochorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821)
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| Synonyms | |
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Pseudochorthippus parallelus[1] (often known by its synonym Chorthippus parallelus), the meadow grasshopper,[2] is a common species of grasshopper in the tribe Gomphocerini.[3] It is found in non-arid grasslands throughout the well vegetated areas of Europe and some adjoining areas of Asia. It is a well-studied organism in the discipline of evolutionary biology and was an early and important model system for the study of European phylogeography.
Distribution
[edit]The range of the Meadow Grasshopper extends from the Atlantic coast of Europe, including the British Isles, to the Urals. It is found from Scandinavia in the north to southern Spain and Anatolia in the south.[4] It prefers moist vegetation and in southern regions is typically found in river valleys and at altitude (up to approx 2000m), not being found in arid areas.
Physical appearance
[edit]Females grow to approximately 2 centimetres (3⁄4 in) and are larger and less active than males that grow to approximately 1.5 centimetres (5⁄8 in). Both sexes are flightless. In females the wing cases (covering vestigial wings) extend only a short way down the abdomen while males have longer wing cases extending to almost the tip of the abdomen. They can be variable in colour with green, brownish, purple-red and pink forms recorded,[5] although green forms are most common. Colour forms are genetically determined[6] and some populations can show high frequency of pink grasshoppers. Pseudochorthippus parallelus is distinguished from similar species by the approximately parallel nature of the bars (pronotal side-keels)[7] on the back of the neck which gives the species its name.
Possible utilization for human food
[edit]Due to high densities of these insects in Western Europe, some researchers have also proposed their possible utilization as human food. These insects contain 69% proteins on dry weight with excellent amino acid profile and digestibility. Aman Paul and his co-workers indicated that before introducing these insects for human food, it is necessary to do a thorough examination of any possible toxic and/or allergic conditions that could arise from their consumption.[8]
Subspecies
[edit]Various races of the meadow grasshopper have been described in different regions[9] with forms described as separate subspecies. They include:[10]
- P. parallelus erythropus (Faber, 1958) - Iberian Peninsula
- P. parallelus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) - nominate subsp., widespread including the British Isles
- P. parallelus serbicus Karaman, Z., 1958
- P. parallelus tenuis (Brullé, 1832) - Greece
These subspecies are the result of the allopatric separation of P. parallelus populations into separate southern European refugia during the Pleistocene ice ages.
The most widespread subspecies, P.p. parallelus, is found throughout much of Europe but is replaced by P.p. erythropus in Iberia. The Iberian erythropus subspecies is characterized in the field by red hind tibiae and differences in the mating song although other studies demonstrate additional differences in morphological, behavioural, chromosomal and DNA sequence characters.[11] There is a hybrid zone between P.p. erythropus and P.p. parallelus running along the ridge of the Pyrenees mountains between Spain and France. A similar hybrid zone has been described between forms in France and Italy that runs along the Alps.[12]
Speciation
[edit]The subspecies do not appear to be speciating by way of reinforcement. This result is among the most important evidences against speciation by reinforcement.[13]
Gallery
[edit]-
Mating -
Nymph -
Immature -
Male, green with brown wings -
Female green form -
Female showing slight pink coloration
_nymph.jpg)
.JPG)
_nymph_Oxford.jpg)
References
[edit]
- ^ Zetterstedt JW (1821) Orthoptera Sueciae 85.
- ^ Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.
- ^ Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0 retrieved 28 September 2019)
- ^ Fauna europaea
- ^ Pink grasshopper found in marshes, BBC, September 9, 2009
- ^ Fraser Rowell, C.H. (October 1971). "The Variable Coloration of the Acridoid Grasshoppers". In Beament, J.W.L. (ed.). Advances in Insect Physiology: v. 8. Academic Press Inc. pp. 145–198. ISBN 978-0-12-024208-5.
- ^ Bellmann, Heiko (1988-05-05). Field Guide to the Grasshoppers and Crickets of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-219852-3.
- ^ Paul, Aman; Frederich, Michel; Uyttenbroeck, Roel; Malik, Priyanka; Filocco, Sandrino; Richel, Aurore; Heuskin, Stephanie; Alabi, Taofic; Caparros Megido, Rudy; Franck, Thierry; Bindelle, Jerome; Maesen, Philippe; Francis, Frederic; Lognay, Georges; Blecker, Christophe; Haubruge, Eric; Danthine, Sabine (2016). "Nutritional composition and rearing potential of the meadow grasshopper ( Chorthippus parallelus Zetterstedt)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 19 (4): 1111–1116. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2016.09.012.
- ^ Cooper, S J; K M Ibrahim; G M Hewitt (February 1995). "Postglacial expansion and genome subdivision in the European grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus". Molecular Ecology. 4 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.1995.tb00191.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 7711954. S2CID 29472041.
- ^ Biolib
- ^ Hewitt, GM (July 1996). "Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 58 (3): 247–276. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01434.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
- ^ Flanagan, NS; PL Mason; J Gosalvez; GM Hewitt (May 1999). "Chromosomal differentiation through an Alpine hybrid zone in the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 12 (3): 577–585. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00049.x. ISSN 1010-061X.
- ^ Noor, Mohamed A. F. (1999). "Reinforcement and other consequences of sympatry". Heredity. 83 (5). The Genetics Society (Nature): 503–508. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6886320. ISSN 0018-067X. (ORCID 0000-0002-5400-4408 GS 5nkhrpUAAAAJ).