January 1980

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January 27, 1980: Canadian Embassy sneaks six U.S. diplomats out of Iran
January 6, 1980: Indira Gandhi returned to power in India
January 22, 1980: Soviet H-bomb inventor Andrei Sakharov arrested and moved to closed city
5 troy oz. silver ingot
January 18, 1980: Price of silver hits record high of $52.80 per ounce

The following events happened in January 1980:

January 1, 1980 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • A 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Azores at 3:42 in the afternoon local time on the first day of the new decade[1] (1642 UTC), and killed 61 people. Hardest hit by the quake was Terceira Island and its provincial capital, Angra do Heroísmo.[2]
  • Forty-eight people at a New Year's party in Canada were killed, and 50 others injured, in the Opémiska Community Hall fire in Chapais, Quebec.[3] At 1:15 in the morning, one of the party goers set fire to a decorative arch, made from dried pine tree branches over the doorway, igniting a blaze that spread to Christmas trees that had been used to decorate the community hall ballroom.[4]
  • At 12:01 a.m., Massachusetts became the last of the 50 states of the U.S. to permit drivers to turn right at a red light.[5] Massachusetts changed its law under pressure from the United States Department of Energy, which had threatened to withhold one million dollars in special funds if the state failed to amend its rules to prevent drivers from wasting fuel while idling at a light. The Massachusetts law still allowed municipalities to install a "No Turn on Red" sign at designated intersections, and the Boston Globe noted that the state paid for $100,000 worth of new signs "plus unknown installation costs";[6] within a week, the Department of Public Works estimated that only one-third of intersections in the state allowed a right turn.[7]
Heiress presumptive Victoria[8]

January 2, 1980 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • Both the Associated Press poll of 67 sportswriters and the United Press International poll of 38 coaches agreed that the University of Alabama Crimson Tide was the number one college football team in the United States after the postseason bowl games, which the NCAA acknowledged in the pre-playoff era as the "unofficial college football national champion". In the AP poll, Alabama received more first place votes than the University of Southern California Trojans, 46 to 21 (and 1,317 points to 1,289) and in the UPI poll, the coaches favored Alabama 28 to 9 (and 559 to 539 points), with one vote for the 11-1-0 University of Oklahoma Sooners.[13]
  • Willie Stargell of the famed 1979 MLB World Champions Pittsburgh Pirates was named The Sporting News Man of the Year.
  • Bert Parks, known for 25 years as the host of the annual Miss America beauty pageant, was fired by the pageant's organizers.[14] Although Parks, known for closing the pageant every year by singing "There She Is, Miss America", said that he knew "nothing about this at all" until being informed by a reporter, the pageant's CEO said that Parks had been sent a letter two weeks earlier that he would not be rehired for another one-year contract.[15]
  • Born:

January 3, 1980 (Thursday)[edit]

  • U.S. President Jimmy Carter asked the Senate to delay further consideration of ratification of the SALT II Treaty, the second U.S. and U.S.S.R. agreement from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks to limit the number of nuclear missiles.[17] The treaty had been signed on June 18, 1979, but would never be ratified. Both sides would voluntarily avoid building more missiles beyond the limitations, but the U.S. would exceed the limits in 1986. On July 31, 1991, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. would sign a new agreement to reduce their stockpile of missiles, START (the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), which would be ratified and later superseded by new agreements.
  • The five-member Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG) that had ruled El Salvador since October 15 fell apart as two of the three civilian members resigned, leaving the Central American nation controlled by two Salvadoran colonels and one civilian, who resigned the next day.[18] Earlier in the week, all but one of the cabinet ministers had quit in protest over the military domination of the government that had replaced the president, General Carlos Humberto Romero. All three civilian members of the junta resigned on January 3, 1980, along with 10 of the 11 cabinet ministers. The two military leaders, junta chairman Adolfo Majano and Jaime Abdul Gutiérrez, formed a second junta with three new civilians, José Morales, Héctor Dada, and José Ávalos replacing Guillermo Ungo, Mario Andino and Román Mayorga.
  • Francisco de Sá Carneiro took office as Prime Minister of Portugal after his Social Democratic Party captured 128 of the 250 seats in Parliament in the December 2 election for the Assembleia da República, succeeding Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo.[19] Sá Carneiro would be killed in a plane crash before the end of the year, on December 4, 1980.
  • Ottis Anderson, the St. Louis Cardinals running back who shattered the NFL's rookie rushing record, became the first player in NFC history to earn both the UPI Player and Rookie of the year Awards when he was a runaway choice as the conference's top first-year player.
  • Died: Joy Adamson (born Friederike Gessner), 69, Austro-Hungarian naturalist and author of the bestselling book Born Free, was murdered by a former employee. The media initially reported that Adamson, famous for raising Elsa the lioness from a cub to maturity, had been killed by a lion.[20] On February 8, the employee, Paul Ekai, was charged with Adamson's murder and convicted on August 28, 1981.[21]

January 4, 1980 (Friday)[edit]

January 5, 1980 (Saturday)[edit]

Post-mortem illustration of José Larenas Miranda's injuries.

January 6, 1980 (Sunday)[edit]

January 7, 1980 (Monday)[edit]

  • U.S. President Carter signed the Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979 into law, providing a guaranteed federal government loan of $1.5 billion to bail out the financially ailing Chrysler Corporation. "This legislation does not violate the principle of letting free enterprise function on its own," President Carter said, "because Chrysler is unique in its present circumstance."[31] The ten-year loan came with conditions that Chrysler would turn over $162,500,000 of its stock to its employees, in return for hourly workers to forgo $462,500,000 of bargained for wage increases, and white-collar employees yielding $125 million of future raises. Chrysler was also required to obtain $500,000,000 in additional private bank loans on top of the federal loan, and to sell $1.43 billion of its own assets to raise money.[32] Within less than four years, Chrysler would pay off the loan, plus interest, to the United States Treasury, presenting a final check for $813,487,500 to the government on August 12, 1983.[33]
  • The United Nations Security Council voted, 13 to 2, to approve UNSC Resolution 462 to demand that the Soviet Union withdraw its troops from Afghanistan, which the USSR had invaded on December 22. The Soviets used their veto power, as one of the five permanent members of the council, to negate the resolution.[34] Two days later, the Security Council approved (12 to 2) Resolution 463, a motion (by Mexico and the Philippines) to submit the question to the entire General Assembly for consideration, a procedural move that could not be vetoed.[35]
  • Sister Carolyn Farrell became the first nun to govern an American city, after the city council selected her as the new Mayor of Dubuque, Iowa.[36] Sister Carolyn was part of the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
  • National Airlines, one of three U.S. carriers that had scheduled passenger flights to Europe prior to the 1978 deregulation of the industry, was purchased by Pan American World Airways for $437,000,000.[37] Pan Am acquired National's fleet of 43 Boeing 727 jets and 16 DC-10 jumbo jets, but also worsened its financial problems and would cease operations on December 4, 1991.
  • Died:
    • Simonne Mathieu, 71, French tennis player who won the women's French Championships singles title in 1938 and 1939, and had 11 doubles titles at the French Open and at Wimbledon
    • Dov Yosef, 80, Canadian-born Israeli politician in nine ministries from 1948 to 1966

January 8, 1980 (Tuesday)[edit]

January 9, 1980 (Wednesday)[edit]

January 10, 1980 (Thursday)[edit]

January 11, 1980 (Friday)[edit]

The Strait of Hormuz
Nigel Short at 11

January 12, 1980 (Saturday)[edit]

  • West Germany's new Green Party (Die Grünen) held its founding Congress at Karlsruhe as an activist for environmentalism and for the peace movement. A London correspondent noted that "West Germany has a new political force, the likes of which this country has not seen since the war."[54] The delegates voted to approve the Four Pillars (Vier Grundwerten) of the Green Party (Social justice, Ecological wisdom, Grassroots democracy and Nonviolence), and elected Petra Kelly as their first leader. From 1998 to 2005, it would be part of the ruling coalition of Germany with the Social Democratic party.
  • Born: Amerie (stage name for Amerie Marie Rogers), American R & B singer and actress; in Fitchburg, Massachusetts
  • Died: Finn Ronne, 80, Norwegian polar explorer

January 13, 1980 (Sunday)[edit]

  • For the second time in a week, the Soviet Union used its United Nations Security Council veto power. A resolution, sponsored by the United States, calling for economic sanctions against Iran until the release of hostages from Tehran's U.S. Embassy, was approved 10 to 2 (with two abstentions) but the Soviets then cast a veto, killing the measure.[55]
  • Joshua Nkomo, leader of the Zimbabwe African People's Union, returned to Zimbabwe Rhodesia after his exile in neighboring Zambia, and prepared to compete in the pre-independence parliamentary elections.[56]
  • The U.S. offered $400,000,000 of military and economic aid to Pakistan to protect the Islamic nation from the Soviet Union, which had invaded neighboring Afghanistan three weeks earlier.[57]
  • Three people— an American and two French tourists— were injured by a terrorist bomb at the New York City office of Aeroflot, the Soviet Union's national airline. At 6:07 in the evening, a man in a ski mask threw a package into the airline's office at 545 Fifth Avenue. Callers claiming to be from the Jewish Defense League and from the anti-Castro Omega 7 group took credit.[58]
  • Died: Andre Kostelanetz, 78, Russian-born American orchestra conductor

January 14, 1980 (Monday)[edit]

January 15, 1980 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • The Islamic Republic of Iran ordered all foreign television journalists to leave the country by midnight on Friday.[63]
  • Brandon Tartikoff, who would turn around the fortunes of the third-place NBC television network during the 1980s, became chief of programming for the network at the age of 31, when he was named as the new President of NBC Entertainment.[64]
  • In an unusual show of vigilante justice, a mob of about 300 people in the town of Belford Roxo in Rio de Janeiro state beat two robbers to death. The two thieves had boarded a bus, forced passengers in the impoverished town to give up money at gunpoint, and then were chased by an outraged mob. One thief was shot four times by a victim. The two men had taken less than ten dollars.[65]

January 16, 1980 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • As the Iran Hostage Crisis continued, Walter Cronkite closed his CBS Evening News broadcast with the words "And that's the way it is, Wednesday, January 16th, 1980, the 74th day of captivity for 50 Americans in Iran. This is Walter Cronkite, CBS News. Good night."[66] For the rest of the crisis, Cronkite would continue the tally at the end of each broadcast, until January 20, 1981, "the 444th day of captivity for 50 Americans in Iran".[67]
  • Farragut, Tennessee, was incorporated as a municipality by residents of the East Tennessee community who wished to avoid annexation by adjacent Knoxville. The town hae a population of about 23,000 in 2020.[68]
  • Born:
    • Lin-Manuel Miranda, American Broadway musical producer and actor, multiple Tony Award, Grammy Award and Emmy Award winner as well as the Pulitzer Prize; known for writing the music and lyrics for, and starring in the title role, in Hamilton; in New York City
    • Albert Pujols, Dominican-born Major League Baseball first baseman, three time National League MVP; as José Alberto Pujols Alcántara in Santo Domingo

January 17, 1980 (Thursday)[edit]

January 18, 1980 (Friday)[edit]

  • The price of silver hit its peak ($52.80 per troy ounce on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT)) during trading as brothers Nelson Bunker Hunt, William Herbert Hunt and Lamar Hunt attempted to corner the market by buying one-third of the world's silver in what economists would later describe as "one of the most serious manipulations of an American futures market to occur in this century."[71] At the start of 1979, the price had been $6.08 per troy ounce. After January 18, the price steadily declined, with a massive selloff on March 27, 1980, now referred to as Silver Thursday.
  • The Almö Bridge, connecting the Swedish city of Tjörn to the mainland, collapsed after the Norwegian freighter MS Star Clipper struck the bridge arch at 1:27 in the morning and took out its main span. Eight motorists were killed when, driving through a fog and unaware that the bridge was out, plunged to their deaths 41 metres (135 ft) below into the waters of the Hake Fjord. Police on the mainland sealed off their side of the bridge within 14 minutes. According to a report of the Associated Press, "A policeman on Tjorn Island was telephoned at home some 10 minutes after the accident, but it took him 50 minutes to get dressed and drive to the site to block the other end, police said."[72]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Cecil Beaton, 76, English costume designer for stage and film, winner for four Tony Awards and three Academy Awards
    • Barbara Britton, 59, American film, radio and television actress best known as one of the title characters in the Mr. and Mrs. North broadcast series; from pancreatic cancer

January 19, 1980 (Saturday)[edit]

January 20, 1980 (Sunday)[edit]

  • The Pittsburgh Steelers pro football team defeated the Los Angeles Rams, 31 to 19, to win Super Bowl XIV and their fourth NFL title in six seasons.[75] Played in Pasadena, California, at the Rose Bowl Stadium, the game was watched by 103,985 spectators, a record that still stands, as well as an estimated 76,200,000 viewers on television. The Rams led the game at the end of each of the first three quarters (7–3, 13–10 and 19–17), but Pittsburgh scored two touchdowns in the fourth quarter, putting the game out of reach with a less than two minutes to play.
  • The collapse of wooden bleachers during a bullfight in the Colombian town of Sincelejo, and the subsequent stampede of panicked survivors who trampled those people who were on the ground, killed 222 spectators.[76] An estimated 40,000 fans were at the bullring, the largest in the South American nation, and about 3,000 had been standing on the section that fell. Investigators concluded that the ground beneath the supporting beams had been softened by recent heavy rains.[77]
  • U.S. President Carter informed the United States Olympic Committee that he wanted the USOC not to participate in the Summer Olympic Games, scheduled to open in Moscow on July 19, as a response to the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan. "The course I am urging is necessary to help secure the peace of the world at this critical time," he wrote in a letter to USOC President Robert Kane, adding "If our response to aggression is to continue with international sports as usual in the capital of the aggressor, our other steps to deter aggression are undermined."[78] Within one week, the U.S. Congress passed a non-binding resolution of support for a deadline giving the Soviet Union until February 20 to withdraw invading troops from Afghanistan, with 386-12 approval in the House and 88-4 approval in the Senate.[79]
  • Born:

January 21, 1980 (Monday)[edit]

Boyce
  • American spy Christopher John Boyce, convicted in 1977 of selling classified documents to the Soviet Union, escaped from the federal prison in Lompoc, California, where he was serving a 40-year sentence.[83] Boyce eluded capture for almost two years, committing 17 bank robberies in an attempt to finance an escape to the U.S.S.R., before being arrested by U.S. Marshals on August 21, 1981. Boyce, nicknamed "the Falcon" and the subject of a book and the 1985 film The Falcon and the Snowman, would be released in 2002 to a halfway house in San Francisco, then paroled on March 14, 2003, after having served 25 years of an 89-year prison sentence.[84][85]
  • Born:
  • Died: Georges Painvin, 93, French cryptanalyst who broke the German ADFGVX cipher during World War One

January 22, 1980 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • Andrei Sakharov, Soviet nuclear physicist and human rights activist, was arrested in Moscow and then deported to the city of Gorky, off limits at the time to foreigners.[86] Sakharov, who had publicly criticized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, was leaving his apartment to attend a meeting when police stopped his car and drove him to the office of prosecutor general Aleksandr Rekunkov, who informed him of his relocation to Gorky.[87] Yelena Bonner, Sakharov's wife, was allowed to go with him and the two were then taken to Domodedovo Airport and then flown to the exile city. Sakharov, the chief designer of the Soviet Union's first hydrogen bomb, would live in exile in Gorky until December 19, 1986,[88] and would live for almost three more years in Moscow until his death on December 14, 1989.
  • The Guardia Nacional of El Salvador fired into a crowd of anti-government protesters in San Salvador, killing at least 22 people and possibly as many as 50, while wounding hundreds of others.[89]
  • Born: Christopher Masterson, American TV actor known for Malcolm in the Middle; in Hempstead, New York

January 23, 1980 (Wednesday)[edit]

U.S. President Carter
  • At his annual State of the Union Address to Congress, U.S. President Carter announced a change in American foreign policy, defining what the press referred to as "The Carter Doctrine", which was summed up in a single sentence: "An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force."[90]
  • Died: Lil Dagover (stage name for Martha Seubert), 92, popular German film actress

January 24, 1980 (Thursday)[edit]

January 25, 1980 (Friday)[edit]

  • Voters in Iran participated in that nation's first presidential election and overwhelmingly favored Foreign Minister Abolhassan Banisadr, the candidate endorsed by Iran's spiritual leader, the Ayatollah Khomeini.[94] Banisadr received more than 75 percent of the votes in a field of eight candidates. The second-place finisher, Ahmad Madani received less than 16 percent. Banisadr was inaugurated as the Islamic Republic's first President on February 5, but would serve only 16 months before being removed from office by the Majlis. After a month in hiding, Banisadr was able to fly out of Iran and would eventually live in exile in France.
  • At 11:00 in the evening Eastern Time, Black Entertainment Television (BET) began telecasting as the first cable channel aimed at African American audiences.[95] Robert L. Johnson, President of BET, said in a press release "The creation of a black television network means that, for the first time in this nation's history, black Americans will have access to a network that programs specifically to their entertainment and informational interests." The initial offering, available to 350 cable systems and 4,500,000 households, was the 1974 film Visit to a Chief's Son. BET originally operated only two hours per week, on Friday nights, offering unedited films, along with commercials. The next two programs were 1977's Which Way Is Up? on February 1 and Scott Joplin on February 8.[96]
  • Born:

January 26, 1980 (Saturday)[edit]

January 27, 1980 (Sunday)[edit]

  • Disguised as a Canadian film crew, four United States diplomats and their spouses — Joseph and Kathleen Stafford, Mark and Cora Lijek, Bob Anders and Lee Schatz — used fake Canadian passports to escape from Tehran, Iran, as they boarded Swissair Flight 363 at 5:30 in the morning and flew to Zürich.[101][102] On November 4, five members of the group had escaped from the back of the U.S. Embassy compound during a rainstorm, even as it was being taken over by student demonstrators, and were joined by a sixth who had been working in a nearby office. For almost three months, they were protected by Kenneth D. Taylor, Canada's Ambassador to Iran and in the home of Canada's chief immigration officer, John Sheardown. The New York Times was aware of the six Americans, but the editors agreed with the U.S. Department of State not to reveal the story. Antonio J. Mendez of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's Office of Technical Service provided the fake passports, along with disguise materials and clothing "to match what might be expected of a film crew", and then escorted the six Americans to the Mehrabad Airport.[103] The event would be dramatized in the 2012 film Argo.
  • The border between Egypt and Israel was opened for the first time since the founding of Israel in 1948. A woman named Geula Gilboa was the first Israeli citizen to cross into Israel by land, traveling across the border at El Arish, where she was welcomed by Egyptian officials.[104][105] Egypt's President Anwar Sadat and Israel's Prime Minister Menahem Begin announced the agreement on November 21, 1977.
  • A group of 300 Tunisian rebels crossed from Libya into Tunisia and attacked Gafsa, killing 20 people.[106][107]
  • Robert Mugabe, leader of the Zimbabwe African National Union, returned to Rhodesia after more than four years in exile to run in the upcoming national elections, and was greeted in Salisbury by a crowd of 200,000 people, noted as a larger crowd than that which had greeted his rival, Joshua Nkomo. ZANU won the control in parliamentary elections and Mugabe became the first Prime Minister of the Republic of Zimbabwe on April 18.
  • David Sutton, a coin shop owner in Everett, Washington, became the first victim of Charles T. Sinclair, the "Coin Shop Killer".
  • Born: Marat Safin, Russian-born professional tennis player, winner of the 2000 U.S. Open and the 2005 Australian Open, and the ATP #1 ranked player for nine weeks in 2000; in Moscow
  • Died:

January 28, 1980 (Monday)[edit]

  • Twenty-three of the 50 crew died when the U.S. Coast Guard cutter USCGC Blackthorn collided with the oil tanker SS Capricorn in Tampa Bay and then capsized.[108] At 8:21 in the evening, the cutter and the much larger tanker impacted.[109] The anchor of Capricorn tore into the hull of Blackthorn, then separated, pulling the cutter downward and leaving a large hole that filled with water. Within three minutes, by 8:24, the Coast Guard cutter sank along with the crew who had not been able to evacuate.[110] A shrimp boat, The Bayou rescued 22 of the 27 survivors from chilly waters.[111]
A Coca-Cola with sucrose

January 29, 1980 (Tuesday)[edit]

Rubik's Cube[113]

January 30, 1980 (Wednesday)[edit]

January 31, 1980 (Thursday)[edit]

  • Spain's Embassy in Guatemala was invaded and set on fire during an attempt by Guatemalan commandos to free 10 people taken hostage by the Committee for Peasant Unity. Eight of the hostages and 28 of the occupiers were burned to death after a fire swept through the second floor. Spain severed all diplomatic relations with Guatemala after the incident.[118]
  • Kang Shi'en, a Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China and chief of the nation's Economic Commission, made the first statement from the Chinese government that the nation's population had reached one billion people. Kang's remarks came in an address to a group of delegates from Norway's shipping industry, when he said "Even if we succeed in restricting the population, we will have 1 billion, 200 million people by the year 2000. We already have 1 billion." Western analysts noted that Kang's estimate "presumably includes the 17 million people on Taiwan, which the Peking government considers a part of China."[119] The official number as of the Census of July 1, 1982 was that the mainland population was 1,008,180,738 people, a figure announced in the newspaper People's Daily on October 27, 1982.[120]
Flood

References[edit]

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  2. ^ "Azores city of 17,000 shattered", Montreal Gazette, January 3, 1980, p2
  3. ^ "42 dead, 50 hurt in fire, man held by Que. police", Ottawa Journal, January 2, 1980, p1
  4. ^ "Quebec Fire Kills 42 At New Year's Party", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 2, 1980, p4
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  6. ^ "Yes, it's turned into a right old mess", Boston Globe, December 31, 1979, p13
  7. ^ "More turns on red promised by DPW", Boston Globe, January 9, 1980, p37
  8. ^ attribution: Henrik Sendelbach
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  68. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
  69. ^ "Scotland yard probes $60 million oil 'theft'". Ottawa Journal. February 1, 1980. p. 1.
  70. ^ Soyer, Baris (2014). Marine Insurance Fraud. Taylor & Francis. pp. 229–231.
  71. ^ Hendrik S. Houthakker and Peter J. Williamson, The Economics of Financial Markets (Oxford University Press, 1996) p292-299
  72. ^ "Cars, truck drive off bridge hit by freighter", Baltimore Evening Sun, January 19, 1980, p1
  73. ^ "Alfonso XIII is reburied in Spain", Louisville Courier-Journal, January 19, 1980, pA13
  74. ^ "Wilt vs. The World", "Scorecard", by Jerry Kirshenbaum, Sports Illustrated, February 4, 1980, p16
  75. ^ "Four Down, '80s to Go", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 21, 1980, p1
  76. ^ "January 20, 1980: Bullfight spectators die when bleachers collapse", This Day in History
  77. ^ "At Least 147 Killed in Bullring Collapse", Tampa (FL) Tribune, January 21, 1980, p1
  78. ^ "Carter: Don't Go to Moscow", Miami Herald, January 21, 1980, p1
  79. ^ "The Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games and Detente", by Rob C.R. Siekmann, in Essays on Human Rights in the Helsinki Process, ed. by Arie Bloed and Pieter van Dijk (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1985)
  80. ^ "Gold Prices - 100 Year Historical Chart". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  81. ^ "Iran Air Jet Goes Down Carrying 128 On Board", Cincinnati Enquirer, January 22, 1980, p4
  82. ^ Aviation Safety Database
  83. ^ "Boyce, 'Falcon' of Spy Story, Escapes Lompoc", Los Angeles Times, January 22, 1980, p6
  84. ^ "'Falcon' in spy case paroled from prison", Chicago Tribune, March 15, 2003, p12
  85. ^ "Cold War spy released after 25 years— Christopher Boyce, now 50, will be on parole until 2046", Charlotte Observer, March 15, 2003, p11
  86. ^ "Dissident Sakharov Banished by Soviets-- Banished by Soviets", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 23, 1980, p1
  87. ^ "Soviet Dissident Sakharov Seized, Exiled From Moscow", Sacramento Bee, January 23, 1980, p1
  88. ^ "Sakharov released, Bonner pardoned", Indianapolis News, December 19, 1986, p1
  89. ^ From Madness to Hope: The 12-year war in El Salvador, Report of the UN Truth Commission on El Salvador, April 1, 1993
  90. ^ "Carter Doctrine Is Major Change", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 24, 1980, p1
  91. ^ "U.S. to sell China materiel; Weapons not on list", Baltimore Sun, January 25, 1980, p1
  92. ^ Aviation Safety Database
  93. ^ "Burma jet crash kills 43", Daily News (New York), January 26, 1980, pC9
  94. ^ "Iran: Strong Bani-Sadr Vote Seen", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 26, 1980, p1
  95. ^ "Black TV network on the air", Muncie (IN) Evening Press, January 25, 1980, p15
  96. ^ "Cable TV adds black programming to Friday schedule", Rapid City (SD) Journal, January 25, 1980, p3
  97. ^ "Egypt and Israel establish formal diplomatic ties", San Francisco Sunday Examiner & Chronicle, January 27, 1980, p2
  98. ^ "Egyptian History (Part 3)". OnThisDay.com. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  99. ^ "Sinatra Drives Brazil Bananas", El Paso (TX) Times, January 28, 1980, p3
  100. ^ "Mary Decker Runs World Record Mile", Los Angeles Times, January 27, 1980, pIII-3
  101. ^ "Yanks sneak out of Iran— Diplomats use fake passports, fool militants". San Francisco Examiner. January 28, 1980. p. 1.
  102. ^ "The Great Escape: Six U.S. Officials Flee Iran With Forged Papers, Canadian Passports". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 30, 1980. p. 1.
  103. ^ Richelson, Jeffrey T. (2008). The Wizards Of Langley: Inside The Cia's Directorate Of Science And Technology. Basic Books.
  104. ^ Shipler, David K. (January 28, 1980). "Visa Problem at Opening Of Israel-Egypt Frontier". The New York Times. p. A-3.
  105. ^ "Israel-Egypt Border Opens— Brut Not Very Wide". Charlotte Observer. January 30, 1980. p. 1.
  106. ^ "Guerrillas Kill 20 in Tunisia; Troops Sent". Los Angeles Times. January 28, 1980. p. 7.
  107. ^ "Tunisian rebels 'were trained in Libya'". The Guardian. London. January 29, 1980. p. 6.
  108. ^ "Six bodies found, 17 missing as divers search Tampa Bay", Tampa (FL) Times, January 29, 1980, p1
  109. ^ Marine Casualty Report: USCGC Blackthorn, SS Capricorn, Collision in Tampa Bay on 28 January 1980 with Loss of Life, U.S. Coast Guard Marine Board of Investigation Report" (1980)
  110. ^ "A 1980 Coast Guard disaster killed 23 in Tampa Bay. Here’s one hero’s story.", by Kirby Wilson, Tampa Bay Times, January 27, 2020
  111. ^ "Quick Rescue— Horrified Fishermen Hauled Survivor's Aboard As Doomed Ship Sank Quickly", Tampa Tribune, January 30, 1980, p9
  112. ^ "Coca-Cola will replace cane sugar with corn", AP report in Fort Myers (FL) News-Press, January 29, 1980, p16A
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  115. ^ "South African troops end pullout from Rhodesian side of bridge", Boston Globe, January 31, 1980, p5
  116. ^ "Base Belgrano III— Isla Berkner, mar de Weddell (77º46'S 38º11'W)"
  117. ^ "Congressional Directory for the 115th Congress (2017-2018), October 2018 Revision -".
  118. ^ "30 Are Killed In Guatemala Embassy Battle". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 1, 1980. p. 3.
  119. ^ "China population reaches 1 billion". Rapid City Journal. Rapid City, South Dakota. Associated Press. February 1, 1980. p. 20.
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  121. ^ "Flood Praised by Moorhead". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 1, 1980. p. 3.
  122. ^ "Dutch Queen Abdicates, Daughter to Get Throne". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. February 1, 1980. p. 3.
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