Old Lombard language
| Old Lombard | |
|---|---|
| Native to | |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
Old Lombard (Lombard: Lombard antigh (Milanese orthography)) is a Gallo-Italic language and the earliest form of Lombard (spoken in northern Italy, southwestern Switzerland, and Santa Catarina in Brazil). It was spoken in the 13th to 14th centuries and was closely related to Old Piedmontese, being both considered in the proposed Lombard-Piedmontese language grouping. Other languages similar include Old Venetian and Old Ligurian.
Orthography[edit]
Most early languages in northern Italy at the time were written in the Lombard koiné, which was a writing system that also included Old Lombard.
Grammar[edit]
Final -i may possibly be attributed to masculine plural -i, like in the word zinqui (five). This is shown in other languages, like Old Ligurian seti and Old Umbrian nuovi.[2] Old Lombard also doesn't have obligatory enclisis in a context where a word is used after a coordinating conjuction.[3] Inflectional -s had survived in verb forms, too.[4][5] The Latin suffixes mente and *-(i)ter would merge and become Old Lombard -mentre, -menter.[6]
Literature[edit]
Until the 13th century, the majority of writers in the north of Italy wrote in Old Occitan, thus these were called troubadours. In between 1264 and 1274, Pietro da Barsegape wrote Sermon divin (Divine Sermon), one of the first texts in Old Lombard. Around the same time, in 1274, Bonvesin da la Riva wrote his Liber di Tre Scricciur (Book of the Three Scriptures), which is divided into three books, the Scricciura Negra (Black Scripture), the Scricciura Rossa (Red Scripture), and the Scricciura Dorada (Golden Scripture). Mayor gremeza was a document found in 1980 which was written by Bortolino Benolchini in 10 May 1355, which was the first manuscript written in Eastern Lombard. Other poets include Gherardo Patecchio, Uguccione da Lodi and Salimbene de Adam, while some anonymous works include Lodigian Legend of San Bassiano.
References[edit]
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
- ^ Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (2011-06-03). Indo-European Numerals. Walter de Gruyter. p. 453. ISBN 978-3-11-085846-4.
- ^ Zanuttini, Raffaella; Campos, Héctor; Herburger, Elena; Portner, Paul H. (2006-05-19). Crosslinguistic Research in Syntax and Semantics: Negation, Tense, and Clausal Architecture. Georgetown University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-58901-305-6.
- ^ Maiden, Martin (1996). "On the Romance Inflectional Endings -i and -e". Romance Philology. 50 (2). ISSN 0035-8002.
- ^ Ahlqvist, Anders (1982-01-01). Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Galway, April 6–10 1981. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-8069-5.
- ^ Karlsson, Keith E. (2015-08-31). Syntax and affixation: The evolution of "mente" in Latin and Romance. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 134. ISBN 978-3-11-132901-7.
External links[edit]
- Bovegno's manuscript of Mayor gremeza
- Liber di Tre Scricciur in Wikisource
- Full archived version of Sermon divin
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