John O'Connor (cardinal)

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This article is about the archbishop of New York. For the bishop of Newark, see John J. O'Connor (bishop of Newark). For other people named John O'Connor, see John O'Connor (disambiguation).
"Cardinal O'Connor" redirects here. For the Archbishop of Westminster, see Cormac Murphy-O'Connor.

His Eminence

John O'Connor
Cardinal, Archbishop of New York
SeeArchdiocese of New York
AppointedJanuary 26, 1984
InstalledMarch 19, 1984
Term endedMay 3, 2000
PredecessorTerence Cooke
SuccessorEdward Egan
Other post(s)Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
Orders
OrdinationDecember 15, 1945
by Hugh L. Lamb
ConsecrationMay 27, 1979
by John Paul II
Created cardinalMay 25, 1985
by John Paul II
RankCardinal Priest
Personal details
Born(1920-01-15)January 15, 1920
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
DiedMay 3, 2000(2000-05-03) (aged 80)
New York City, New York, US
BuriedSt. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, New York, US
DenominationRoman Catholicism
ParentsThomas J. O'Connor & Dorothy Magdalene Gomple
Previous post(s)
Alma mater
MottoThere Can Be No Love Without Justice
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Navy
Years of service1952–1979
Rank Rear admiral
Commands heldChief of Chaplains of the Navy
Battles/warsKorean War
Ordination history of
John O'Connor
History
Priestly ordination
PlaceCathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul Edit this on Wikidata, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Edit this on Wikidata, United States Edit this on Wikidata
Episcopal consecration
Consecrated byPope John Paul II
DateMay 27, 1979
PlaceSt. Peter's Basilica Edit this on Wikidata, Rome Edit this on Wikidata, Italy Edit this on Wikidata
Episcopal succession
Bishops consecrated by John O'Connor as principal consecrator
Alfred JolsonFebruary 6, 1988
Patrick SheridanDecember 12, 1990
James Michael MoynihanMay 29, 1995
Edwin Frederick O'BrienMarch 25, 1996
Robert Anthony BrucatoAugust 25, 1997
James Francis McCarthyJune 29, 1999

John Joseph O'Connor (January 15, 1920 – May 3, 2000) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York from 1984 until his death in 2000, and was made a cardinal in 1985.

O'Connor previously served as a U.S. Navy chaplain (1952 to 1979), including four years as chief of chaplains, as an auxiliary bishop of the Military Vicariate of the United States (1979 to 1983), and as bishop of the Diocese of Scranton in Pennsylvania (1983 to 1984).

Biography[edit]

Early life[edit]

John O'Connor was born in Philadelphia on January 15, 1920, the fourth of five children of Thomas J. O'Connor, and Dorothy Magdalene (née Gomple) O'Connor. Thomas was a painter and Dorothy was the daughter of Gustave Gumpel, a kosher butcher and Jewish rabbi.[1] In 2014, it was discovered that Dorothy was baptized a Catholic at age 19. Thomas and Dorothy wed one year after the baptism.[2]

Rear Admiral O'Connor in the US Navy Chaplain Corps

O'Connor attended public schools in Philadelphia until his junior year of high school, when he enrolled in West Philadelphia Catholic High School for Boys. Having decided to become a priest, then then enrolled at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.[3][4]

Priesthood[edit]

After graduating from St. Charles, O'Connor was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Philadelphia on December 15, 1945, in Philadelphia by Auxiliary Bishop Hugh L. Lamb. After his ordination, the archdiocese assigned O'Connor as a faculty member at St. James High School in Chester, Pennsylvania.[5][6] During this seven year period, he obtained O'Connor obtained a master's degree in advanced ethics from Villanova University in Philadelphia and a Master of Arts degree in clinical psychology from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C.[7]

O'Connor joined the United States Navy Chaplain Corps in 1952 during the Korean War.[8]He was eventually named rear admiral and chief of chaplains of the Navy in 1975.[9]He obtained approval for the establishment of the RP [Religious Program Specialist] Enlisted Rating, and oversaw the process of standing up this rating, initially accepting transfers from other enlisted rates. The RP rating provided chaplains with a dedicated enlisted community. The Vatican named O'Connor as an honorary prelate of his holiness on October 27, 1966.[10]

O'Connor received a doctorate in political science from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., where he studied under the United States' future Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick.[11] Kirkpatrick said of O'Connor that he was "... surely one of the two or three smartest graduate students I've ever had."[12]

Auxiliary Bishop of the Military Vicariate US[edit]

On April 24, 1979, Pope John Paul II appointed O'Connor as an auxiliary bishop of the Military Vicariate for the United States[5][13] and titular bishop of Cursola. He was consecrated to the episcopate on May 27, 1979, at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome by John Paul himself, with Cardinals Duraisamy Lourdusamy and Eduardo Somalo acting as co-consecrators.

Bishop of Scranton[edit]

On May 6, 1983, John Paul II named O'Connor as bishop of the Diocese of Scranton,[5] and he was installed in that position on June 29, 1983.[14]

Archbishop of New York[edit]

Styles of
John O'Connor
Reference styleHis Eminence
Spoken styleYour Eminence
Informal styleCardinal
SeeNew York

On January 26, 1984, after the death of Cardinal Terence Cooke, O'Connor was appointed archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York[5] and administrator of the Military Vicariate of the United States; he was installed on March 19.

O'Connor was elevated to cardinal in the consistory of May 25, 1985, with the titular church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo in Rome (the traditional one for the Archbishop of New York from 1946 to 2009).

On December 10, 1989, 4,500 members of ACT UP and Women's Health Action and Mobilization (WHAM) held a demonstration at St. Patrick's Cathedral to voice their opposition to O'Connor's positions on HIV/AIDS education, the distribution of condoms in public schools, and abortion rights for women. The protest resulted in 43 arrests inside the cathedral.[15]

Illness and death[edit]

When O'Connor reached the retirement age for bishops of 75 years in January 1995, he submitted his resignation to Pope John Paul II as required by canon law,[16] but the Pope did not accept it.[17] He was diagnosed in 1999 as having a brain tumor. He continued to serve as Archbishop of New York until his death.

O'Connor died in the archbishop's residence on May 3, 2000, and was interred in the crypt beneath the main altar of St. Patrick's Cathedral. It was presided over by Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano.[18] At O'Connor's request, the homily was delivered by Cardinal Bernard F. Law and the eulogy was delivered by Cardinal William W. Baum.[19]

Attendees at O'Connor's funeral included:

Legacy[edit]

Congressional Gold Medal awarded to O'Connor


The John Cardinal O'Connor Pavilion in Riverdale, Bronx, a residence for retired priests, opened in 2003.[13] The John Cardinal O'Connor School in Irvington, New York, for students with learning differences, opened in 2009.[20] The largest student-run pro-life conference in the United States, the Cardinal O'Connor Conference on Life, is named in his honor.[21] It is held annually at Georgetown University.[21]

Upon his death, The New York Times called O'Connor "a familiar and towering presence, a leader whose views and personality were forcefully injected into the great civic debates of his time, a man who considered himself a conciliator, but who never hesitated to be a combatant", and one of the Catholic Church's "most powerful symbols on moral and political issues."[5]

According to New York City Mayor Ed Koch: "Cardinal O'Connor was a great man, but he was like the Pentagon. He was incapable of saving money."[22]

Following his death, SEIU 1199 published a 12-page tribute to O'Connor, calling him "the patron saint of working people". It described his support for low-wage and other workers, his efforts in helping the limousine drivers unionize, his helping end a strike at The Daily News, and his pushing for fringe benefits for minimum-wage home health care workers.[23]

Awards[edit]

Viewpoints[edit]

Human life[edit]

O'Connor was a forceful opponent of abortion, human cloning, capital punishment, human trafficking, and unjust war.[26][27]

  • O'Connor in 1996 assailed what he called the "horror of euthanasia", asking rhetorically, "What makes us think that permitted lawful suicide will not become obligated suicide?"[28]
  • In 2000, O'Connor called for a "major overhaul" of the punitive Rockefeller drug laws in New York State, which he believed produced "grave injustices".[29]

US foreign policy[edit]

Organized labor[edit]

O'Connor's father had been a lifelong union member[34] and O'Connor was a passionate defender of organized labor, as well as an advocate for the poor and the homeless.[5]

During a strike in 1984 by SEIU 1199, the largest health care workers union in New York City, O'Connor strongly criticized the League of Voluntary Hospitals, of which the archdiocese was a member, for threatening to fire striking union members who refused to return to work, calling it "strikebreaking" and vowing that no Catholic hospital would do so.[35] The following year, when a contract with SEIU 1199 still had not been reached, he threatened to break with the League and settle with the union unilaterally to reach an agreement "that gives justice to the workers".[35]

In his homily during a Labor Day mass at St. Patrick's in 1986, O'Connor expressed his strong commitment to organized labor:

"[S]o many of our freedoms in this country, so much of the building up of society, is precisely attributable to the union movement, a movement that I personally will defend despite the weakness of some of its members, despite the corruption with which we are all familiar that pervades all society, a movement that I personally will defend with my life."[36]

In 1987, when the television broadcast employees' union was on strike against the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), a non-union crew from NBC appeared at the cardinal's residence to cover one of O'Connor's press conferences. O'Connor declined to admit the crew, directing his secretary to "tell them they're not invited."[37]

Relations with Jewish community[edit]

  • In 1987, Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel called O'Connor, "a good Christian" and a man "who understands our pain."[38]
  • O'Connor in 1996 strongly denounced anti-Semitism, declaring that one "cannot be a faithful Christian and an anti-Semite. They are incompatible, because anti-Semitism is a sin."[39] He wrote an apology to Jewish leaders in New York City for past harm committed by the Catholic Church to the Jewish community.[40]
  • In 1998, O'Connor criticized the failure of Swiss banks to compensate Jewish Holocaust victims whose stolen assets were deposited in Switzerland by German Nazi leaders. He called it "a human rights issue, an issue of the human race."[41] Even when disagreeing with him over political questions, Jewish leaders acknowledged that O'Connor was "a friend, a powerful voice against anti-Semitism".[42]
  • The Jewish Council for Public Affairs in 2000 called O'Connor "a true friend and champion of Catholic–Jewish relations, [and] a humanitarian who used the power of his pulpit to advocate for disadvantaged people throughout the world and in his own community."[43]

Relations with the LGBT community[edit]

See also: Catholic Church and homosexuality

HIV/AIDS[edit]

In the early 1980s, O'Connor opened a specialized HIV/AIDS medical unit in St. Clare's Hospital in Manhattan, the first of its kind in the state. ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) protested in front of St. Patrick's Cathedral in 1987, holding placards such as "Cardinal O'Connor Loves Gay People ... If They Are Dying of AIDS."[44]

O'Connor made an effort to minister to 1,000 people dying of HIV/AIDS and their families,[45] following up on other HIV/AIDS patients.[44] He visited Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center, where he cleaned the sores and emptied the bedpans of more than 1,100 patients. According to reports, O'Connor was popular with the Saint Vincent's patients, many of whom did not know he was the archbishop, and was supportive of other priests who ministered to gay men and others with HIV/AIDS.[46] [45]

In 1987, US President Ronald Reagan appointed O'Connor to the President's Commission on the HIV Epidemic, also known as the Watkins Commission. O'Connor served with 12 other members, few of whom were AIDS experts.[47] HIV/AIDS researchers and activists initially criticized the commission members as lacking expertise on the disease and as being in disarray.[48][49] The commission report in 1988 called for anti-bias laws to protect HIV-positive patients, on-demand treatment for those with substance abuse problems, and the speeding of HIV/AIDS-related research.[50] The New York Times praised the commission's "remarkable strides" and its proposed $2 billion campaign against HIV/AIDS among drug users.[51]

Hate crimes against LGBTQ[edit]

O'Connor led the 1990 funeral mass at St. Joseph's Church in Staten Island for James Zappalorti, a murdered gay man.[52] O'Connor endorsed a statewide hate crime law that included crimes motivated by sexual orientation, which passed shortly after his own death in 2000.[53]

Job discrimination against LGBTQ[edit]

O'Connor actively opposed Executive Order 50, a mayoral order issued in 1980 by New York Mayor Ed Koch. Order 50 required all city contractors, including religious entities, to provide services on a non-discriminatory basis with respect to race, creed, age, sex, handicap, as well as "sexual orientation or affectational preference".[54] After the Salvation Army received a warning from the city that its contracts for child care services would be canceled for refusing to comply with the executive order's provisions regarding sexual orientation, the Archdiocese of New York and Agudath Israel, an Orthodox Jewish organization, threatened to cancel their contracts with the city if forced to comply.[55] O'Connor maintained that the executive order would cause the Catholic Church to appear to condone homosexual activity.[56] Writing in Catholic New York in January 1985, O'Connor characterized the order as "an exceedingly dangerous precedent [that would] invite unacceptable governmental intrusion into and excessive entanglement with the Church's conducting of its own internal affairs." Drawing the traditional Catholic distinction between homosexual "inclinations" and "behavior", he stated that "we do not believe that homosexual behavior ... should be elevated to a protected category."[57]

We do not believe that religious agencies should be required to employ those engaging in or advocating homosexual behavior. We are willing to consider on a case-by-case basis the employment of individuals who have engaged in or may at some future time engage in homosexual behavior. We approach those who have engaged in or may engage in what the Church considers illicit heterosexual behavior the same way. ...We believe, however, that only a religious agency itself can properly determine the requirements of any particular job within that agency, and whether or not a particular individual meets or is reasonably likely to meet such requirements.[58]

Subsequently, the Salvation Army, the archdiocese, and Agudath Israel, together with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, sued the City of New York to overturn Executive Order 50 on the grounds that the mayor had exceeded his executive authority in issuing it.[54][56] In September 1984, the New York Supreme Court agreed with the plaintiffs. It struck down that part of the order that prohibited discrimination based upon "sexual orientation or affectational preference" on the grounds that the mayor had exceeded his authority.[54] In June 1985, New York's highest court upheld the lower court's decision striking down Executive Order 50.[59]

O'Connor vigorously and actively opposed city and state legislation guaranteeing LGBT civil rights, including legislation (supported by then-mayors Ed Koch, David Dinkins, and Rudy Giuliani) prohibiting discrimination based upon sexual orientation in housing, public accommodations and employment.[60]

St. Patrick's Day parade and LGBTQ participation[edit]

O'Connor supported the 1993 decision by the Ancient Order of Hibernians, which operated the St. Patrick's Day parade in Manhattan, from barring the Irish Lesbian and Gay Organization from marching under its own banner .[61] The Hibernians argued that the First Amendment of the US Constitution protected their decision and that they could not be compelled to admit a group whose beliefs conflicted with theirs.[62] The city subsequently denied the Hibernians a permit for the parade. However, in 1993, a federal judge in New York held that the city's permit denial was "patently unconstitutional" because the parade was private, not public, and constituted "a pristine form of speech" as to which the parade sponsor had a right to control the content and tone.[63]

In 1987, O'Connor prohibited DignityUSA, an organization of LGBT Catholics, from holding masses in parishes in the archdiocese.[64][65] After eight years of protests by the group, O'Connor started meeting with the DignityUSA twice a year.[66]

Condom use for HIV/AIDS prevention[edit]

See also: Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS

O'Connor opposed condom distribution as an HIV/AIDS-prevention measure. He viewed condom use as being contrary to the Catholic Church's teaching that contraception is immoral and its use a sin. O'Connor rejected the argument that condoms distributed to gay men were not contraceptives. O'Connor's response was that using an "evil act" was not justified by good intentions, and that the church should not be seen as encouraging sinful acts among others (other fertile heterosexual couples who might wrongly interpret his narrow support as license for their own contraception).[67][68]

O'Connor in 1993 stated that sexual abstinence is a sure way to prevent HIV/AIDs infection. [67] He claimed condoms were only 50% effective against HIV transmission.[69] HIV activist group ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) criticized the cardinal's opinion,[70] leading to confrontations between the group and O'Connor.

Theodore McCarrick[edit]

In April 1986, O'Connor strongly endorsed the appointment of Theodore McCarrick, then bishop of the Diocese of Metuchen, as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Newark.[71] However, In 1992 and 1993, O'Connor received several anonymous letters accusing McCarrick of sexually abusing seminarians, which he then shared with McCarrick.[72][73] In 1994, before a papal visit by Pope John Paul II to the United State, the apostolic nuncio to the U.S., Cardinal Agostino Cacciavillan, became concerned about the pope visiting Newark, He had heard rumors that McCarrick had engaged in inappropriate sexual behavior in Newark with seminarians. O'Connor conducted an investigation for Cacciavillan and concluded that there were "no impediments" to visiting that city.[74][75]

In October 1996, when two psychiatrists judged that a priest's charge of sexual abuse by McCarrick was credible, O'Connor remained skeptical.[76] That same month, however, he intervened to prevent a priest "too closely identified" with McCarrick from becoming an auxiliary bishop. O'Connor cited "a rather unsettled climate of opinion about certain issues" in Newark.[77]

In October 1999, when John Paul II was considering transferring McCarrick to a more important archdiocese, O'Connor wrote a letter to the apostolic nuncio to the U.S. and the Congregation for Bishops. It summarized the charges against McCarrick, especially his repeatedly arrangement of seminarians and other men to share his bed anc concluded: "I regret that I would have to recommend very strongly against such promotion." According to reports, the pope did read the letter[78][79]

McCarrick learned about O'Connor's letter from contacts in the Curia.[80] In August 2000, several months after O'Connor's death, McCarrick sent a rebuttal to John Paul II, which allegedly convinced the pope to appoint him archbishop of Washington.[81][82] McCarrick resigned from the College of Cardinals in 2018 and was laicized in 2019.[83][84]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Langan, Sheila (June 11, 2014). "New York Cardinal John O'Connor Was the Grandson of a Jewish Rabbi". Irish Central. Archived from the original on June 15, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
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  71. ^ Report 2020, p. 49.
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  80. ^ Report 2020, p. 171.
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  82. ^ Report 2020, pp. 169ff.
  83. ^ Dias, Elisabeth; Horowitz, Jason (February 16, 2019). "Pope Defrocks Theodore McCarrick, Ex-Cardinal Accused of Sexual Abuse". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  84. ^ Provoledo, Elisabetta; Otterman, Sharon (July 28, 2018). "Cardinal Theodore McCarrick Resigns Amid Sexual Abuse Scandal". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2020.

Cited works[edit]

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Catholic Church titles
Preceded by — TITULAR —
Bishop of Cursola
1979–1983 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Bishop of Scranton
1983–1984 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York
1984–2000 		Succeeded by
Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo
1985–2000
Military offices
Preceded by Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy
1975–1979 		Succeeded by
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