Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries

Did You Know - Puerto Rico? is a list that contains interesting but little known facts about Puerto Rico and its people.

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Did you know entries 1

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/1

... that the Cuatro is the national instrument of Puerto Rico?
... that the state of Florida was discovered by Puerto Rico's first governor, Don Juan Ponce de León?
... that in 1950, the authorities in Puerto Rico placed a US$10,000 bounty on the head of outlaw Antonio Correa Cotto , either dead or alive, which was a first in the crime annals of the island?..^[1]
... that Puerto Rico enjoys one of the planet's highest productivity ratios? That value-added in manufacturing on the island totals $10.02 for every dollar of production worker wages, more than double the mainland US average of $4.64?^[2]
... that the bronze statue of Juan Ponce de León in the center of the Plaza de San Juan was made from British cannons captured during Sir Ralph Abercromby's attack in 1797?
... that Faith Evans, is first woman to be named U.S. Marshal?
... that Capt. Humbert Roque Versace, was the first Army P.O.W. to receive the Medal of Honor for his actions in Southeast Asia during captivity?
... that the Elfin woods warbler, an endemic bird of Puerto Rico first observed in 1968, is the last New World warbler species to be discovered?
... that Samuel A. Ramírez, Sr. made Wall Street history by becoming the first Hispanic to launch a successful investment banking firm?^[3]
... that Dr. Antonio Fernós-Isern, former Resident Commissioner, was the first Puerto Rican cardiologist?

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Did you know entries 2

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/2

... that Sonia Sotomayor - is the first Puerto Rican woman and Hispanic to serve as a U.S. Circuit Court judge and to be nominated and confirmed as U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice?
... that Telemundo, the second largest Spanish-language television station in the United States, was founded by Ángel Ramos in Puerto Rico?
... that Puerto Rico met the requirements to be defined as a nation well before the Pilgrims came to the United States?
... that the first shot fired by the United States in World War I was in Puerto Rico and not in Europe? The first shot was made by Sergeant Encarnación Correa, upon orders of Lt. Teófilo Marxuach, against the "Odenwald", an armed German supply ship which tried to force its way out of San Juan Bay and deliver supplies to the German submarines waiting in the Atlantic Ocean.
... that on June 10, 2014, the Borinqueneers Congressional Gold Medal Bill was signed by President Barack Obama, thus making the 65th Infantry Regiment] the first military unit composed almost entirely of Puerto Ricans to receive such an honor?^[4]
... that the world's highest concentrations of Bioluminescent waters are in Puerto Rico?
... that Francisco Oller is considered to be the only Latin American painter to play a role in the development of Impressionism?.^[5]
... that in 1937, Óscar García Rivera, Sr. became the first Puerto Rican to be elected to public office in the continental United States and in 1956 he also became the first Puerto Rican to be nominated as the Republican candidate for Justice of the City Court?^[6]
... that the song "Te Regalo Amores" by R.K.M & Ken-Y reached #1 on both the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay and Latin Tropical Airplay charts?^[7]^[8]
... that the Cathedral of San Juan, Puerto Rico, built in the 1520s, is one of the oldest Cathedrals in the Western Hemisphere, and that it contains the marble tomb of the island's first governor and discoverer of Florida Juan Ponce de León?

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Did you know entries 3

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/3

Military-related topics

... that Major General Luis R. Estéves, the first Puerto Rican to graduate from West Point, graduated first in his class, which included Dwight D. Eisenhower and Omar Bradley?
... that Puerto Ricans commanded by Brigadier General Ramón de Castro fought alongside the Continental Army during the American Revolution as part of the troops under the command of General Bernardo de Gálvez?
... that Lt. General Pedro del Valle played an instrumental role in World War II when he and the Marines under his command defeated the Japanese forces in Okinawa and that he was in charge of the reorganization of the island?
... that Sergeant Alexander Joseph Foley (U.S.M.C.), born in Hackersville, Pa. in 1866 and recipient of the Medal of Honor during the Boxer Rebellion is buried in the island municipality of Culebra?
... that the Commander of the Cuban Liberation Army, General Juan Ríus Rivera, was a Puerto Rican who also participated in the Grito de Lares revolt?
... that Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé "The Puerto Rican Liberator", who fought against Napoleon Bonaparte in Spain and later for Mexico's independence against Spain, helped liberate South America from Spanish Colonial rule alongside Simón Bolívar?
... that Sergeant First Class Agustín Ramos Calero born in Isabela, with 22 decorations was the most decorated Hispanic soldier in the United States military during World War II?
... that Tech4 Carmen Contreras-Bozak, was the first Hispanic to join the Women's Army Corps and that she served in Algiers during World War II?
... that In 1980, Linda García Cubero, Class of 1980 United States Air Force Academy, was the first Hispanic woman to graduate from a military academy?^[9]
... that Brigadier General Mihiel "Mike" Gilormini, who together with Brig. Gen. Alberto A. Nido and Col. José Antonio Muñiz co-founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard, served with the Royal Canadian Air Force, the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces during World War II?

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Did you know entries 4

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/4

Biographical topics

... that in 1907, Antonio Paoli, born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, recorded the first opera in history "Pagliacci" by Ruggiero Leoncavallo and that Paoli was known as the Tenor of Kings and the King of Tenors?^[10]
... that Rafael Alers became the first Puerto Rican to compose the music score for a Hollywood movie, when he was hired for such a task for the 1956 movie "Crowded Paradise", directed by Fred Pressburger?^[11]
... that when Benicio del Toro and Joaquín Phoenix were nominated by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for Best Supporting Actor in 2001, it was the first time that two actors born in Puerto Rico were simultaneously nominated for such an honor?^[12]
... that Dr. Dr. Carlos Albizu Miranda is the first Hispanic Educator to have a North American University renamed in his honor and one of the first Hispanics to earn a PhD. in Psychology in the United States?^[13]
... that in 1947, Marquita Rivera became the first Puerto Rican actress to appear in a major Hollywood motion picture when she appeared in Road to Rio, opposite Bob Hope, Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour?^[14].
... that José Andino y Amezquita, a direct descendant of Captain Juan de Amezquita and Field Marshal Gaspar Martínez De Andino, a Spaniard who was appointed by the Spanish Crown Governor of Puerto Rico as governor, became the first Puerto Rican journalist in 1814?^[15]
... that Julio Vizcarrondo, who played an instrumental role in the abolishment of slavery in Puerto Rico, was also the founder of the Protestantism movement in the Iberian Peninsula in the 19th Century?^[16]
... that Dr. Héctor Feliciano, is the author of "The Lost Museum: The Nazi Conspiracy to Steal the World's Greatest Works of Art", a book which proved the corrupt relationship between Europe's art museums and art dealers with the Nazi art looters of World War II and that his book forced the French government to display in public thousands of art works acquired from looters?.^[17]
... that Augusto Rodríguez, the founder of the Choir of the University of Puerto Rico, was also the founder of the Hebrew Festival Chorus of San Juan's Jewish community?
... that Deirdre Connelly, a native of San Juan, was recognized by Fortune magazine as one of the 50 most powerful women in business for 8 consecutive years (2007-2014)?^[18]

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Did you know entries 5

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/5

Military-related topics

... that Colonel Virgil R. Miller, a native of San Germán, Puerto Rico, was the Regimental Commander of the 442d Regimental Combat Team, the most decorated unit in the U.S. military history, a unit which was composed of "Nisei" (second generation Americans of Japanese descent), during World War II?^[19]^[20]
... that Staff Sgt. Modesto Cartagena, U.S. Army, is the most decorated Hispanic in history?
... that Capt. Miguel Enríquez, was a pirate in the latter part of the 17^th century who fought and defeated the British Navy in Vieques and was granted the privileges of privateer by the Spanish Crown?^[21]
... that Brigadier General Antonio Maldonado in 1965 became the youngest person to pilot a B-52 aircraft?
... that Colonel Héctor Andrés Negroni was the first Puerto Rican graduate of the United States Air Force Academy?
... that Capt. María Inés Ortiz was the first Puerto Rican nurse to die in combat and the first Army nurse to die in Iraq?
... that Rear Admiral Frederick Lois Riefkohl was the first Puerto Rican to graduate from the United States Naval Academy and the first Puerto Rican to be awarded the Navy Cross, a military decoration second only to the Medal of honor?
... that Capt. Ángel Rivero Méndez fired the first shot against the Americans in the Spanish–American War in Puerto Rico and later invented the "Kola Champagne"?
... that Master Sgt. Pedro Rodríguez, was awarded two Silver Stars in one week?
... that General Manuel Goded Llópis was a high ranking Puerto Rican in the Spanish Army, who was one of the first generales to join Spanish General Francisco Franco in the revolt against the Spanish Republican government in what is known as the Spanish Civil War?^[22]

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Did you know entries 6

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/6

Biographical topics

... that Antonia Novello, a native of Fajardo, Puerto Rico, was both the first female and the first Hispanic Surgeon General of the United States (1990-1993)?
... that Juan Mari Brás was the first person to receive a Puerto Rican citizenship certificate from the Puerto Rico State Department since the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1952, an action which has been since questioned by the United States Department of State?
... that Jesús María Sanromá earned the position of official pianist of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, becoming the first person ever to receive such an honor?^[23]
... that José de Diego was in the audience on January 1916, when Jesús María Sanromá debuted at the Puerto Rican Ateneo and that he was so impressed with Sanromá that he persuaded the government to give Sanromá a grant of 600 dólares?^[23]
... that Clara Livingston, born in New York but who lived in Dorado, Puerto Rico since she was five years old, in 1927 became the first Puerto Rican female pilot and that at the time that she earned her flying license she was only the eleventh woman pilot to do so?^[24]
... that Isabel González a young, pregnant, single Puerto Rican mother challenged the Government of the United States when she was detained in Ellis Island in the groundbreaking case "GONZALES v. WILLIAMS" a case which helped pave the way for Puerto Ricans to be recognized as American citizens?
... that Dr. Agustín Stahl, Puerto Rico's first renowned scientist, was the first person to adorn a Christmas tree in Puerto Rico? It happened in his backyard in Bayamón in 1866.^[25]
... that Jaime Fonalledas is the President and CEO of Empresas Fonalledas Inc., which owns Plaza Las Américas, the largest shopping mall in the Caribbean and one of the top retail and entertainment venues in the world?^[26]
... that Rafael Carrión, Sr. was a founding father of Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, the largest bank in Puerto Rico and the largest Hispanic bank in the United States?
... that Obed Gómez, a Puerto Rican visual artist, is known as "The Puerto Rican Picasso"?

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Did you know entries 7

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/7

Military-related topics

... that during the Korean War, the Battle of Outpost Kelly accounted for seventy-three of the men missing in action from the total of 121 men reported MIAs of Puerto Rico's 65th Infantry Regiment^[27] and that out of the seventy-three MIAs suffered by the regiment in the month of September, fifty of them occurred on the same day September 18? See: Puerto Ricans Missing in Action in the Korean War^[28]
... that ninety-five members of Puerto Rico's 65th Infantry Regiment were court-martialed in what is considered the largest mass court-martial of the Korean War?
... that the 65th Infantry Regiment was the only unit ever transferred from active component Army to the National Guard?
... that Admiral Horacio Rivero, Jr., was the first Puerto Rican and second Hispanic to become a four-star Admiral in the U.S. Navy? The first Hispanic full Admiral was David Farragut during the American Civil War.
... that In 1984, Colonel Michelle Fraley, Class of 1984, West Point Academy, became the first Puerto Rican woman to graduate from West Point? Fraley (née Hernández) eventually served as chief of staff of the Army Network Enterprise Technology Command.^[29]^[30]
... that over 53,000 Puerto Ricans served in World War II?
... that Lieutenant Carmelo Delgado Delgado a member of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, was amongst the first U.S. citizens to die in the Spanish Civil War?^[31]
... that the U.S. Naval Station Roosevelt Roads was meant to be the Pearl Harbor of the Atlantic and that it was the largest naval installation in the world? Yes, in 1940, when Germany attacked Great Britain, the United States feared that if Germany controlled Great Britain, Mexico and the U.S. would be next. In 1940, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ordered the construction of a naval base in the Atlantic similar to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The site was meant to provide anchorage, docking, repair facilities, fuel, and supplies for 60% of the Atlantic Fleet. The naval base, which was named U.S. Naval Station Roosevelt Roads, became the largest naval installation in the world in land mass. The fate of the base was changed after the Germans were defeated and the Navy's attention shifted from the Atlantic to the Pacific.^[32]
... that Brigadier General José M. Portela was and still is the youngest C-141 Starlifter aircraft commander and captain in the United States Air Force at age 26?^[33]
... that during the Intentona de Yauco of March 26, 1897, the current version of the Flag of Puerto Rico was flown on the island for the first time by Fidel Vélez?^[34]

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Did you know entries 8

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/8

Biographical topics

... that Félix Rigau Carrera was the first Puerto Rican pilot and the first pilot to fly on air mail carrying duties in Puerto Rico?^[35]
... that Melliangee Pérez was awarded the Soprano of the Year award by UNESCO?^[36]
... that Irem Poventud was the first Puerto Rican to perform in the San Francisco Opera House?^[37]
... that Margarita Castro Alberty was the recipient of the prestigious Rockefeller Foundation, Baltimore Opera Guild, Chicago Opera Guide and Metropolitan Opera Guild awards?^[38]
... that in 1909, Elisa Rivera Díaz and Ana Janer became the first Puerto Rican female doctors?^[39]
... that in 1919, Luisa Capetillo was the first woman to publicly wear pants in Puerto Rico and that she was sent to jail for it?
... that the Father of Black History in the United States was Arturo Schomburg who was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico in 1874?
... that Blanca Canales may possibly have been the first woman to have led a revolt against the United States when she led the Jayuya Uprising?^[40]
... that Marie Teresa Ríos, the mother of Medal of Honor recipient Humbert Roque Versace, was the author of the book The Fifteen Pelicans and that popular 1960s television sitcom The Flying Nun was based on her book?
... that Sylvia Méndez at age eight played an instrumental role in the Mendez v. Westminster case, the landmark desegregation case of 1946, which successfully ended de jure segregation in California^[41] and paved the way for integration and the American civil rights movement?^[42]

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Did you know entries 9

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/9

Military-related topics

... that during World War II, 200 Puerto Rican women were assigned to Company 6, 2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, a segregated Hispanic unit?^[43]
... that In 1963, the Air National Guard Base, at the San Juan International airport in Puerto Rico, was renamed "Muñiz Air National Guard Base" in honor of Lieutenant Colonel José Antonio Muñiz, a co-founder of the "PRANG"?^[44]
... that nine Puerto Ricans were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration in the United States? They were PFC Fernando Luis García, Master Sergeant Juan E. Negron, Private Demensio Rivera, Private Miguel Armando Vera, Staff Sergeant Felix M. Conde-Falcon, PFC Carlos James Lozada, Capt. Eurípides Rubio, Specialist Four Héctor Santiago Colón and Captain Humbert Roque Versace.
... that Captain Ramón Acha Caamaño was awarded the "Cruz de la Orden de Merito Naval 1ra clase" (The Cross of the Order of the Naval Merit 1st class) by the Spanish government for his role in the rescue of the cargo of the SS Antonio López, a Spanish transoceanic steamer, during the Spanish–American War?
... that the "SS ANTONIO LÓPEZ Shipwreck Site and Remains" are listed in the National Register of Historic Places #93001593?^[45]
... that Lieutenant Colonel Olga E. Custodio made history when she became the first female Hispanic U.S. military pilot and that after retiring from the military she became the first Latina to become a commercial airline captain?^[46]
... that on September 11, 2001, Marc H. Sasseville, now a Brigadier General, was given the mission of finding United Airlines Flight 93 and destroying it, even if it meant ramming the plane. The tactic would be similar to the suicide military tactics known as kamikaze missions used by the military aviators from the Empire of Japan in World War II?^[47]
... that Brigadier General Irene M. Zoppi is the first Puerto Rican female to reach the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Armed Forces?^[48]
... that Marta Carcana is the first woman Adjutant General of the Puerto Rican National Guard?^[49]^[50]
... that President Barack Obama awarded the Medal of Honor to Juan E. Negrón, Demensio Rivera, Miguel Vera and Félix Conde Falcón bringing the total Puerto Rican recipients of said honor to nine? Prior to the Medal of Honor upgrade, which was made on March 18, 2014, they all had been awarded the Distinguished Service Cross Medal.^[51]

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Did you know entries 10

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/10

History topics

... that In 1509, Juan Garrido, a conquistador in Juan Ponce de León's entourage, became the first African to set foot on the island?^[52]
... that the island of Puerto Rico was originally christened as "San Juan Bautista" (St. John the Baptist), whose capital was called Puerto Rico? That over the years, the names of the island and the capital were exchanged, and San Juan Bautista became the name of the capital while Puerto Rico became the name of the island?
... that the state of Florida was discovered by Puerto Rico's first governor, Don Juan Ponce de León?
... that slaves in Puerto Rico were branded on the forehead with a stamp so people would know they were brought in legally and it prevented them from being kidnapped? The method of hot branding was no longer used after 1784. See: African immigration to Puerto Rico^[53]
... that La Fortaleza in San Juan is the oldest executive mansion in the New World?
... that the Puerto Rican coat of arms is the oldest official national seal still used in the Americas?
... that in 1596, Sir Francis Drake, the famed British Admiral who defeated the Spanish Armada, was defeated twice in his attempts to take San Juan and that he died of dysentery while attacking the island?
... that the English settlers who established Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America, first stopped in Puerto Rico for provisions before heading towards Virginia? Yes, from April 5-10, 1607 the ships Godspeed, Susan Constant and Discovery made stops in Vieques, southern Puerto Rico, and Mona and Monito Islands on their way to Virginia.
... that on February 17, 1797, the Spanish-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Brigadier Ramón de Castro believed that the local residents and foreigners of English and Irish descent supported the anti-Spanish military campaign and ordered to place them under surveillance, plus that many were given eight days to leave the island and those who did not leave were imprisoned?^[54] Many of the people in Puerto Rico, among them Treasury official Felipe Antonio Mejía, were outraged at Castro's actions and came to the defense of the Irish. See: Irish immigration to Puerto Rico
... that in 1821, Marcos Xiorro, a bozal slave, planned and conspired to lead a slave revolt against the sugar plantation owners and the Spanish Colonial government in Puerto Rico?^[55]

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Did you know entries 11

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/11

History topics

... that after the Spanish–American War and up to 1904, Puerto Ricans were considered as "aliens" in the United States?^[56]
... that the public display of the Puerto Rican Flag was once considered a felony (from 1892 to 1954) and that anyone who did so could end up in jail?
... that in 1906, Theodore Roosevelt, the first US President to travel outside the United States, made a stop in Puerto Rico (thus, becoming the first president to visit the island) and that he stayed overnight in Ponce?^[57]
... that in 1914, the Revenue Cutter USS Algonquin (1897), which was stationed in the Caribbean, set sail with a crew of fifteen Hispanic-Americans (a fourth of the cutter's complement) to San Juan, Puerto Rico to assist the Puerto Ricans battling fires that threatened to destroy parts of that city? In 1915, the City of San Juan, Puerto Rico, paid tribute to the crew of the cutter Algonquin and presented them with an Official Resolution of Thanks.^[58]
... that Fort San Felipe del Morro was designated a World Heritage Site (a list that includes sites such as the Taj Mahal) by the United Nations in 1983, and a National Historical site by the United States?
... that Puerto Rico has never had a civil war?
... that even though Puerto Rico has never been an independent country, there is a Puerto Rican citizenship? Puerto Rican citizenship was first legislated by the U.S. Congress in Article 7 of the Foraker Act of 1900 and later recognized by the Puerto Rican constitution.^[59]^[60]
... that on October 29, 1950, the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolted against US rule in Puerto Rico and that uprisings were held in various cities and towns in the island in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s?^[61]
... that in 1948, Luis Muñoz Marín presided over the Puerto Rican legislature which was controlled by the PPD and that they approved the infamous "Ley de la Mordaza" known as Puerto Rico's Gag Law and that it became law with the signature of the United States-appointed governor Jesús T. Piñero? Did you also know that the law made it a crime to own or display a Puerto Rican flag, to sing a patriotic tune, to speak or write of independence, or to meet with anyone, or hold any assembly, with regard to the political status of Puerto Rico, violating the First Amendment of the US Constitution?^[62]
... that according to the United States Supreme Court, Puerto Rico belongs to but is not part of the United States?^[63]

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Did you know entries 12

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/12

Military-related topics

... that Sergeants José and Francisco Díaz, members of the Toa Alta Militia who helped defeat Sir Ralph Abercromby and defend Puerto Rico from a British invasion in 1797, were cousins?^[64]
... that Captain Iván Castro is the only blind officer serving in the United States Special Forces?^[65]
... that Captain Félix Arenas Gaspar was a Puerto Rican Captain in the Spanish Army who was posthumously awarded the Cruz Laureada de San Fernando (Spain's version of the Medal of Honor) for his actions in the Rif War?^[66]
... that Lieutenant Augusto Rodríguez, a Puerto Rican native who joined the 15th Connecticut Regiment (a.k.a. Lyon Regiment) of the United States Union Army, served in the defenses of Washington D.C. and led his men in the Battles of Fredericksburg and Wyse Fork in the American Civil War?^[67]
... that Pedro Albizu Campos, who later became the leader of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, held the rank of lieutenant in the United States Army?
... that CWO2 Joseph B. Áviles, Sr. was the first Hispanic promoted Chief Petty Officer and later the first Hispanic Chief Warrant Officer in the United States Coast Guard?^[68]
... that Private First Class Fernando Luis García was the first Puerto Rican, from a total of nine, to be awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously and that his remains were never recovered? There is a headstone with García's name in the Puerto Rico National Cemetery in the city of Bayamón, Puerto Rico.
... that On January 6, 1914, First Lieutenant Bernard L. Smith established the Marine Section of the Navy Flying School in the island municipality of Culebra?^[69] As the number of Marine Aviators grew so did the avid desire to separate from Naval Aviation.^[70] By doing so, the Marine Aviation was designated as separate from the United States Naval Aviation. The creation of a "Marine Corps Aviation Company" in Puerto Rico consisted of ten officers and forty enlisted men.^[71]
... that when the United States entered World War II, the military was in need of nurses and that Puerto Rican nurses wanted to volunteer for service, however they were not accepted into the Army or Navy Nurse Corps?^[43] In 1944, the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) decided to accept Puerto Rican nurses.
... that in World War II, Private First Class Joseph (José) R. Martínez , born in San Germán, Puerto Rico, became the first Puerto Rican to be awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, second only to the Medal of Honor, when he destroyed a German Infantry unit and tank by providing heavy artillery fire, saving his platoon from being attacked in the process?^[72]^[73]

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Did you know entries 13

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/13

Popular culture topics

... that "Why Do Fools Fall in Love", considered one of the greatest rock and roll songs, was written by Herman Santiago?
... that one of the most popular Christmas songs in the United States "Feliz Navidad" was written by a Puerto Rican, José Feliciano?
... that in 2003 José Miguel Agrelot's radio show, Alegre Despertar (Joyful Awakening), held the world's record for the longest-running still active radio show, running non-stop for fifty-three years?
... that in the classic film West Side Story, an epic Romeo and Juliet tale about the rivalry between a Puerto Rican and Italian-American gang, the only actual Puerto Rican cast was Rita Moreno?
... that the reggaetón was developed in Puerto Rico and has since then spread to other places around the world?
... that aside from a strong presence in music, sports, literature, politics, television, radio, etc., Puerto Rico also has a presence in the voice acting industry with voice actors such as Tony Oliver?
... that the myth of the Chupacabra has its origins in Puerto Rico?
... that after the United States, Puerto Rico is tied with Mexico in hosting the most Miss Universe contests and has the third most titleholders following the United States and Venezuela?
... that the Teatro Puerto Rico, was for the Latino community in the South Bronx what the Apollo Theater was to the African-American community in the Harlem section of Manhattan?^[74]
... that Chayanne was the first Puerto Rican musician to reach number-one on Hot Latin Tracks in 1989 for his song, Fuiste un Trozo de Hielo en la Escarcha?^[75]

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Did you know entries 14

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/14

Law enforcement topics

... that in 1950, the authorities in Puerto Rico placed a US$10,000 bounty on the head of outlaw Antonio Correa Cotto , either dead or alive, which was a first in the crime annals of the island?..^[1]
... that José A. Cabranes, Circuit Judge - is the first Puerto Rican to serve as a federal judge in the continental United States and that he was mentioned as possible Associate Justice?^[76]
... that Nicholas Estavillo, NYPD Chief of Patrol (Ret.) - is the first Puerto Rican and the first Hispanic in the history of the NYPD to reach the three-star rank of Chief of Patrol?^[77]
... that Dora Irizarry - was the first female Hispanic state judge in New York?
... that Irma Lozada - was the first female police officer to die in action in New York?^[78]
... that Roberto Rivera-Soto - is the first Puerto Rican and Latino New Jersey State Supreme Court Justice?
... that Joe Sánchez - is a former New York City police officer is the author of "Ture Blue" and "Latin Blues", books which give an insight as to the corruption within the NYPD Department?^[79]

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Did you know entries 15

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/15

Natural science topics

... that the Camuy River is the third longest underwater river in the world?
... that the Puerto Rican spindalis is the national bird of Puerto Rico and often participates in mobbing, a behavior in which it attacks predators to defend hatchlings?
... that El Yunque National Forest, is the only tropical rainforest in the U.S. National Forest System and that more than a billion gallons of precipitation fall each year?
... that the Puerto Rico Trench, roughly parallel to the island and 75 miles north, is home to the deepest submarine depression in the North Atlantic Ocean, and that the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean, the Milwaukee Depth (27,493 ft / 8,380 m), lies within the trench?
... that the El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico is one of the oldest protected areas in the Western Hemisphere by virtue of having been set aside by the Spanish Crown in 1876 while Puerto Rico was still part of the Spanish Empire? Was designated a United Nations Biosphere Reserve in 1976.
... that Flamenco Beach located in Culebra was rated the second most beautiful beach in the world?
... that the Guánica State Forest was designated a United Nations Biosphere Reserve in 1981 and is considered the best preserved, most virgin subtropical forest in the Americas?
... that the Baños de Coamo are Puerto Rico's only thermal springs?
... that the Common coquí or Coquí (Eleutherodactylus coqui) a frog native to Puerto Rico, is a very important aspect of Puerto Rican culture and it has become an unofficial territorial symbol of Puerto Rico?^[80]
... that Puerto Rico's beaches come in every size, color, and form, from the pure white dunes of Isabela to the black volcanic sands near Punta Santiago?^[81]

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Did you know entries 16

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/16

Political topics

... that Jesús T. Piñero was not the first native Puerto Rican governor of Puerto Rico? That honor belongs to Juan Ponce de León II, who in 1597 became the first native Puerto Rican to assume, temporarily, the governorship of Puerto Rico.
... that Felisa Rincón de Gautier (also known as Doña Fela) was the first woman to be elected as the mayor of a capital city in any of the Americas?
... that Nydia Velázquez was the first Puerto Rican woman to be elected to the U.S. Congress?^[82]
... that José María Marxuach Echavarría was the only Puerto Rican to serve as the Mayor of San Juan, Puerto Rico under both Spanish and American rule. He served in 1897 for the Liberal Reformista Party and again from 1900-1901 for the Puerto Rican Republican Party?^[83]
... that María Luisa Arcelay was the first woman in Puerto Rico and in all of Latin America to be elected to a government legislative body?^[84]
... that Carmen E. Arroyo was the first Puerto Rican woman elected to any state assembly and chair of the New York Hispanic Legislative Caucus?
... that Herman Badillo was the first Puerto Rican to serve in U.S. Congress?
... that the father of Joaquín Balaguer, the former president of the Dominican Republic, was Puerto Rican?
... that the mother of Juan Bosch, the former president of Dominican Republic, was Puerto Rican?
... that María de las Mercedes Barbudo (1773-1849) was a political activist who was the first female "Independentista" meaning that she was the first Puerto Rican woman to become an avid advocate of Puerto Rican Independence,^[85] and that she was involved with the Puerto Rican Independence Movement which had ties with the Venezuelan rebels led by Simón Bolívar and who were against Spanish colonial rule in Puerto Rico.?^[86]
... that Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Democratic congresswoman for United States House of Representatives New York District 14, is the youngest woman in history to be elected to congress?^[87]

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Did you know entries 17

Portal:Puerto Rico/Did you know entries/17

Military-related topics

... that in April 1944, Captain Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano, a native of San Juan, Puerto Rico, was the first Hispanic submarine commander in the United States Navy?^[88]
... that Colonel Raúl G. Villaronga (Ret.) was the first Puerto Rican to be elected as Mayor of a Texas city (Killeen)?^[89]
... that the ship which captured Roberto Cofresí and his crew in 1825, the U.S. Grampus, was lost at sea with all its crew in 1843?^[90]
... that on October 1918, Dr. Dolores Piñero, a native of San Juan, became the first Puerto Rican woman doctor to serve in the United States Army under contract during World War I?^[91]
... that Sergeant First Class Jorge Otero Barreto (Ret.) a.k.a. "The Puerto Rican Rambo", was the most decorated Hispanic American soldier in the Vietnam War with a total of thirty-eight military decorations?^[92]
... that Private First Class Domingo Arroyo, Jr., a United States Marine, was the first Puerto Rican and American serviceman to be killed in Operation Restore Hope during the Somalian Civil War?^[93]
... that LTJG (Lieutenant Junior Grade) María Rodríguez Denton was the first Puerto Rican female who became an officer in the United States Navy as member of the WAVES and that it was LTJG Rodríguez Denton who forwarded the news (through channels) to President Harry S. Truman that World War II had ended?^[94]
... that Captain Juan de Amezquita defended Puerto Rico from an invasion by the Dutch in 1625 and wounded Captain Balduino Enrico (Boudewijn Hendricksz) in a sword fight during the process?^[95]

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History topics

... that Puerto Rico once had a President? Francisco Ramírez Medina, who participated in the Grito de Lares, was temporarily named President of the "Republic of Puerto Rico" on September 28, 1868 until the revolt was ended by the Spanish Colonial Government?.
... that Puerto Rico had an official currency (coins) minted and in circulation in 1898, and that extant samples of these coins in pristine condition are extremely valuable?
... that Puerto Rico had an its own postage stamps and that the first stamps inscribed "Puerto Rico" were issued in 1873?^[96]
... that the Intentona de Yauco of March 26, 1897, was the last major uprising against Spanish Colonial rule in the island?^[34]
... that the Baños de Coamo, a popular resort, was damaged by artillery bombardments during the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish–American War?^[97]
... that Puerto Rico has been a territory of the United States since 1898?
... that the first commercial silent film was presented in the "Teatro La Perla" in Ponce in 1901?^[98]

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Biographical topics

... that Dr. Angel Ramos is one of the few deaf Hispanics in the United States to hold a doctorate?
... that Rita Moreno is the first and only Hispanic and one of the few performers who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony?^[99]
... that José Ferrer was the first Hispanic to win an Academy Award? He won Best Actor for Cyrano de Bergerac in 1950.
... that José Ferrer, Benicio del Toro and Rita Moreno are the only three Puerto Ricans to have won an Academy Award? All three have been for Best Actor/Actress.
... that the mother of Pablo Casals, Pilar Defilló de Casals, was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico?^[100]
... that Juano Hernández was a pioneering Puerto Rican actor of African descent and the first Puerto Rican star in the African-American film industry?
... that Rafael Cancel Miranda was the only Nationalist out of the four who participated on the March 1, 1954 United States Capitol shooting incident to have been jailed in Alcatraz?
... that The Miss Universe Contest of 2003, was the first time in that pageant history that two women of Puerto Rican heritage, Susie Castillo and Carla Tricoli, participated at the same time representing different countries? Castillo represented the United States and Tricoli Puerto Rico.

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Sports topics

... that before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, the Taínos who lived in the island played a ball game called "Batey" in which the winners were treated like heroes and the losers were sacrificed?.^[101]
... that Roberto Clemente's hit number 3,000th was his last hit ever in the Major Leagues?^[102]
... that Roberto Clemente is the only Puerto Rican to posthumously be awarded both the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Presidential Citizens Medal? The Presidential Medal of Freedom is the highest civilian award and the Presidential Citizens Medal the second highest civilian award bestowed by the President of the United States.
... that youngest person ever to have won a world boxing championship is Wilfred Benítez?
... that John Ruiz, a Puerto Rican, was the first Hispanic world Heavyweight boxing champion?
... that Puerto Rico ranks third in the world with the most boxing champions in history, after the United States and Mexico?
... that Dick Versace is the first person of Puerto Rican descent and the first Hispanic to become head coach of an NBA team?
... that the winning pitcher in the first ever Major League Baseball game played west of Kansas City was Rubén Gómez?
... that Teófilo Cruz is the first player from Puerto Rico and the Americas to be inducted to the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) Hall of Fame?
... that Carly Colón, known internationally by his ring name Carlito is the first professional wrestler to ever win a title in two separate debuts in WWE history?

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Sports topics

... that José Juan Barea made history, by becoming the first Puerto Rican to play in the "Finals" for a winning NBA Championship team, when the Dallas Mavericks were crowned the 2011 NBA Finals Champions?
... that in 1942, Hirám Bithorn became the first Puerto Rican to play in the major leagues?
... that in 1980 Alberto Mercado was the only Puerto Rican ("American" citizen) to actually participate in the Moscow Olympics?
... that Herbert Lewis Hardwick a.k.a. "Cocoa Kid" was the only Puerto Rican member of boxings "Black Murderers' Row" and that he was the only Hispanic to win the World Colored Championships in both the welterweight and middleweight divisions? On June 10, 2012 Hardwick was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame^[103]
... that Leon Day, a pitcher in the Negro Leagues who played for "Los Tiburones de Aguadilla" (the "Aguadilla Sharks") loved Puerto Rico so much that when he was inducted into baseball's Hall of Fame in 1995 he was enshrined with a cap on his plaque that depicts him as an "Aguadilla Shark"? He is the only Hall of Famer to be enshrined with a cap of a team outside the mainland United States.^[104]
... that Orlando Fernández, a.k.a. "The Puerto Rican Aquaman" is the first Puerto Rican swimmer to cross the Strait of Gibraltar between Spain and Morocco?^[105]^[106]
... that the first time that a Puerto Rican Ski Team was sent to represent the island in an Olympic Winter ski competition was the 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the "XV Olympic Winter Games", celebrated in Calgary, Alberta, Canada?^[107]
... that Mary Pat Wilson, who participated in the 1988 Olympics Games, is Puerto Rico's first and only female Olympic skier?^[107]
... that On August 13, 2016, Monica Puig won Puerto Rico's first Gold Medal in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics, exactly 68 years to the day when Juan Evangelista Venegas won the first Olympic Medal (Bronze) for Puerto Rico in the 1948 Olympics celebrated in London, United Kingdom?
... that On October 28, 2018, Alex Cora, became the first Puerto Rican to manage a World Series winning team when the Boston Red Sox defeated the LA Dodgers?^[108]

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Science-related topics

... that Dr. Nitza Margarita Cintrón, is the first Hispanic to be named Chief of Space Medicine and Health Care Systems Office at NASA's Johnson Space Center?^[109]
... that Dr. Félix Soto Toro is the scientist who developed an electronic 3D measuring system (APTMS) for the Space Shuttle?^[110]
... that Dr. Juan R. Cruz, Ph.D., is a Puerto Rican scientist who played an instrumental role in the design and development of the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) parachute.^[111]
... that Dr. Enectali Figueroa, is astrophysicist at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)^[112] who pioneered the development of position-sensitive detectors, and currently an astronaut applicant?
... that Dr. Orlando Figueroa a.k.a. NASA Mars Czar was Director for Mars Exploration and the Director for the Solar System Division in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters?^[113]
... that Olga D. González-Sanabria is the highest ranking Hispanic at NASA Glenn Research Center, a member of the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame and that she played an instrumental role in the development of the "Long Cycle-Life Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries" which helps enable the International Space Station power system?^[114]
... that Amri Hernández-Pellerano is a scientist who designed the power systems electronics for the WMAP mission. WMAP is a NASA Explorer mission satellite which measures the temperature of the cosmic background radiation over the full sky with unprecedented accuracy?^[115]
... that Mercedes Reaves is responsible for the design of a viable full-scale solar sail and the development and testing of a scale model solar sail at NASA Langley Research Center in Virginia?^[116]
... that Dr. Miriam Rodón-Naveira;is the first Hispanic woman to hold the Deputy Directorship for the Environmental Sciences Division within the National Exposure Research Laboratory and that she is now responsible for developing, coordinating and maintaining research and educational activities in support of NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center mission?^[117]
... that Dr. Pedro Rodríguez, the Director of a test laboratory at NASA and inventor of a portable, battery-operated lift seat for people suffering from knee arthritis is the son of salsa singer Pellín Rodríguez?^[118]

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Religion-related topics

... that German settlers in Ponce established the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the Spanish Colonies? Yes, the Iglesia Santísima Trinidad, an Lutheran Church founded in 1872, was the first Protestant church in the Spanish Colonies. See: German immigration to Puerto Rico^[119]
... that Bavi Edna Rivera is the first Hispanic woman bishop and the 12th woman bishop in the Episcopal Church?^[120]
... that Puerto Rico has the largest and richest Jewish community in the Caribbean? and that Puerto Rico is the only place in the Caribbean with the three Jewish denominations of Judaism, the Conservative, Reform and Orthodox? See: Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico^[121]
... that Father Francisco Ayerra de Santa María (1630 – 1703) is considered to be Puerto Rico's first native-born poet?^[122]
... that Bishop Juan Alejo de Arizmendi (July 17, 1760-October 12, 1814) was a patriot and the first Puerto Rican to be consecrated Bishop and that he was immortalized by Puerto Rican artist José Campeche in a painting in 1803?^[123]
... that Father Diego de Torres Vargas was the first person to write a book about the history of Puerto Rico?^[124]
... that world-renowned religious minister and member of the Honorary Committee of The Presidential Prayer Team, Rev. Nicky Cruz was once the leader of a notorious New York City street gang called The Mau Maus?
... that Gothic churches are rare in the New World, but that Puerto Rico has two: Porta Coeli, built in 1606 in San German, and Iglesia San José, built in the 1530s in Old San Juan?
... that the Mita Religion founded in 1940 by Juanita García Peraza, is the first Protestant religion of Puerto Rican origin?
... that Luis Cardinal Aponte Martínez, Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of San Juan is the only Puerto Rican to become a Roman Catholic cardinal?
... that Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Santiago is the first Puerto Rican person, the first Caribbean-born layperson and the first layperson in the history of the United States to be beatified?^[125]

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Sports topics

... that Carlos Beltrán has the smallest ratio of at-bats between homeruns in playoff contention in Mayor League Baseball's history with a total of eleven homeruns in twenty two games and that he holds the record of consecutive playoff games with a homerun with five consecutive games?
... that Wilfredo Gómez won thirty two straight fights by knockout thus making him the World Champion with the longest knockout streak in boxing history?
... that Jesse Vassallo lost the opportunity to defend his world records (200 and 200 meters individual medley) when the United States boycotted the Olympics in Moscow?
... that Juan Evangelista Venegas was the first Puerto Rican to win an Olympic medal?^[126]
... that Ernesto Pastor Lavergne was the first, and so far only, Puerto Rican bullfighter (torero) to gain international fame?^[127]
... that Juan "Chi Chi" Rodríguez is a professional golfer and the only Puerto Rican to be inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame?^[128]
... that Ángel Cordero, Jr. is one of the leading thoroughbred horse racing jockeys of all time and the only Puerto Rican to be inducted into the United States' Racing Hall of Fame?^[129]

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Science-related topics

... that in 1929, Puerto Rican nurse Rosa A. González wrote "Los Hechos Desconocidos" (The Unknown Facts), a book in which she denounced the discrimination against women and nurses in Puerto Rico? The book convinced James R. Beverley, the Interim Governor of Puerto Rico, to sign Ley 77 (Law 77) in May 1930, which established a Nurses Examining Board.^[39]
... that the dentist who discovered the bacteria that causes dental caries was Dr. Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas, a native of Adjuntas?
... that the largest single-aperture telescope ever to be constructed is the Arecibo Observatory located near the city by the same name in Puerto Rico?
... that According to an article written by Margarita Santori López for the official newspaper of the University of Puerto Rico's Mayagüez Campus, "Prensa RUM", as of 2003, of the 114 Hispanics working at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, 70 were Puerto Ricans or of Puerto Rican descent?^[130]
... that on May 6, 2004, Joseph M. Acabá became the first person of Puerto Rican descent to become an astronaut and that on October 2008, was the first Boricua to go into space?^[131]
... that Monserrate Román, a Puerto Rican scientist in NASA, helped NASA build part of the International Space Station. She is the Chief Microbiologist for the Environmental Control and Life Support System project which determines how microbes will behave under different situations and in different locations, such as the nooks and crannies of the Space Station?^[132]
... that Dr. Victor Manuel Blanco, an astronomer, has the distinction of having a galactic cluster and the largest 4-m telescope in the Southern Hemisphere named after him?^[133]
... that Fermín Tangüis, developed the Tanguis cotton in Peru and saved that nation's cotton industry?^[134]
... that Dr. Pedro Beauchamp, The first Puerto Rican specialist certified by the American Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Board, performed the first in vitro fertilization (IVF) technique on the island in 1985?^[135]
... that Dr. María Cordero Hardy's research on vitamin E helped other scientists understand about how the vitamin works in the human body?^[136]

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Sports topics

... that Ron Rivera was the first person of Puerto Rican descent to play in the National Football League (NFL), to win a championship as a member of the 1985 Chicago Bears, who won Super Bowl XX, and to become a head coach of an NFL team (Carolina Panthers)?^[137]
... that Emilio "Millito" Navarro (born September 26, 1905) was the first Puerto Rican to play baseball in the Negro Leagues and that at 102, is also the oldest living professional baseball player to have played in the Negro Leagues?^[138]
... that Orlando Meléndez in 2008, became the first Puerto Rican-born player to ever to play for the Harlem Globetrotters?^[139]
... that Orlando Antigua, whose mother is Puerto Rican, in 1995, became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters?^[140]
... that Pedro Montañez, also known as El Torito De Cayey (The Little Bull of Cayey), considered by many to be one of the best boxers in history, never to won a world title? In his career he was 92-7-4.^[141]
... that Professional wrestler Pedro Morales in 1995 became the first and only Puerto Rican inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame?
... that Alfred "Butch" Lee, became the first Puerto Rican in the NBA when in 1978 he was drafted by the Atlanta Hawks. Lee was also the first Puerto Rican to play on the NBA play-offs as a member of the 79-80 Los Angeles Lakers. He was awarded an NBA Championship ring, even though he did not participate in the "Finals" because of his injuries.

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Science-related topics

... that Dr. Mario R. García Palmieri, Cardiologist - García Palmieri is the first Hispanic to have the distinction of being designated a "Master" by the American College of Cardiology?^[142]
... that Dr. Isaac González Martínez, urologist - was the first Puerto Rican urologist and a pioneer in the fight against cancer in the island?^[143]
... that Fernando López Tuero Agricultural scientist and agronomist - discovered the bug (believed at first to be a germ) which was destroying Puerto Rico's sugar canes?^[144]
... that Dr. Eduardo Santiago Delpín Surgeon - wrote the first book in Spanish about organ transplant?^[145]
... that Dr. Diego R. Solís Physician - made Puerto Rican medical history when he performed the first simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant in Puerto Rico?^[146]
... that Dr. Ramón M. Suárez Calderón Scientist, cardiologist, educator and hematologist - carried out investigations that led to the identification of the proper and effective treatment of a type of anemia known as Tropical Espru, the application of complex methods, such as electrocardiography and radioisotope, to be used in clinics and the identification and treatment of the disease which causes heart rheumatism?^[144]
... that Before Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Conquistadors landed on the island of "Borikén" (Puerto Rico), the Taínos who inhabited the island depended on their astronomical observations for the cultivation of their crops?.^[147]
... that The School of Tropical Medicine, was an educational institution created in 1926 by an act of the Puerto Rican Legislature, to further the research initiated by the Anemia Commissions and the Institute of Tropical Medicine on anemia and its causes? Did you also know that the institution existed as an independent entity until 1949, when it was integrated into the School of Medicine of the University of Puerto Rico and its building is in the National Register of Historical Places?
... that Dr. Yajaira Sierra Sastre is the only Hispanic, selected to participate in a four-month long, Mars analog mission funded by NASA. Sierra Sastre aspires to become the first Puerto Rican woman to travel to outer space?^[148]

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Popular culture topics

... that Marc Anthony was the first salsa musician to reach number-one on Hot Latin Tracks with his hit, Y Hubo Alguien?^[149]
... that Scotty McCreery was the first person of Puerto Rican descent to win an American Idol contest and that he did it in that program's tenth season?^[150]
... that the songs "Si Tú Me Besas" and "Ella Lo Que Quiere Es Salsa" helped Víctor Manuelle become the artist with the most number-one singles on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart?^[151]
... that the song "Sentimientos" by Ivy Queen combines the Latin styles of reggaetón and bachata?^[152]
... that Tito El Bambino received an American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers award for Latin Song of the Year for "'El Amor"?^[153]
... that Ivy Queen's song "Quiero Bailar" is regarded as influential as regards reggaetón's mainstream exposure in 2004?^[154]
... that the music video for the song "Menor Que Yo" cost $60,000?^[155]
... that Casa Amadeo, antigua Casa Hernandez, located at 786 Prospect Ave., Bronx, New York, is a historic apartment building, listed in the National Register of Historic Places on March 23, 2001 (reference #01000244), which houses the Casa Amadeo music store, the oldest, continuously-occupied Latin music store in the Bronx having opened in 1941? The music shop once belonged to Victoria Hernández, sister of the world-famous Latin composer Rafael Hernandez. Mike Amadeo, a fellow Puerto Rican, purchased the business from Victoria in 1969.^[156]
... that Despacito, a song written by Luis Fonsi, Ramón (Daddy Yankee) Ayala and Erika Ender, received its one billionth view on April 20, 2017 after 97 days, becoming the second-fastest video on the site to reach the milestone behind Adele's "Hello"? That it received its two billionth view on June 16 after 154 days, making it the fastest video on the site to reach the milestone? And with its 3.3 million certified sales plus track-equivalent streams, "Despacito" is one of the best-selling Latin singles in the United States?^[157]
... that White Tiger a.k.a. Hector Ayala, is the first Puerto Rican superhero in the history of comics,^[158] and Marvel's first superhero of Latino descent? The superhero was featured in the edition of "Deadly Hands of Kung Fu #19" which came out on December 1975. Did you know that he is also the uncle of White Tiger Angela del Toro and the brother of White Tiger Ava Ayala who are also Puerto Rican?
... that Spiderman's mother is Puerto Rican? According to the story Morales was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City, the then-13-year-old^[159] is the son of an African American father and a Puerto Rican mother.^[160]

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History topics

... that in 1822, there was an attempt, known as the Ducoudray Holstein Expedition, conceived, carefully planned and organized General Henri La Fayette Villaume Ducoudray Holstein to invade Puerto Rico and declare it the "República Boricua"^[161] and that General Ducoudray Holstein intended to make the city of Mayagüez the capital of the island?^[161] The plans of the invasion were soon disclosed to the Spanish authorities and the plot never materialized.
... that Old San Juan has more than four hundred carefully restored 16th and 17th century Spanish colonial buildings?
... that Corsicans and those of Corsican descent have played an instrumental role in the development of the economy of the island, especially in the coffee industry? See: Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico^[162]
... that in 1858, wired communication in Puerto Rico began in the town of Arroyo, the first in Latin America, when Samuel Morse introduced the telegraph into the island?^[163]
... that when the United States enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act on May 6, 1882, many Chinese in the United States fled to Puerto Rico? They established small niches and worked in restaurants and laundries.^[164]
... that the "first Puerto Rican Flag" was the "Revolutionary flag of Lares"?. The flag was knitted by Mariana Bracetti and used in the short-lived rebellion against Spain known as the Grito de Lares (The Cry of Lares).^[165]

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Biographical topics

... that both Rafael Carrión, Sr., the founder of Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, the largest bank in Puerto Rico and the largest Hispanic bank in the United States,^[166] and Angel Ramos, the founder of Telemundo, the second largest Spanish-language television network in the United States, were orphans born to poor families and neither had college degrees?
... that Juan Emilio Viguié, a pioneer in Puerto Rico's film industry, produced "Romance Tropical" the first Puerto Rican film with sound which in itself was also the second Spanish movie in the world with sound?
... that Nine Puerto Ricans have been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, an award bestowed by the President of the United States and which is the highest civilian award in the United States?
... that Former governor Luis A. Ferré and his sister Isolina Ferré are the only pair of Puerto Rican brothers and sisters to have been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom?
... that Three Puerto Ricans have been awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal, an award bestowed by the President of the United States and which is the second highest civilian award in the United States?
... that In 2013, the Guinness World Records certified that Guillermo José Torres broke the record of being the anchorman with the longest career in the same station after forty-three years?^[167]
... Felícitas Méndez, a native of Juncos, was an American civil rights pioneer?
In 1946, Méndez and her Mexican husband took it upon themselves the task of leading a community battle that changed California and set an important legal precedent for ending de jure segregation in the United States. The landmark desegregation case, known as the Mendez v. Westminster case^[168] paved the way for integration and the American civil rights movement.^[42]
... that Elsa Miranda, a native of Ponce, was a popular vocalist and that she participated in the first "Chiquita Banana" commercial where she sang the jingle? Plus, the she is considered to be the most famous Miss Chiquita?^[169]
... that Carlos Contreras Aponte, born in San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico, is the first legally blind person to serve as the Secretary of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico?^[170]^[171]

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... that one of Café Rico's products, "San Carlos Selection", was the official coffee of Vatican City?^[172]^[173]
... that the old lighthouse at Isla de Mona was designed by Gustave Eiffel?^[174]
... that the world-famous drink, the Piña Colada was invented in a house on Fortaleza Street in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico and that its main ingredient Coco López was invented by Ramón López Irizarry?
... that San Juan is the largest home-based cruise port in the world?
... that Puerto Rico is not an independent country,^[175] but is rather a territory of the United States?
... that Puerto Rico has never been an independent country?^[175]
... that there are more Puerto Ricans living in the rest of the United States than in the island of Puerto Rico itself?
... that travel within the United States includes Puerto Rico, and no U.S. passport is necessary?
... that by mutual agreement with Congress, Puerto Rico is an independent taxation authority, and therefore Puerto Rico residents do not pay federal income taxes? Puerto Ricans living on the island instead pay income taxes to the local taxation authority.^[176]
... that as of 2003, twenty-five percent of all pharmaceutical products manufactured in the United States were shipped from Puerto Rico, and sixteen of the top twenty best selling prescription drugs in the United States were produced on the island?^[177]

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... that the zip code 00601 is the lowest assigned to any geographic place in the United States or its territories and belongs to Adjuntas, Puerto Rico?^[178]
... that Puerto Rico's Tren Urbano is the Caribbean's first rapid transit system
... that the Plaza Las Américas mall in San Juan is the most profitable mall per square foot in the world?^[179]
... that the biggest J. C. Penney in the world is located in Plaza Las Américas mall in Puerto Rico?^[179]
... that the world's first known Walk-A-Thon took place in Puerto Rico in 1953, and that it was organized by Puerto Rican comedian Ramón "Diplo" Rivero? "Diplo" walked 80 miles from the capital city of San Juan, crossing Puerto Rico up and down the treacherous mountain roads of Cayey, known as "La Piquiña", to Ponce, on the other side of the island, to raise money for the Liga Puertorriqueña Contra el Cáncer (the Puerto Rican League Against Cancer).^[180]
... that the Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center is the oldest Antillean Indian ceremonial and sports complex yet uncovered in Puerto Rico? Within its boundaries is also the largest indigenous cemetery yet discovered – consisting of 186 human skeletons, most from the Igneri and the rest from the pre-Taino cultures.^[181] Based on the orientation of the ceremonial plazas, this is also believed to be the oldest astronomical observatory in the Antilles.^[182]
... that the Bomba is a music, rhythm and dance that was brought by West African slaves to the island of Puerto Rico.^[183] and that the Plena was brought to Ponce by blacks who immigrated north from the English-speaking islands south of Puerto Rico?
... that J. C. Penney's, Home Depot's, Kmart's, Sears' and Macy's highest sales per square foot are all in Puerto Rico?^[184]
... that the word Piragua (pi·ra·güa) in most Spanish-speaking countries means pirogue, a small, flat-bottomed boat?^[185] However, that in Puerto Rico the word piragua refers to a frozen treat made of shaved ice and covered with fruit flavored syrup? The piragua is pointy and shaped like a pyramid. The word piragua is derived from the combination of the Spanish words "pirámide" (pyramid) and "agua" (water).^[186] In Latin America, frozen treats similar to the piragua are known by many different names.^[187]
... that the holder of the current Guinness Record for the World's Smallest Jet, the Bede BD-5J Microjet is a native of Puerto Rico?^[188]

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Sources

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^ "Latin Tropical Airplay 2009-01-03". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2012-11-06.^{[dead link‍]}
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^ RESEÑAS BIOGRÁFICAS DE ABOLICIONISTAS
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^ Historia
^ ^a ^b Alumni Profile: Jesus Maria Sanroma '20 DP, '63 hon. D.M
^ Dorado Beach History
^ El Primer Arbol de Navidad de Puerto Rico
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^ "Outpost Kelly: A Tanker's Story", by Jack R. Siewert, Publisher: Fire Ant Books, ISBN-13: 9780817353414
^ "The 65th Infantry Regiment on Kelly in September 1952". Mervino.com. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
^ "Tuller designa a coronela retirada como ayudante especial - El Nuevo Día". Elnuevodia.com. 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ "Yo vengo de una cultura machista". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ US citizens that fought against fascism, Retrieved November 12, 2007
^ Puerto Rico Herald May 1, 2003
^ National Guard Bureau
^ ^a ^b "Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by Héctor Andrés Negroni (Author); Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish; ISBN-10: 8478441387; ISBN-13: 978-8478441389
^ [email protected] Félix Rigau Carrera, (Spanish)
^ Laura Rey: Soprano From Puerto Rico Wins Met's Gulf Coast Regional Finals; National Semifinals Next For 22-Year-Old. Keith Marshall. PuertoRico-Herald. February 17, 2003. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
^ San Francisco Opera Performance Archive, retrieved October 3, 2013
^ Proyecto Salon Hogar, retrieved October 3, 2013
^ ^a ^b "LA MUJER EN LAS PROFESIONES DE SALUD (1898-1930); By: YAMILA AZIZE VARGAS1 and LUIS ALBERTO AVILES; PRHSJ Vol, 9 No. 1
^ Blanca Canales
^ Geisler, Lindsey (September 11, 2006). "Mendez case paved way for Brown v. Board". Topeka Capital-Journal.
^ ^a ^b "Sauceda, Isis (March 28, 2007). "Cambio Historico (Historic Change)". People en Espanol (in Spanish): 111–112.
^ ^a ^b Puerto Rican Woman in Defense of our country
^ Why is the base at SJU called Muñiz?^{[dead link‍]}
^ Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico
^ Our American Dream: Meet the First Latina US Military Pilot
^ Mail News
^ "Ramba" is first female Puerto Rican general officer in US Army Reserve
^ "Designan nuevamente a Martha Carcana para dirigir la Guardia Nacional". Primerahora.com. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
^ "Col. Marta Carcana confirmed as first woman to lead Puerto Rico National Guard > National Guard > Article View". Nationalguard.mil. 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
^ Obama to award Medal of Honor to 24 Army veterans
^ Aimery Caron. The First West African on St. Croix? University of the Virgin Islands, Retrieved May 9, 2008
^ African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality, Retrieved July 20, 2007
^ Irish Indentured Servants, Papists and Colonists in Spanish Colonial Puerto Rico 2, ca. 1650-1800, Retrieved November 29, 2008
^ "Slave revolts in Puerto Rico: conspiracies and uprisings, 1795-1873"; by: Guillermo A. Baralt; Publisher Markus Wiener Publishers; ISBN 1558764631, 9781558764637
^ Journal of American Ethnic History^{[dead link‍]}
^ Roosevelt travels to Panama
^ "Hispanic-Americans & The U.S. Coast Guard". U.S. Department of Homeland Security: United States Coast Guard. Retrieved Sept. 21, 2010
^ (Spanish) Ley Orgánica Foraker del 12 de Abril de 1900. LexJuris
^ Race, Racism and the Law
^ Law Library Microform Consortium^{[dead link‍]}
^ La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría
^ https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6444&context=faculty_scholarship
^ Abercromby's Siege
^ Special Forces Soldier, Blinded in Battle, Determined to Keep Serving; Fox News
^ Felix Arenas Gaspar
^ "The Puerto Rican diaspora: historical perspectives"; By Carmen Teresa Whalen, Víctor Vázquez-Hernandez; page 176; Publisher: Temple University Press; ISBN-13: 9781592134137; ISBN: 1592134130
^ site United States Coast Guard
^ Condon, John Pomeroy (1993). "U.S. Marine Corps Aviation". 75th Year of Naval Aviation – Volume Five of a Commemorative Collection. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. p. 3. Retrieved August 24, 2009.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Corum (2003), p.23.
^ Sherrod (1952), p.4–5.
^ The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical; By Carmen Teresa Whalen and Víctor Vázquez; Pg. 78; Published 2005 by Temple University Press; ISBN:1592134130
^ Irizarry's DSC Citation^{[dead link‍]}, Retrieved June 6, 2008
^ "Salsa and Heartthrobs: A Palace of Hispanic Life Returns"; By SAM HOWE VERHOVEK; New York Times; September 28, 1987
^ "Chayanne — Charts & Awards". Allmusic. Macromedia Corporation. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
^ Jose A. Diaz, Administrative Law Judge, N.Y.S.D.M.V. (1985–2001).
^ New York, NY - Veteran NYPD Chief Of Patrol To Retire
^ Recalling a Slain Officer, and the Equality of Peril
^ Fired NYPD cop writes gritty book to set record straight, BY John Marzulli
^ Rios-López, N. and R. Thomas. 2007. A new species of palustrine Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Puerto Rico. Zootaxa 1512: 51–64.
^ Voyager Travel
^ Hispanic Americans in Congress
^ Biographies of Alcaldes of San Juan (in Spanish)^{[dead link‍]}
^ Biografia^{[dead link‍]}
^ Meaning of "Independentista"
^ Mercedes - La primera Independentista Puertorriquena^{[dead link‍]}
^ CNN, Gregory Krieg. "A 28-year-old Democratic Socialist just ousted a powerful, 10-term congressman in New York". CNN. Retrieved 2018-07-03. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "The Submarine Forces Diversity Trailblazer - Capt. Marion Frederick Ramirez de Arellano"; Summer 2007 Undersea Warfare magazine; pg.31
^ Don jibaro
^ Luis R. Negrón Hernández, Jr. "Roberto Cofresí: El pirata caborojeño" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2007-05-25.
^ Puerto Rican Servicewomen Answer the Call to Serve
^ Puerto Rican veteran shares tales of Vietnam^{[dead link‍]}
^ Hackworth, "Defending America", 1995.
^ Women's Military Memorial, Retrieved May 21, 2008
^ "DON JUAN DE HARO Y LOS HOLANDESES" (24 September 1625)
^ Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986, p.150–151. ISBN 0-356-10862-7
^ Puerto Rico Herald
^ Historia del Cine en Puerto Rico
^ Speakers on healthcare
^ "Proyecto de Recuperación de la Casa Defilló" (in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. Retrieved 2007-01-25.^{[dead link‍]}
^ [2]^{[dead link‍]}
^ Paul Rober Walker (1988). "The way of the Jibaro". Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente. United States: Harcourt Brace & Company. p. 3. ISBN 0-15-307557-0. Roberto's father, Don Melchor Clemente, worked as foreman in the sugar fields.
^ International Boxing Hall of Fame
^ Leon Day
^ Inspirador el "Aquaman" Metro International. 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
^ "El Aquaman Boricua"
^ ^a ^b The Washington Post, "In ’88 Games, two Virginians skied for Puerto Rico"
^ David Price, Steve Pearce lead Red Sox to World Series title
^ Latina Women in NASA
^ NASA
^ MIT MUSEUM PRESS RELEASE
^ "Dr. Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano". Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
^ Dr. Orlando Figueroa
^ Latina Women of NASA
^ Hernandez-Pellerano
^ Latina Women in NASA
^ Hispanics@NASA LaRC Employees' Achievements
^ NASA News^{[dead link‍]}
^ La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico
^ Diocese of Olympia’
^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico
^ The Misfortunes of Alonso Ramirez (1690)
^ Puerto Rico eb
^ A discussion of the flag
^ "Carlos Manuel Cecilio Rodríguez Santiago (1918-1963)". Blesseds: Table of the Beatifications during the Pontificate of His Holiness John Paul II. The Holy See. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
^ History of Puerto Rico
^ Ernesto Pastor Lavergne
^ Profile on PGA Tour's official site^{[dead link‍]}
^ Angel Cordero, Jr.'s profile at the United States' National Museum and Racing Hall of Fame^{[dead link‍]}
^ Prensa RUM
^ "Joe Acaba, Mission Specialist-Educator". 2004 Astronaut Class. NASA. May 6, 2004. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
^ NASA News
^ Brief History of THE CERRO TOLOLO INTER-AMERICAN OBSERVATORY^{[dead link‍]}
^ Un Modelo de Vida (A role model in his lifetime)^{[dead link‍]}
^ Gyncare
^ "Scientist from Puerto Rico, Maria Cordero Hardy (American Women in Science Biography)" By: Mary Ellen Verheyden-Hilliard; Publisher: Equity Institute; First edition. edition (June 1985); ISBN-10: 0932469027; ISBN-13: 978-0932469021
^ ESPN: Rivera joins the Chargers as linebackers coach
^ Negro League Museum
^ Harlem Globetrotters
^ New York Times - A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters
^ "Pedro Montanez - Boxer". Boxrec.com. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
^ "Dr. Mario R. García Palmieri recibe distinción prestigiosa"; Por: Rosa Rivera Medina; Especial para ESCENARIO^{[dead link‍]}
^ Isaac González Martínez^{[dead link‍]}, Retrieved 4 October 2008
^ ^a ^b Rigau Pérez, José G., MD, MPH. "Historia de la investigación científica en Puerto Rico". CienciaPR. Retrieved 2008-10-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)^{[dead link‍]}
^ Dr. Eduardo Santiago Delpin
^ Medicos^{[dead link‍]}
^ Rodríguez Gracia; Arql. Luis Á. "Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center". Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2008-10-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Yajaira Sierra One Step Closer to Becoming First Puerto Rican Woman in Space
^ Lannert, John (1998-04-11). "Latin Music Award Winners, Include First-Timers, Familiar Faces". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: LM-66. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
^ American Idol: Scotty McCreey Called "True Artist" by Jennifer Lopez, Confirms Puerto Rican Heritage from Fox News 5 May 2011
^ "Victor Manuelle en Argentina". Entradas Q.
^ Acevedo, Yoselín (2008-03-26). "Ivy Queen: I've Had My Heart Broken Many Times". People En Español. Time Inc. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
^ "18th Annual ASCAP Latin Music Awards: Canción Latina Del Año - El Amor". ASCAP. 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2012-10-04.^{[dead link‍]}
^ Carney Smith, Jessie. Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 1199.
^ "Ivy Queen graba vídeo en Panamá". Wapa.tv (in Spanish). Wapa TV. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
^ New York Daily News
^ Mendizabal, Amaya (April 24, 2017). "Justin Bieber Remix Boosts Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee's 'Despacito' to Hot 100's Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
^ "Micromails: Meet the Micro-Makers: Bill Mantlo," Micronauts #7 (Marvel Comics, July 1979).
^ Towers, Andrea (February 1, 2016). "See a sneak peek inside Spider-Man #1". Entertainment Weekly.
^ Sacks, Ethan (June 21, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE: Spider-Man Miles Morales — popular biracial version of the hero — joins main Marvel comics universe this fall". Daily News (New York).
^ ^a ^b Cedó Alzamora, Federico (2010), Mayagüez Capital de la República Boricua (PDF) (in Spanish) (2 ed.), Mayagüez: Oficina de Publicaciones Históricas, Museo Eugenio María de Hostos, Departamento de Arte y Cultura, Gobierno Municipal de Mayagüez, p. 44
^ Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico^{[dead link‍]}, Retrieved July 31, 2007
^ NY/Latino Journal
^ "The Chinese Community and Santo Domingo's Barrio Chino". DR1.com. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
^ Peres Moris, José, Historia de la Insurrección de Lares, 1871 (in Spanish), Library of Congress, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009
^ Mayor Announces Agreement by Largest Hispanic Bank in United States to Remain in New York City
^ Guillo dice “hasta pronto” y entra a Guinness: El Vocero^{[dead link‍]}
^ Geisler, Lindsey (September 11, 2006). "Mendez case paved the way for Brown v. Board". Topeka Capital-Journal.
^ Chiquita Banana
^ "Histórico nombramiento de ingeniero ciego para el DTOP", La Perla del Sur (in Spanish), Ponce, Puerto Rico, December 8, 2016
^ Banuchi, Rebecca (December 8, 2016). "Ricardo Rossello nombra al secretario del DTOP". El Nuevo Dia (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: GFR Media. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
^ Company History
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^ The Lighthouse People
^ ^a ^b Puerto Rico is Not a Country
^ IRS Topic 901 - Is a Person With Income From Puerto Rican Sources Required to File a U.S. Federal Income Tax Return?
^ Hispanic Trends: Enchanted Enterprise
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^ ^a ^b Plaza Las Americas^{[dead link‍]}
^ Walkathon Guide, a blog about organizing walkathons
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^ Knowing Our Roots: Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center (Esbozo histórico). By Archeologist Luis Á. Rodríguez Gracia. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
^ Music of Puerto Rico^{[dead link‍]}, Retrieved July 20, 2007
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^ "Luisito and the Piragua", Page 12, Author: Toro, Leonor, Publisher: New Haven Migratory Children's Program, Hamden-New Haven Cooperative Education Center; ERIC #: ED209026; Retrieved July 14, 2008
^ Puerto Rico Herald
^ Guinness Book of World Records - World's Smallest Jet

[Notorios-1] Personajes Notorios^{[dead link‍]}

[2] US Census Bureau Economic Programs

[HB-3] Samuel A. Ramirez & Company, Inc. Introduces The Ramirez Hispanic Index Equally-Weighted Portfolio

[4] Borinqueneers Congressional Gold Medal

[5] [1]^{[dead link‍]} (in Spanish) "Oller en Europa": Haydée Venegas' interview by La Voz del Centro

[EHN-6] East Harlem News

[7] "Latin Rhythm Airplay 2008-11-22". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2012-11-06.^{[dead link‍]}

[8] "Latin Tropical Airplay 2009-01-03". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2012-11-06.^{[dead link‍]}

[Latina_Style_Magazine-9] Latina Style Magazine, Retrieved May 12, 2007^{[dead link‍]}

[10] Music of Puerto Rico - Antonio Paoli^{[dead link‍]}

[11] Rafael Alers at IMDb

[12] Oscar Nominations 2001^{[dead link‍]}

[CAU-13] Carlos Albizu University^{[dead link‍]}

[roadtorio-14] Internet Movie Database. "Marquita Rivera". imdb.com. Retrieved 2008-04-14.

[15] Escuela Jose Andino y Amezquita

[16] RESEÑAS BIOGRÁFICAS DE ABOLICIONISTAS

[17] "A Bulldog on the Heels of Lost Nazi Loot"; New York Times; November 4, 1997; By JUDITH H. DOBRZYNSKI

[18] "Deirdre P. Connelly" (PDF). LatinoJustice. LatinoJustice PRLDEF. Retrieved 21 November 2014.

[19] Collection of the U.S. Military Academy Library, Pages 132-133; Publication: Assembly; Summer 1969^{[dead link‍]}

[JAWWII-20] PATRIOTS UNDER FIRE: JAPANESE AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II^{[dead link‍]}

[21] Challenging Changes

[History-22] Historia

[JMS-23] Alumni Profile: Jesus Maria Sanroma '20 DP, '63 hon. D.M

[24] Dorado Beach History

[25] El Primer Arbol de Navidad de Puerto Rico

[PRH1-26] Puerto Rico Herald 2000

[27] "Outpost Kelly: A Tanker's Story", by Jack R. Siewert, Publisher: Fire Ant Books, ISBN-13: 9780817353414

[28] "The 65th Infantry Regiment on Kelly in September 1952". Mervino.com. Retrieved 2007-09-07.

[29] "Tuller designa a coronela retirada como ayudante especial - El Nuevo Día". Elnuevodia.com. 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-03-03.

[30] "Yo vengo de una cultura machista". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-03-03.

[31] US citizens that fought against fascism, Retrieved November 12, 2007

[32] Puerto Rico Herald May 1, 2003

[NGB-33] National Guard Bureau

[HMPR-34] "Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by Héctor Andrés Negroni (Author); Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish; ISBN-10: 8478441387; ISBN-13: 978-8478441389

[FRC-35] [email protected] Félix Rigau Carrera, (Spanish)

[36] Laura Rey: Soprano From Puerto Rico Wins Met's Gulf Coast Regional Finals; National Semifinals Next For 22-Year-Old. Keith Marshall. PuertoRico-Herald. February 17, 2003. Retrieved 10 December 2011.

[37] San Francisco Opera Performance Archive, retrieved October 3, 2013

[38] Proyecto Salon Hogar, retrieved October 3, 2013

[LMPM-39] "LA MUJER EN LAS PROFESIONES DE SALUD (1898-1930); By: YAMILA AZIZE VARGAS1 and LUIS ALBERTO AVILES; PRHSJ Vol, 9 No. 1

[BC-40] Blanca Canales

[41] Geisler, Lindsey (September 11, 2006). "Mendez case paved way for Brown v. Board". Topeka Capital-Journal.

[Sauceda-42] "Sauceda, Isis (March 28, 2007). "Cambio Historico (Historic Change)". People en Espanol (in Spanish): 111–112.

[PR_Women-43] Puerto Rican Woman in Defense of our country

[PRANG-44] Why is the base at SJU called Muñiz?^{[dead link‍]}

[PGHA-45] Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico

[FLMP-46] Our American Dream: Meet the First Latina US Military Pilot

[47] Mail News

[RAMBA-48] "Ramba" is first female Puerto Rican general officer in US Army Reserve

[49] "Designan nuevamente a Martha Carcana para dirigir la Guardia Nacional". Primerahora.com. Retrieved 2016-05-28.

[50] "Col. Marta Carcana confirmed as first woman to lead Puerto Rico National Guard > National Guard > Article View". Nationalguard.mil. 2015-09-04. Retrieved 2016-05-28.

[BOMoH-51] Obama to award Medal of Honor to 24 Army veterans

[52] Aimery Caron. The First West African on St. Croix? University of the Virgin Islands, Retrieved May 9, 2008

[Diaz-53] African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality, Retrieved July 20, 2007

[BB2-54] Irish Indentured Servants, Papists and Colonists in Spanish Colonial Puerto Rico 2, ca. 1650-1800, Retrieved November 29, 2008

[GB-55] "Slave revolts in Puerto Rico: conspiracies and uprisings, 1795-1873"; by: Guillermo A. Baralt; Publisher Markus Wiener Publishers; ISBN 1558764631, 9781558764637

[historycooperative1-56] Journal of American Ethnic History^{[dead link‍]}

[57] Roosevelt travels to Panama

[CG-58] "Hispanic-Americans & The U.S. Coast Guard". U.S. Department of Homeland Security: United States Coast Guard. Retrieved Sept. 21, 2010

[59] (Spanish) Ley Orgánica Foraker del 12 de Abril de 1900. LexJuris

[60] Race, Racism and the Law

[61] Law Library Microform Consortium^{[dead link‍]}

[LG-62] La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría

[63] ttps://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6444&context=faculty_scholarship

[AS-64] Abercromby's Siege

[65] Special Forces Soldier, Blinded in Battle, Determined to Keep Serving; Fox News

[66] Felix Arenas Gaspar

[CW-67] "The Puerto Rican diaspora: historical perspectives"; By Carmen Teresa Whalen, Víctor Vázquez-Hernandez; page 176; Publisher: Temple University Press; ISBN-13: 9781592134137; ISBN: 1592134130

[68] site United States Coast Guard

[Condon-69] Condon, John Pomeroy (1993). "U.S. Marine Corps Aviation". 75th Year of Naval Aviation – Volume Five of a Commemorative Collection. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. p. 3. Retrieved August 24, 2009.^{[dead link‍]}

[Corum_p23-70] Corum (2003), p.23.

[Sherrod_p4-5-71] Sherrod (1952), p.4–5.

[72] The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical; By Carmen Teresa Whalen and Víctor Vázquez; Pg. 78; Published 2005 by Temple University Press; ISBN:1592134130

[73] Irizarry's DSC Citation^{[dead link‍]}, Retrieved June 6, 2008

[APH-74] "Salsa and Heartthrobs: A Palace of Hispanic Life Returns"; By SAM HOWE VERHOVEK; New York Times; September 28, 1987

[75] "Chayanne — Charts & Awards". Allmusic. Macromedia Corporation. Retrieved 2009-10-13.

[76] Jose A. Diaz, Administrative Law Judge, N.Y.S.D.M.V. (1985–2001).

[CPtR-77] New York, NY - Veteran NYPD Chief Of Patrol To Retire

[NYT1-78] Recalling a Slain Officer, and the Equality of Peril

[79] Fired NYPD cop writes gritty book to set record straight, BY John Marzulli

[80] Rios-López, N. and R. Thomas. 2007. A new species of palustrine Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Puerto Rico. Zootaxa 1512: 51–64.

[81] Voyager Travel

[HAC-82] Hispanic Americans in Congress

[83] Biographies of Alcaldes of San Juan (in Spanish)^{[dead link‍]}

[BIO-84] Biografia^{[dead link‍]}

[85] Meaning of "Independentista"

[MIP-86] Mercedes - La primera Independentista Puertorriquena^{[dead link‍]}

[87] CNN, Gregory Krieg. "A 28-year-old Democratic Socialist just ousted a powerful, 10-term congressman in New York". CNN. Retrieved 2018-07-03. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[88] "The Submarine Forces Diversity Trailblazer - Capt. Marion Frederick Ramirez de Arellano"; Summer 2007 Undersea Warfare magazine; pg.31

[DJ-89] Don jibaro

[90] Luis R. Negrón Hernández, Jr. "Roberto Cofresí: El pirata caborojeño" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2007-05-25.

[91] Puerto Rican Servicewomen Answer the Call to Serve

[92] Puerto Rican veteran shares tales of Vietnam^{[dead link‍]}

[Hackworth-93] Hackworth, "Defending America", 1995.

[Women's_Memorial-94] Women's Military Memorial, Retrieved May 21, 2008

[95] "DON JUAN DE HARO Y LOS HOLANDESES" (24 September 1625)

[ross-96] Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986, p.150–151. ISBN 0-356-10862-7

[PRH-97] Puerto Rico Herald

[HPR-98] Historia del Cine en Puerto Rico

[SHC-99] Speakers on healthcare

[100] "Proyecto de Recuperación de la Casa Defilló" (in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. Retrieved 2007-01-25.^{[dead link‍]}

[101] [2]^{[dead link‍]}

[102] Paul Rober Walker (1988). "The way of the Jibaro". Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente. United States: Harcourt Brace & Company. p. 3. ISBN 0-15-307557-0. Roberto's father, Don Melchor Clemente, worked as foreman in the sugar fields.

[BR-103] International Boxing Hall of Fame

[104] Leon Day

[AM-105] Inspirador el "Aquaman" Metro International. 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2013.

[AMB-106] "El Aquaman Boricua"

[WO-107] The Washington Post, "In ’88 Games, two Virginians skied for Puerto Rico"

[108] David Price, Steve Pearce lead Red Sox to World Series title

[Latina1-109] Latina Women in NASA

[110] NASA

[MIT-111] MIT MUSEUM PRESS RELEASE

[112] "Dr. Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano". Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA. Retrieved 2006-11-09.

[Mars-113] Dr. Orlando Figueroa

[Latina_Women-114] Latina Women of NASA

[115] Hernandez-Pellerano

[Latina2-116] Latina Women in NASA

[LaRC-117] Hispanics@NASA LaRC Employees' Achievements

[nasa-118] NASA News^{[dead link‍]}

[119] La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico

[120] Diocese of Olympia’

[JVL-121] The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico

[122] The Misfortunes of Alonso Ramirez (1690)

[123] Puerto Rico eb

[124] A discussion of the flag

[VaticanList-125] "Carlos Manuel Cecilio Rodríguez Santiago (1918-1963)". Blesseds: Table of the Beatifications during the Pontificate of His Holiness John Paul II. The Holy See. Retrieved 2007-06-04.

[126] History of Puerto Rico

[EP-127] Ernesto Pastor Lavergne

[128] Profile on PGA Tour's official site^{[dead link‍]}

[129] Angel Cordero, Jr.'s profile at the United States' National Museum and Racing Hall of Fame^{[dead link‍]}

[RUM-130] Prensa RUM

[131] "Joe Acaba, Mission Specialist-Educator". 2004 Astronaut Class. NASA. May 6, 2004. Retrieved 2006-11-26.

[News-132] NASA News

[BH-133] Brief History of THE CERRO TOLOLO INTER-AMERICAN OBSERVATORY^{[dead link‍]}

[MV-134] Un Modelo de Vida (A role model in his lifetime)^{[dead link‍]}

[GC-135] Gyncare

[SPR-136] "Scientist from Puerto Rico, Maria Cordero Hardy (American Women in Science Biography)" By: Mary Ellen Verheyden-Hilliard; Publisher: Equity Institute; First edition. edition (June 1985); ISBN-10: 0932469027; ISBN-13: 978-0932469021

[137] ESPN: Rivera joins the Chargers as linebackers coach

[138] Negro League Museum

[OHGC-139] Harlem Globetrotters

[140] New York Times - A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters

[boxrec1-141] "Pedro Montanez - Boxer". Boxrec.com. Retrieved 2010-09-18.

[E-142] "Dr. Mario R. García Palmieri recibe distinción prestigiosa"; Por: Rosa Rivera Medina; Especial para ESCENARIO^{[dead link‍]}

[143] Isaac González Martínez^{[dead link‍]}, Retrieved 4 October 2008

[CPR-144] Rigau Pérez, José G., MD, MPH. "Historia de la investigación científica en Puerto Rico". CienciaPR. Retrieved 2008-10-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)^{[dead link‍]}

[145] Dr. Eduardo Santiago Delpin

[TR-146] Medicos^{[dead link‍]}

[ICC-147] Rodríguez Gracia; Arql. Luis Á. "Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center". Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2008-10-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[HSN-148] Yajaira Sierra One Step Closer to Becoming First Puerto Rican Woman in Space

[149] Lannert, John (1998-04-11). "Latin Music Award Winners, Include First-Timers, Familiar Faces". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc.: LM-66. Retrieved 2010-06-04.

[150] American Idol: Scotty McCreey Called "True Artist" by Jennifer Lopez, Confirms Puerto Rican Heritage from Fox News 5 May 2011

[151] "Victor Manuelle en Argentina". Entradas Q.

[peopleenespañol-152] Acevedo, Yoselín (2008-03-26). "Ivy Queen: I've Had My Heart Broken Many Times". People En Español. Time Inc. Retrieved 2012-11-10.

[153] "18th Annual ASCAP Latin Music Awards: Canción Latina Del Año - El Amor". ASCAP. 2010-03-23. Retrieved 2012-10-04.^{[dead link‍]}

[154] Carney Smith, Jessie. Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 1199.

[155] "Ivy Queen graba vídeo en Panamá". Wapa.tv (in Spanish). Wapa TV. Retrieved 2012-11-29.

[156] New York Daily News

[bieberboost-157] Mendizabal, Amaya (April 24, 2017). "Justin Bieber Remix Boosts Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee's 'Despacito' to Hot 100's Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2017.

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[EW-159] Towers, Andrea (February 1, 2016). "See a sneak peek inside Spider-Man #1". Entertainment Weekly.

[NYDailyNews6.21.15-160] Sacks, Ethan (June 21, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE: Spider-Man Miles Morales — popular biracial version of the hero — joins main Marvel comics universe this fall". Daily News (New York).

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[162] Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico^{[dead link‍]}, Retrieved July 31, 2007

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[165] Peres Moris, José, Historia de la Insurrección de Lares, 1871 (in Spanish), Library of Congress, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009

[LHB-166] Mayor Announces Agreement by Largest Hispanic Bank in United States to Remain in New York City

[167] Guillo dice “hasta pronto” y entra a Guinness: El Vocero^{[dead link‍]}

[168] Geisler, Lindsey (September 11, 2006). "Mendez case paved the way for Brown v. Board". Topeka Capital-Journal.

[169] Chiquita Banana

[170] "Histórico nombramiento de ingeniero ciego para el DTOP", La Perla del Sur (in Spanish), Ponce, Puerto Rico, December 8, 2016

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[isnot-175] Puerto Rico is Not a Country

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[PLA-179] Plaza Las Americas^{[dead link‍]}

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[188] Guinness Book of World Records - World's Smallest Jet

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