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National Gallery of Art

Coordinates: 38°53′29″N 77°1′12″W / 38.89139°N 77.02000°W / 38.89139; -77.02000
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This article is about the United States art museum. For other national art galleries, see List of national galleries.
National Gallery of Art
The West Building facade of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.
National Gallery of Art is located in Washington, D.C.
National Gallery of Art
Location of the National Gallery Art in Washington, D.C.
National Gallery of Art is located in the United States
National Gallery of Art
National Gallery of Art (the United States)
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Established1937; 87 years ago (1937)
LocationNational Mall between 3rd and 9th Streets at Constitution Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C., U.S.
Coordinates38°53′29″N 77°1′12″W / 38.89139°N 77.02000°W / 38.89139; -77.02000
Collection size75,000 prints
Visitors3,256,433 (2022) – ranked First among U.S. art museums, seventh globally[1]
DirectorKaywin Feldman
PresidentDarren Walker
ChairpersonSharon Rockefeller
Public transit access Washington Metro:
Judiciary Square
Archives
Smithsonian
Virginia Railway Express L'Enfant
Metrobus: 4th Street and 7th Street NW
DC Circulator: 4th Street and Madison Drive; 9th Street and Constitution Avenue NW
Websitewww.nga.gov Edit this at Wikidata

The National Gallery of Art is an art museum in Washington, D.C., United States, located on the National Mall, between 3rd and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open to the public and free of charge, the museum was privately established in 1937 for the American people by a joint resolution of the United States Congress.[a] Andrew W. Mellon donated a substantial art collection and funds for construction. The core collection includes major works of art donated by Paul Mellon, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel Henry Kress, Rush Harrison Kress, Peter Arrell Browne Widener, Joseph E. Widener, and Chester Dale. The Gallery's collection of paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, medals, and decorative arts traces the development of Western art from the Middle Ages to the present, including the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas and the largest mobile created by Alexander Calder.

The Gallery's campus includes the original neoclassical West Building designed by John Russell Pope, which is linked underground to the modernist East Building, designed by I. M. Pei, and is next to the 6.1-acre (25,000 m2) Sculpture Garden. The Gallery often presents temporary special exhibitions spanning the world and the history of art. It is one of the largest museums in North America. Attendance rose to nearly 3.3 million visitors in 2022, making it first among U.S. art museums, and third on the list of most-visited museums in the United States.[1] Of the top three art museums in the United States by annual visitors, it is the only one that has no admission fee.

History

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Origins

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National Gallery of Art

Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh banker and Treasury Secretary from 1921 until 1932, began gathering a private collection of old master paintings and sculptures during World War I. During the late 1920s, Mellon decided to direct his collecting efforts towards the establishment of a new national gallery for the United States.[citation needed]

In 1930, partly for tax reasons, Mellon formed the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, which was to be the legal owner of works intended for the gallery. In 1930–1931, the Trust made its first major acquisition, 21 paintings from the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg as part of the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings, including such masterpieces as Raphael's Alba Madonna, Titian's Venus with a Mirror, and Jan van Eyck's Annunciation.[citation needed]

In 1929 Mellon had initiated contact with the recently appointed Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Greeley Abbot. Mellon was appointed in 1931 as a Commissioner of the Institution's National Gallery of Art. When the director of the Gallery retired, Mellon asked Abbot not to appoint a successor, as he proposed to endow a new building with funds for expansion of the collections.[citation needed]

However, Mellon's trial for tax evasion, centering on the Trust and the Hermitage paintings, caused the plan to be modified. In 1935, Mellon announced in The Washington Star his intention to establish a new gallery for old masters, separate from the Smithsonian. When asked by Abbot, he explained that the project was in the hands of the Trust and that its decisions were partly dependent on "the attitude of the Government towards the gift".[citation needed]

In January 1937, Mellon formally offered to create the new Gallery. On his birthday, 24 March 1937, an Act of Congress accepted the collection and building funds (provided through the Trust), and approved the construction of a museum on the National Mall.

The new gallery was to be effectively self-governing, not controlled by the Smithsonian, but took the old name "National Gallery of Art" while the Smithsonian's gallery would be renamed the "National Collection of Fine Arts" (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum).[2][3][4]

Construction and later history

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The museum stands on the former site of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, where in 1881 a disgruntled office seeker, Charles Guiteau, shot President James Garfield (see James A. Garfield assassination).[5] The station was demolished in 1908 because it did not conform to the McMillan Plan for the Mall. In 1918, temporary war buildings were constructed on the site; these were demolished by 1921 to construct the foundation of the George Washington Memorial Building, which was never completed. The site was then reassigned to the new National Gallery of Art.[6]

Designed by architect John Russell Pope, the new structure was completed and accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of the American people on March 17, 1941. At the time of its inception it was the largest marble structure in the world. Neither Mellon nor Pope lived to see the museum completed; both died in late August 1937, only two months after excavation had begun.[5]

As anticipated by Mellon, the creation of the National Gallery encouraged the donation of other substantial art collections by a number of private donors. Founding benefactors included such individuals as Paul Mellon, Samuel H. Kress, Rush H. Kress, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Chester Dale, Joseph Widener, Lessing J. Rosenwald and Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch.

The Gallery's East Building was constructed in the 1970s on much of the remaining land left over from the original congressional action. Andrew Mellon's children, Paul Mellon and Ailsa Mellon Bruce, funded the building. Designed by architect I. M. Pei, the contemporary structure was completed in 1978 and was opened on June 1 of that year by President Jimmy Carter. The new building was built to house the Museum's collection of modern paintings, drawings, sculptures, and prints, as well as study and research centers and offices. The design received a National Honor Award from the American Institute of Architects in 1981.

The final addition to the complex is the National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden. Completed and opened to the public on May 23, 1999, the location provides an outdoor setting for exhibiting a number of large pieces from the Museum's contemporary sculpture collection.

In 2011, an extensive refurbishment and renovation of the French galleries were undertaken. As part of the celebration of the reopening of this wing, organist Alexander Frey performed 4 sold-out recitals of music of France in one weekend in the French Gallery.

Operations

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The National Gallery of Art is supported through a private-public partnership. The United States federal government provides funds, through annual appropriations, to support the museum's operations and maintenance. All artwork, as well as special programs, are provided through private donations and funds.[7] The museum is not part of the Smithsonian Institution.

Noted directors of the National Gallery have included David E. Finley, Jr. (1938–1956), John Walker (1956–1968), and J. Carter Brown (1968–1993). Earl A. "Rusty" Powell III was named director in 1993. In March 2019 he was succeeded by Kaywin Feldman, past director and president of the Minneapolis Institute of Art.[8][9] The museum hired Evelyn Carmen Ramos, the first woman and the first person of color to be the chief curatorial and conservation officer, in 2021.[10]

The president of the museum is billionaire businessman Mitchell Rales and its chairperson is Sharon Rockefeller.[11]

Entry to both buildings of the National Gallery of Art is free of charge. The museum is open daily from 10 a.m. – 5 p.m. It is closed on December 25 and January 1.[12]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Gallery was largely closed to the public. However, visitors were able to schedule appointments to access the west building in small numbers.[13]

Architecture

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"East Building" redirects here. Not to be confused with Eastern Building.
The East Building
Exhibitions in the West Building
Exhibitions in the East Building
Underground walkway connecting the East and West buildings

The museum comprises two buildings: the West Building (1941) and the East Building (1978), linked by an underground passage. The West Building, composed of pink Tennessee marble, was designed in 1937 by architect John Russell Pope in a neoclassical style (as is Pope's other notable building in Washington, D.C., the Jefferson Memorial). Designed in the form of an elongated H, the building is centered on a domed rotunda modeled on the interior of the Pantheon in Rome. Extending east and west from the rotunda, a pair of skylit sculpture halls provide its main circulation spine. Bright garden courts provide a counterpoint to the long main axis of the building.

Dome of West Building, an entrance to permanent Renaissance Art collections
Indoor garden court with Tuscan columns and symmetrical planting beds. August 2021.

The West Building has an extensive collection of paintings and sculptures by European masters from the medieval period through the late 19th century, as well as pre-20th century works by American artists. Highlights of the collection include paintings by Jan Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, and Leonardo da Vinci.

In contrast, the design of the East Building, by architect I. M. Pei, is geometrical, dividing the trapezoidal shape of the site into two triangles: one contains public galleries, and the other houses a library, offices, and a study center. The triangles establish a motif that is echoed throughout the building, realized in every dimension.

The East Building's central feature is a high atrium designed as an open interior court that is enclosed by a sculptural space spanning 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m2). The atrium is centered on the same axis that forms the circulation spine for the West Building and is constructed in the same Tennessee marble.[14]

However, in 2005 the joints attaching the marble panels to the walls began to show signs of strain, creating a risk that panels might fall onto visitors below. In 2008, NGA officials decided that it had become necessary to remove and reinstall all of the panels. The renovation was completed in 2016.[15]

The East Building focuses on modern and contemporary art, with a collection including works by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Alexander Calder, a 1977 mural by Robert Motherwell and works by many other artists. The East Building also contains the main offices of the NGA and a large research facility, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts (CASVA). Among the highlights of the East Building in 2012 was an exhibition of Barnett Newman's The Stations of the Cross series of 14 black and white paintings (1958–66).[16] Newman painted them after he had recovered from a heart attack; they are usually regarded as the peak of his achievement.[citation needed] The series has also been seen as a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.[17]

The two buildings are connected by a walkway beneath 4th street, called "the Concourse" on the museum's map. In 2008, the National Gallery of Art commissioned American artist Leo Villareal to transform the Concourse into an artistic installation.Multiverse is one of Villareal's largest and most complex light sculpture by light count, featuring approximately 41,000 computer-programmed LED nodes that run through channels along the entire 200 ft (61 m)-long space.[18] The concourse also includes the food court and a gift shop.

The final element of the National Gallery of Art complex, the Sculpture Garden was completed in 1999 after more than 30 years of planning. To the west of the West Building, on the opposite side of Seventh Street, the 6.1 acres (2.5 ha) Sculpture Garden was designed by landscape architect Laurie Olin[19] as an outdoor gallery for monumental modern sculpture.

The Sculpture Garden contains plantings of Native American species of canopy and flowering trees, shrubs, ground covers, and perennials. A circular reflecting pool and fountain form the center of its design, which arching pathways of granite and crushed stone complement. (The pool becomes an ice-skating rink during the winter.) The sculptures exhibited in the surrounding landscaped area include pieces by Marc Chagall, David Smith, Mark Di Suvero, Roy Lichtenstein, Sol LeWitt, Tony Smith, Roxy Paine, Joan Miró, Louise Bourgeois, and Hector Guimard.[20]

Taken at the exterior wall of National gallery of Art East Building

Renovations

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The NGA's West Building was renovated from 2007 to 2009. Although some galleries closed for periods of time, others remained open.[21]

After congressional testimony that the East Building suffered from "systematic structural failures", NGA adopted a Master Renovations Plan in 1999. This plan established the timeline for closing the building, and planned for the renovation of the electronic security systems, elevators, and HVAC.[22] Space between the ceilings of existing galleries and the building's skylights (which was never completed when the building was constructed in 1978)[22] would be renovated into two, 23 ft (7.0 m) high, hexagonal Tower Galleries. The galleries would have a combined 12,260 sq ft (1,139 m2) of space and will be lit by skylights. A rooftop sculpture garden would also be added. NGA officials said that the Tower Galleries would probably house modern art, and the creation of a distinct "Rothko Room" was possible.

Beginning in 2011, NGA undertook an $85 million restoration of the East Building's façade.[23] The East Building is clad in 3 in (7.6 cm) thick pink marble panels. The panels are held about 2 in (5.1 cm) away from the wall by stainless steel anchors. Gravity holds the panel in the bottom anchors (which are placed at each corner), while "button head" anchors (stainless steel posts with large, flat heads) at the top corners keep the panel upright. Mortar was used on the gravity anchors to level the stones. Joints of flexible colored neoprene were placed between the panels. This system was designed to allow each panel to hang independent of its neighbors, and NGA officials say they are not aware of any other panel system like it.

However, many panels were accidentally mortared together. Seasonal heating and cooling of the façade, infiltration of moisture, and shrinkage of the building's structural concrete by 2 in (5.1 cm) over time caused extensive damage to the façade. In 2005, regular maintenance showed that some panels were cracked or significantly damaged, while others leaned by more than 1 in (2.5 cm) out from the building (threatening to fall).

The NGA hired the structural engineering firm Robert Silman Associates to determine the cause of the problem.[24] Although the Gallery began raising private funds to fix the issue,[24] eventually federal funding was used to repair the building.[23] In 2012, the NGA chose a joint venture, Balfour Beatty/Smoot, to complete the repairs. Anodized aluminum anchors replaced the stainless steel ones, and the top corner anchors were moved to the center of the top edge of each stone. The neoprene joints were removed and new colored silicone gaskets installed, and leveling screws rather than mortar used to keep the panels square. Work began in November 2011,[24] and originally was scheduled to end in 2014.[23] By February 2012, however, the contractor said work on the façade would end in late 2013, and site restoration would take place in 2014.[24] The East Building remained open throughout the project.[21]

In March 2013, the National Gallery of Art announced a $68.4 million renovation to the East Building. This included $38.4 million to refurbish the interior mechanical plant of the structure,[22] and $30 million to create new exhibition space.[21] Because the angular interior space of the East Building made it impossible to close off galleries,[22] the renovation required all but the atrium and offices to close by December 2013. The structure remained closed for three years. The architectural firm of Hartman-Cox oversaw both aspects of the renovation.[22]

A group of benefactors — which included Victoria and Roger Sant, Mitchell and Emily Rales, and David Rubenstein — privately financed the renovation. The Washington Post reported that the donation was one of the largest the NGA had received in a decade.[21] NGA staff said that they would use the closure to conserve artwork, plan purchases, and develop exhibitions. Plans for renovating conservation, construction, exhibition prep, groundskeeping, office, storage, and other internal facilities were also ready, but would not be implemented for many years.[22][25]

Buildings

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  • The West Building soon after construction, looking northwest from the National Mall
    The West Building soon after construction, looking northwest from the National Mall
  • North face of the West Building, with the west side of the East Building and the United States Capitol in background
    North face of the West Building, with the west side of the East Building and the United States Capitol in background
  • South face of the West Building (2014)
    South face of the West Building (2014)
  • Rotunda of the West Building beneath dome (2004)
    Rotunda of the West Building beneath dome (2004)
  • Oculus of the West Building dome (2008)
    Oculus of the West Building dome (2008)
  • West Building sculpture gallery (2007)
    West Building sculpture gallery (2007)
  • West Building garden court (2010)
    West Building garden court (2010)
  • Satellite image of National Gallery of Art grounds and surrounding streets (2002)
    Satellite image of National Gallery of Art grounds and surrounding streets (2002)
  • Moving walkway and light sculpture in concourse beneath 4th Street connecting East and West Buildings (2016)
    Moving walkway and light sculpture in concourse beneath 4th Street connecting East and West Buildings (2016)
  • Center of West Building plaza, looking west towards West Building (2010)
    Center of West Building plaza, looking west towards West Building (2010)
  • Fountain in West Building plaza (2010)
    Fountain in West Building plaza (2010)
  • View of fountain from concourse beneath West Building plaza (2013)
    View of fountain from concourse beneath West Building plaza (2013)
  • Center of West Building plaza, looking east towards entrance of East Building (2000)
    Center of West Building plaza, looking east towards entrance of East Building (2000)
  • South face of East Building, looking northwest from southeast corner (2010)
    South face of East Building, looking northwest from southeast corner (2010)
  • Southwest corner of East Building, looking east (2007)
    Southwest corner of East Building, looking east (2007)
  • Southwest corner of East Building during renovation, looking northeast (2014)
    Southwest corner of East Building during renovation, looking northeast (2014)
  • East Building atrium (2007)
    East Building atrium (2007)
  • East Building atrium (2007)
    East Building atrium (2007)

Collection

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See also: List of painters in the National Gallery of Art and National Gallery of Art Sculpture Garden
Gerard van Honthorst's monumental 1623 masterwork, The Concert, was acquired by the NGA in 2013 and went on display for the first time in 218 years.

The NGA's collection galleries and Sculpture Garden display European and American paintings, sculpture, works on paper, photographs, and decorative arts. Paintings in the permanent collection date from the Middle Ages to the present. The Italian Renaissance collection includes two panels from Duccio's Maesta, the tondo of the Adoration of the Magi by Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi, a Botticelli work on the same subject, Giorgione's Allendale Nativity, Giovanni Bellini's The Feast of the Gods, Ginevra de' Benci (the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas) and groups of works by Titian and Raphael.

The collections include paintings by many European masters, including a version of Saint Martin and the Beggar, by El Greco, and works by Matthias Grünewald, Cranach the Elder, Rogier van der Weyden, Albrecht Dürer, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer, Francisco Goya, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, and Eugène Delacroix, among others. The collection of sculpture and decorative arts includes such works as the Chalice of Abbot Suger of St-Denis and a collection of work by Auguste Rodin and Edgar Degas. Other highlights of the permanent collection include the second of the two original sets of Thomas Cole's series of paintings titled The Voyage of Life, (the first set is at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute in Utica, New York) and the original version of Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley (two other versions are in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Detroit Institute of Arts).

The National Gallery's print collection comprises 75,000 prints, in addition to rare illustrated books. It includes collections of works by Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, William Blake, Mary Cassatt, Edvard Munch, Jasper Johns, and Robert Rauschenberg. The collection began with 400 prints donated by five collectors in 1941. In 1942, Joseph E. Widener donated his entire collection of nearly 2,000 works. In 1943, Lessing Rosenwald donated his collection of 8,000 old master and modern prints; between 1943 and 1979, he donated almost 14,000 more works. In 2008, Dave and Reba White Williams donated their collection of more than 5,200 American prints.[26]

In 2013, the NGA purchased from a private French collection Gerard van Honthorst's 1623 painting, The Concert, which had not been publicly viewed since 1795. After initially displaying the 1.23 by 2.06 m (4.0 by 6.8 ft) The Concert in a special installation in the West Building, the NGA moved the painting to a permanent display in the museum's Dutch and Flemish galleries.[27] Art experts estimated the sale price of The Concert at $20 million, though the NGA did not reveal the amount that it had paid.[28]

Highlights of the collection

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Leonardo da Vinci, Ginevra de' Benci, c. 1474
El Greco, Saint Martin and the Beggar, c. 1597–1599[29]
Peter Paul Rubens, Germanicus and Agrippina, 1614
Jacques-Louis David, The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, 1812
Édouard Manet, The Railway, 1872

Selected highlights from the American collection

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Benjamin West, Colonel Guy Johnson and Karonghyontye (Captain David Hill), 1776
James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl, 1862
George Bellows, New York, 1911

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Founded under a different bequest and legal structure, unlike the other museums on the National Mall, the National Gallery is separate from the Smithsonian Institution.

References

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  1. ^ a b Cheshire, Lee; da Silva, José (27 March 2023). "The 100 most popular art museums in the world—who has recovered and who is still struggling?". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  2. ^ Fink, Lois Marie "A History of the Smithsonian American Art Museum", University of Massachusetts Press (2007) ISBN 978-1-55849-616-3, chapter 3
  3. ^ National Gallery of Art website: general introduction Archived December 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ National Gallery of Art website: chronology Archived April 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b "National Gallery of Art, West Building". American Architecture. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  6. ^ "Cultural Landscape Inventory: The Mall (Part 2)" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. 2006. pp. 49, 53, 72. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  7. ^ "Major Giving FAQS". www.nga.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
  8. ^ Kerr, Euan, "Mia's director will leave to head National Gallery", Minnesota Public Radio News, December 11, 2018.
  9. ^ McGlone, Peggy, "The National Gallery of Art will have a female director for the first time in its history", The Washington Post, December 11, 2018.
  10. ^ Greenberger, Alex (2021-05-13). "Latinx Art Expert E. Carmen Ramos Named Chief Curator of National Gallery of Art". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2021-08-03.
  11. ^ Selvin, Claire (2019-09-27). "National Gallery of Art Names Darren Walker Trustee, Mitchell Rales Appointed President". ARTnews. Retrieved 2019-09-28.
  12. ^ "National Gallery of Art". Maps and Hours. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 2016-01-03.
  13. ^ "Degas at the Opéra". National Gallery of Art. 2020-08-25.
  14. ^ NGA.gov Archived October 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Leigh, Catesby (December 8, 2009). "An Ultramodern Building Shows Signs of Age". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016.
  16. ^ "In The Tower: Barnett Newman". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  17. ^ Menachem Wecker (August 1, 2012). "His Cross To Bear. Barnett Newman Dealt With Suffering in 'Zips'". The Jewish Daily Forward. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  18. ^ "Leo Villareal: Multiverse". www.nga.gov. 2008.
  19. ^ "About the Gallery". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  20. ^ "Visit: Sculpture Garden". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  21. ^ a b c d Boyle, Katherine and Parker, Lonnae O'Neal. "National Gallery of Art Announces $30 Million Renovation to East Building." Washington Post. March 12, 2013. Archived April 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-13.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Sees Long-Term Benefit in Long Closing of East Building." Washington Post. March 13, 2013. Archived January 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-22.
  23. ^ a b c Kelly, John. "Why National Gallery's East Building Shed Its Pink Marble Skin." Washington Post. February 21, 2012. Archived January 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-13.
  24. ^ a b c d Dietsch, Deborah K. "National Gallery of Art's Famed East Building Gets a Facelift." Washington Business Journal. February 3, 2012. Archived October 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-13.
  25. ^ "The CIVITAS Chronicles". traditional-building.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-23.
  26. ^ "Prints". Nga.gov. 2013-06-19. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  27. ^ Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Acquires 'The Concert' by Dutch Golden Age Painter Honthorst." Washington Post. November 22, 2013. Archived August 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-11-22.
  28. ^ Vogel, Carol "National Gallery Acquires a van Honthorst Masterwork." New York Times. November 21, 2013. Archived February 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-11-22.
  29. ^ "Provenance". Nga.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2013-12-22.

Further reading

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