Jacques Plante

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Jacques Plante
Hockey Hall of Fame, 1978
Plante with the Quebec Citadelles in 1948
Born (1929-01-17)January 17, 1929[1]
Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel, Quebec, Canada
Died February 27, 1986(1986-02-27) (aged 57)
Geneva, Switzerland
Height 6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
Weight 175 lb (79 kg; 12 st 7 lb)
Position Goaltender
Caught Left
Played for
Playing career 1947–1965
  • 1968–1973
  • 1974–1975

Joseph Jacques Omer Plante (French pronunciation: [ʒɑk plɑ̃t]; January 17, 1929 – February 27, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. During a career lasting from 1947 to 1975, he was considered to be one of the most important innovators in hockey. He played for the Montreal Canadiens from 1953 to 1963; during his tenure, the team won the Stanley Cup six times, including five consecutive wins. In 2017 Plante was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history.[2][3]

Plante retired in 1965 but was persuaded to return to the National Hockey League to play for the expansion St. Louis Blues in 1968. He was later traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1970 and to the Boston Bruins in 1973. He joined the World Hockey Association as coach and general manager for the Quebec Nordiques in 1973–74. He then played goal for the Edmonton Oilers in 1974–75, ending his professional career with that team.

Plante was the first NHL goaltender to wear a goaltender mask in regulation play on a regular basis.[4] He developed and tested many versions of the mask (including the forerunner of today's mask/helmet combination) with the assistance of other experts. Plante was the first NHL goaltender to regularly play the puck outside his crease in support of his team's defencemen, and he often instructed his teammates from behind the play. Plante was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978, was chosen as the goaltender of the Canadiens' "dream team" in 1985, and was inducted into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994. The Montreal Canadiens retired Plante's jersey, #1, the following year. Plante ranks seventh among NHL goalies for all-time career wins with 437.

Early life[edit]

A teenage Plante assumes the traditional goaltender stance, slightly crouched with legs together, wearing goaltender pads on his legs, his team sweater, and holding a goaltender stick in his right hand with the blade of the stick in front of his feet
Jacques Plante in the 1944–1945 season, aged 15 or 16

Plante was born on a farm near Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel, in Mauricie, Quebec, the first of 11 children born to Palma and Xavier Plante.[5] The family moved to Shawinigan Falls, where his father worked in one of the local factories. In 1932, Plante began to play hockey, skateless and with a tennis ball, using a goaltender's hockey stick his father had carved from a tree root.[6] When he was five years old, Plante fell off a ladder and broke his hand. The fracture failed to heal properly and affected his playing style during his early hockey career; he underwent successful corrective surgery as an adult.[1][7] Plante suffered from asthma starting in early childhood. This prevented him from skating for extended periods, so he gravitated to playing goaltender.[8] As his playing progressed, Jacques received his first regulation goaltender's stick for Christmas of 1936.[5] His father made Plante's first pads by stuffing potato sacks and reinforcing them with wooden panels.[5] As a child, Plante played hockey outdoors in the bitterly cold Quebec winters. His mother taught him how to knit his own tuques to protect him from the cold. Plante continued knitting and embroidering throughout his life and wore his hand-knitted tuques while playing and practicing until entering the National Hockey League (NHL).[5]

Plante's first foray into organized hockey came at age 12. He was watching his school's team practice, when the coach ordered the goaltender off the ice after a heated argument over his play, and Plante asked to replace him. The coach permitted him to play, since there was no other available goaltender; it was quickly apparent that Plante could hold his own, despite the other players being many years older than he was.[9] He impressed the coach and stayed on as the team's number-one goaltender.[10]

Two years later, Plante was playing for five different teams — the local factory team, and teams in the midget, juvenile, junior and intermediate categories.[11] Plante demanded a salary from the factory team's coach after his father told him that the other players were being paid, because they were company employees. The coach paid Plante 50 cents per game to retain him and maintain the team's popularity.[6] Afterwards, Plante began to receive various offers from other teams; he was offered $80 per week — a considerable sum in those days — to play for a team in England, and a similar offer to play for the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League. Plante passed them up, because his parents wanted him to finish high school. He graduated with top honours in 1947.[12] Upon graduation, he took a job as a clerk in a Shawinigan factory. A few weeks later, the Quebec Citadels offered Plante $85 per week to play for them; he accepted, marking the beginning of his professional career.[12]

In 1949, he married Jacqueline Gagné; they had two sons, Michel and Richard.[13]

Playing career[edit]

Minor leagues[edit]

Plante, seated in front in tuque, with the Quebec Citadelles

Jacques joined the Quebec Citadelles in 1947. While playing for Quebec, Plante started to play the puck outside his crease,[14] a technique he developed when he recognized that the team's defense was performing poorly. Fans found Plante's unconventional playing style to be exciting,[15] but it angered his managers, who believed that a goaltender should stay in net and let his players recover the puck.[14] Plante had come to the conclusion that as long as he was in control of the puck, the opponents could not shoot it at him – this is now standard practice for goaltenders.[16] The same season, the Citadelles beat the Montreal Junior Canadiens in the league finals, with Plante being named most valuable player on his team.[17] The Montreal Canadiens' general manager, Frank J. Selke, became interested in acquiring Plante as a member of the team.[17] In 1948, Plante received an invitation to the Canadiens' training camp. On August 17, 1949, Selke offered Plante a contract. Plante played for Montreal's affiliate Royal Montreal Hockey Club, earning $4,500 for the season, and an extra $500 for practicing with the Canadiens.[18]

In January 1953, Plante was called up to play for the Canadiens. Bill Durnan, the goaltender who played for Montreal when Plante first began, had retired, and Gerry McNeil, their top goaltender, had fractured his jaw.[6] Plante played three games, but in that short time, he generated controversy. Coach Dick Irvin, Sr. did not wish his players to stand out by any addition to their regular uniforms.[19] Plante always wore one of his tuques while playing hockey, and after an argument with Irvin, all of Plante's tuques had vanished from the Montreal locker room.[20] Even without his good luck charm,[19] Plante gave up only four goals in the three games he played, all of them wins.[20]

Later during the 1952–53 NHL season, Plante played in the playoffs against the Chicago Black Hawks. He won his first playoff game with a shutout.[21] Montreal won that series and eventually the Stanley Cup, and Plante's name was engraved on the Cup for the first time.[21]

At the beginning of 1953, McNeil was still the starting goaltender for the Canadiens.[22] Selke assigned Plante to the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League so fans in the United States would get to know him.[23] Plante was instantly successful; Fred Hunt, the general manager of the Bisons, told Kenny Reardon, Montreal's recruiting manager, "he's [Plante] the biggest attraction since the good old days of Terry Sawchuk."[23]

Montreal Canadiens[edit]

By the end of the 1953–54 season, Plante was well-entrenched within the NHL.[24] In the spring of 1954, he underwent surgery to correct his left hand, which he had broken in his childhood. He could not move the hand well enough to catch high shots and compensated by using the rest of his body. The operation was successful.[7]

On February 12, 1954, Plante was called up to the Canadiens and established himself as their starting goaltender – he did not return to the minor leagues for many years.[25] Plante was the Canadiens' number one goaltender at the beginning of the 1954–55 NHL season. On March 13, 1955, with only four games left in the season, an on-ice brawl resulted in the suspension of Montreal's leading scorer, Maurice Richard, for the rest of the season and the playoffs. Four nights later, playing in Montreal in front of an angry crowd, Plante was witness to the riot that followed. The Canadiens subsequently lost to the Detroit Red Wings in the finals.[26]

For the 1955–56 season, Plante was the unchallenged starting goaltender of the Canadiens; Gerry McNeil had not played the previous season and was sent to the Montreal Royals. Charlie Hodge, Plante's backup the previous season, was sent to the Seattle Americans, a Canadiens' farm team.[27] Later that season, Montreal won the Stanley Cup, the first of what would be five consecutive Stanley Cup championship seasons.[28] For his part, Plante won the first of five consecutive Vezina Trophies.[29] The next season, Plante missed most of November because of chronic bronchitis, a consequence of the asthma that had affected him since childhood.[30] During the 1957–58 NHL season, the Canadiens won their third straight Stanley Cup despite injuries to Plante and other members of the team. Plante's asthma was getting worse. He sustained a concussion with just a few weeks left in the season and missed three games of the playoffs.[31] In the sixth game of the Stanley Cup finals, Plante's asthma was making him dizzy, and he was having difficulty concentrating; he collapsed at the end of the game after teammate Doug Harvey scored the series-winning goal.[32] The Canadiens went on to win the Stanley Cup again at the close of the 1958–59 season.[33]

Goalie mask[edit]

the mask is white and of solid construction with egg-sized oval cutouts for the eyes and a rectangular cutout from the base of the nose to below the lower lip
Plante's original fibreglass mask

During the 1959–60 season, Plante wore a goaltender mask for the first time in a regular season game. Although Plante had used his mask in practice since 1956 after missing 13 games because of a sinusitis operation,[34] head coach Toe Blake was afraid it would impair his vision and would not permit him to wear it during regulation play.[35] However, on November 1, 1959, Plante's nose was broken when he was hit by a shot fired by Andy Bathgate three minutes into a game against the New York Rangers, and he was taken to the dressing room for stitches. When he returned, he was wearing the crude home-made goaltender mask that he had been using in practices. Blake was livid, but he had no other goaltender to call upon and Plante refused to return to the goal unless he wore the mask. Blake agreed on the condition that Plante discard the mask when the cut healed.[35] The Canadiens won the game 3–1. During the following days Plante refused to discard the mask, and as the Canadiens continued to win, Blake was less vocal about it.[36] The unbeaten streak stretched to 18 games.[37] Plante did not wear the mask, at Blake's request, against Detroit on March 8, 1960; the Canadiens lost 3–0, and the mask returned for good the next night.[38] That year, the Canadiens won their fifth straight Stanley Cup, which was Plante's last.[39]

Plante subsequently designed his own and other goaltenders' masks.[40] He was not the first NHL goaltender known to wear a face mask. Montreal Maroons' Clint Benedict wore a crude leather version in 1930 to protect a broken nose, but Plante introduced the mask as everyday equipment, and it is now mandatory equipment for goaltenders.[41]

Trade to New York and first retirement[edit]

Hampered by terrible pain in his left knee[42] during the 1960–61 NHL season, Plante was sent down to the minor league Montreal Royals. Torn cartilage was found in his knee, and the knee was surgically repaired during the summer of 1961.[43] The next season, Plante became the fourth goaltender to win the Hart Memorial Trophy, while winning the Vezina Trophy for the sixth time.[44] The 1962–63 season was unsettling for Plante.[45] His asthma had worsened, and he missed most of the early season.[45] His relationship with his coach, Toe Blake, continued to deteriorate because of Plante's persistent health problems.[45] Later, Plante was at the center of a major controversy when he claimed that net sizes in the NHL were not uniform, thus giving a statistical advantage to goaltenders playing for the Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins, and New York Rangers.[46] His claim was later confirmed as the result of a manufacturing error.[47]

After the Canadiens were eliminated for the third straight year in the first playoff round during the spring of 1963, there was mounting pressure for change from their fans and media.[48] Growing tension between Plante and Blake because of Plante's inconsistent work ethic and demeanor caused Blake to declare that for the 1963–64 season either he or Plante must go.[48] On June 4, 1963, Plante was traded to the New York Rangers, with Phil Goyette and Don Marshall in exchange for Gump Worsley, Dave Balon, Leon Rochefort, and Len Ronson.[48] Plante played for the Rangers for one full season and part of a second. He retired in 1965 while playing for the Rangers' AHL affiliate, the Baltimore Clippers. His wife was ill at the time, and he required surgery on his right knee.[49]

Upon retirement, Plante took a job with Molson as a sales representative but remained active in the NHL. In 1965, Scotty Bowman asked Plante to play for the Montreal Jr. Canadiens in a game against the Soviet National Team. Honoured to represent his country, Plante agreed, and after receiving permission from both the Rangers (who owned his rights) and Molson, he began practicing. The Canadiens won 2–1, and Plante was named first star of the game.[50][51]

Comeback to professional hockey[edit]

At the beginning of the 1967–68 NHL season, Plante received a call from his ex-teammate Bert Olmstead seeking some help coaching the expansion Oakland Seals.[52] Plante coached mainly by example, and after the three-week training camp he returned home to Montreal. Plante also played an exhibition game with the Seals. Rumours swirled that Plante was planning a comeback.[52][53]

In June 1968, Plante was selected in an intraleague draft by the St. Louis Blues[54] and signed for $35,000 for the 1968–69 season.[55] In his first season with the Blues, Plante split the goaltending duties with Glenn Hall. He won the Vezina Trophy that season for the seventh time, surpassing Bill Durnan's record.[56] While playing for the Blues in the 1969–70 playoffs against the Boston Bruins, a shot fired by Fred Stanfield and redirected by Phil Esposito hit Plante in the forehead, knocking him out and breaking his fibreglass mask. The first thing Plante said after he regained consciousness at the hospital was that the mask saved his life.[57] That game proved to be his last for the Blues, and he was traded in the summer of 1970 to the Toronto Maple Leafs.[58] He led the NHL with the lowest goals against average (GAA) during his first season with the Maple Leafs. That season, he also tied a Leafs franchise record, winning 9 straight games.[59] At season's end, he was named to the NHL's second All-Star team, his seventh such honour. Late in the 1972–73 season, Plante was traded to the Boston Bruins.[60] While he had two shutouts in eight regular season games, Plante struggled in the playoffs, and after conceding 10 goals in two games, he was replaced as the starter.[61]

Plante accepted a $1 million, 10-year contract to become coach and general manager of the Quebec Nordiques of the World Hockey Association in 1973.[62] He was highly dissatisfied with his and the team's performance and resigned at the end of the 1973–74 season.[63] Coming out of retirement once more, Plante played 31 games for the Edmonton Oilers of the WHA in the 1974–75 season.[56] Plante retired during the Oilers' training camp in 1975–76 after receiving news that his youngest son had died.[56]

Hockey analysis and coaching[edit]

Plante had a well-earned reputation for his ability to analyse the game of hockey. He began shouting directions to his teammates during games in his first stint in the minor leagues (the goaltender usually has the best view of the game). He kept extensive notes on opposing players and teams throughout his career.[64] He made his debut in the broadcasting booth during his first retirement in the 1960s as a colour commentator for broadcasts of Quebec Junior League games alongside Danny Gallivan of Hockey Night in Canada fame.[65] Radio Canada, the French language branch of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, brought Plante aboard as on-air analyst for its television broadcasts of the 1972 Summit Series between the national team of the Soviet Union and a Canadian team made up of professional players from the NHL. Plante was one of the few North American analysts who dissented from the widely held belief in the superiority of the Canadian team.[66]

Plante also wrote extensively on hockey. He wrote hockey columns starting early in his career and was published in La Voix de Shawinigan, Le Samedi, and Sport Magazine.[67] He alienated local reporters[68] by writing a column for the local paper during his time as coach of the Quebec Nordiques. His seminal work, On Goaltending, was published in 1972 in English, with the French edition (entitled Devant le filet) published in 1973. In his book, Plante outlined a program of goaltender development that included off-ice exercises, choice of equipment, styles of play, and game-day preparation. He also advised on best coaching methods for both young and advanced goaltenders.[69] His book remained popular with coaches and players and was reprinted in both French and English in 1997, 25 years after it was first published.[70]

Starting in 1967, Plante was one of the instructors at École moderne de hockey, a summer hockey school for young players.[71] His reputation as a teacher spread, and he traveled to Sweden in 1972 at the invitation of the Swedish Hockey Federation, teaching the top goaltenders in the country and their coaches and trainers.[72] During his first and second retirements, Plante also coached goaltenders and consulted for several NHL teams, including the Oakland Seals, Philadelphia Flyers, Montreal Canadiens and St. Louis Blues.[73]

Retirement and death[edit]

Plante finally retired from hockey in 1975, after the death of his youngest son.[56] He moved to Switzerland with his second wife, Raymonde Udrisard, but remained active on the North American hockey scene as an analyst, adviser, and goaltender trainer.[73] He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978.[74] In the fall of 1985, Plante was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer. He died in a Geneva hospital in February 1986 and was buried in Sierre, Switzerland.[75][76] When his coffin was carried from the church following the funeral mass, it passed under an arch of hockey sticks held high by a team of young hockey players from Quebec, visiting Switzerland for a tournament.[76]

Legacy[edit]

Plante's #1 jersey exhibited at the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2010

Plante was one of the first goaltenders to skate behind the net to stop the puck.[34][77] He also was one of the first to raise his arm on an icing call to let his defencemen know what was happening.[34] He perfected a stand-up, positional style, cutting down the angles; he became one of the first goaltenders to write a how-to book about the position.[34] He was a pioneer of stickhandling the puck; before that time, goaltenders passively stood in the net and simply deflected pucks to defencemen or backchecking forwards.[6]

Plante was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1978,[34] Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1981,[78] and into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994.[75] His no. 1 jersey was retired in 1995 by the Montreal Canadiens.[79] The Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy was established in his honour as an award to the top goaltender in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.[75] The Jacques Plante Trophy was established in Switzerland after Plante's death; it is given out annually to the top Swiss goaltender.[80] The former arena in Shawinigan, where Plante grew up and played his first organized games,[81] was renamed to Aréna Jacques Plante.

His injury and subsequent donning of a mask was depicted in an installment of Canada's Heritage Minute series.[82]

Career statistics[edit]

Regular season and playoffs[edit]

Regular season Playoffs
Season Team League GP W L T MIN GA SO GAA SV% GP W L MIN GA SO GAA SV%
1947–48 Montreal Royals QSHL 2 0 0 2 120 5 0 2.50 — — — — — — — — —
1947–48 Quebec Citadelles QSHL 31 18 11 1 1840 87 2 2.84 — 9 4 5 545 28 2 3.08 —
1948–49 Quebec Citadelles QSHL 64 42 12 10 3840 119 7 1.86 — 13 7 6 790 43 0 3.27 —
1949–50 Montreal Royals QSHL 58 27 22 9 3480 180 0 3.10 — 6 2 4 360 20 0 3.00 —
1950–51 Montreal Royals QSHL 60 28 29 3 3670 201 4 3.29 — 7 2 5 420 26 1 3.71 —
1951–52 Montreal Royals QSHL 60 30 24 6 3560 201 4 3.39 — 7 3 4 420 21 1 3.00 —
1952–53 Montreal Royals QSHL 29 20 8 1 1760 61 4 2.08 — — — — — — — — —
1952–53 Montreal Canadiens NHL 3 2 0 1 180 4 0 1.33 — 4 3 1 240 7 1 1.75 —
1952–53 Buffalo Bisons AHL 33 13 19 1 2000 114 2 3.42 — — — — — — — — —
1953–54 Buffalo Bisons AHL 55 32 17 6 3370 148 3 2.64 — — — — — — — — —
1953–54 Montreal Canadiens NHL 17 7 5 5 1020 27 5 1.59 — 8 5 3 480 15 2 1.88 —
1954–55 Montreal Canadiens NHL 52 33 12 7 3079 109 5 2.12 — 12 6 3 640 29 0 2.72 .914
1955–56 Montreal Canadiens NHL 64 42 12 10 3840 119 7 1.86 .930 10 8 2 600 18 2 1.80 .923
1956–57 Montreal Canadiens NHL 61 31 18 12 3658 122 9 2.00 .920 10 8 2 614 17 1 1.66 936
1957–58 Montreal Canadiens NHL 57 34 14 8 3386 119 9 2.11 .924 10 8 2 618 20 1 1.94 .936
1958–59 Montreal Canadiens NHL 67 38 16 13 4000 144 9 2.16 .925 11 8 3 669 26 0 2.33 .908
1959–60 Montreal Canadiens NHL 69 40 17 12 4140 175 3 2.54 .915 8 8 0 489 11 3 1.35 .950
1960–61 Montreal Royals EPHL 8 3 4 1 480 24 0 3.00 — — — — — — — — —
1960–61 Montreal Canadiens NHL 40 23 11 6 2400 112 2 2.80 .904 6 2 4 412 16 0 2.33 .910
1961–62 Montreal Canadiens NHL 70 42 14 14 4200 166 4 2.37 .923 6 2 4 360 19 0 3.17 .904
1962–63 Montreal Canadiens NHL 56 22 14 19 3320 138 5 2.49 .912 5 1 4 300 14 0 2.80 .899
1963–64 New York Rangers NHL 65 22 36 7 3898 220 3 3.39 .910 — — — — — — — —
1964–65 New York Rangers NHL 33 10 17 5 1938 109 2 3.37 .902 — — — — — — — —
1964–65 Baltimore Clippers AHL 17 6 9 1 1018 51 1 3.01 — 5 2 3 315 14 1 2.67 —
1968–69 St. Louis Blues NHL 37 18 12 6 2138 70 5 1.96 .940 10 8 2 589 14 3 1.43 .950
1969–70 St. Louis Blues NHL 32 18 9 5 1838 67 5 2.19 .918 6 4 1 323 8 1 1.49 .936
1970–71 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 40 24 11 4 2323 73 4 1.89 .944 3 0 2 133 7 0 3.16 .901
1971–72 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 34 16 13 5 1962 86 2 2.63 .917 1 0 1 60 5 0 5.00 .828
1972–73 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 32 8 14 6 1713 87 1 3.05 .907 — — — — — — — —
1972–73 Boston Bruins NHL 8 7 1 0 480 16 2 2.00 .927 2 0 2 120 10 0 5.00 .841
1974–75 Edmonton Oilers WHA 31 15 14 1 1592 88 1 3.32 .890 — — — — — — — —
WHA totals 31 15 14 1 1592 88 1 3.32 .890 — — — — — — — —
NHL totals 837 437 246 145 49,514 1,960 82 2.38 — 112 71 36 6,646 235 14 2.12 —

Coaching statistics[edit]

Team Year Regular Season Post Season
G W L T Pts Finish Result
Quebec Nordiques 1973–74 78 38 36 4 80 5th in WHA East Missed Playoffs

Awards and honours[edit]

NHL
Award Year(s)
All-Star Game 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1969, 1970
First All-Star Team 1956, 1959, 1962
Hart Memorial Trophy 1962
Second All-Star Team 1957, 1958, 1960, 1971
Stanley Cup 1953, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960
Vezina Trophy 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1969†

†Shared with Glenn Hall.

Other
Award Year(s)
Hockey Hall of Fame 1978
Canada Sports Hall of Fame 1981
World Hockey Association Hall of Fame 2010

See also[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

  • O'Brien, Andy with Plante, Jacques (1973) The Jacques Plante Story. Toronto: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-092991-2.
  • Denault, Todd (2009) Jacques Plante: The Man Who Changed the Face of Hockey. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-2633-1 [1]
  • Plante, Jacques (1972). On goaltending: Fundamentals of hockey netminding by the master of the game. Toronto: Collier MacMillan Canada. ISBN 0-02-081120-9.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Plante, R., p. 198.
  2. ^ "100 Greatest NHL Players". NHL.com. January 1, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
  3. ^ NHL (March 22, 2017), Jacques Plante changed game when he donned mask, archived from the original on December 11, 2021, retrieved April 25, 2017
  4. ^ "Masks for goalies gain acceptance". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. November 23, 1969. p. 7, sports.
  5. ^ a b c d Plante, R., p. 13.
  6. ^ a b c d "One on One with Jacques Plante". Hockey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2008.
  7. ^ a b Plante, R., p. 47.
  8. ^ Plante, R., p. 14.
  9. ^ Plante, R., p. 15.
  10. ^ Plante, R., p. 16.
  11. ^ Plante, R., p. 18.
  12. ^ a b Plante, R., p. 19.
  13. ^ Plante, R., pp. 203–205
  14. ^ a b Plante, R., p. 24.
  15. ^ Plante, R., p. 23.
  16. ^ Plante, R., p. 25.
  17. ^ a b Plante, R., p. 26.
  18. ^ Plante, R., p. 31.
  19. ^ a b Plante, R., p. 38.
  20. ^ a b Plante, R., p. 39.
  21. ^ a b Irvin (1991), p. 94.
  22. ^ "Gerry George McNeil". Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  23. ^ a b Plante, R., p. 40.
  24. ^ Adrahtas, p. 52.
  25. ^ Hunter, D., p. 118.
  26. ^ Irvin (1991), p. 125.
  27. ^ Plante, R., p. 62.
  28. ^ Irvin (1991), p. 130.
  29. ^ Plante, R., pp. 205–207
  30. ^ Plante, R., p. 64.
  31. ^ Plante, R., p. 71.
  32. ^ Plante, R., p. 73.
  33. ^ Plante, R., p. 206
  34. ^ a b c d e "Jacques Plante Biography". Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 30, 2008.
  35. ^ a b Fischler, S., pp. 27–28.
  36. ^ Plante, R., p. 80.
  37. ^ Hunter, D., p. 119.
  38. ^ Plante, R., p. 81.
  39. ^ Adrahtas, p. 85.
  40. ^ Plante, R., p. 205.
  41. ^ "Clint Benedict—Biography". Hockey Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
  42. ^ Plante, R., p. 96.
  43. ^ Plante, R., p. 105.
  44. ^ Plante, R. p. 208.
  45. ^ a b c Plante, R., p. 117.
  46. ^ Plante, R., p. 118.
  47. ^ Plante, R., p. 119.
  48. ^ a b c Adrahtas, p. 115.
  49. ^ Adrahtas, p. 180.
  50. ^ Plante, R., p. 149.
  51. ^ "Jacques Plante Accorded Greatest Forum Ovation". The Montreal Gazette. December 16, 1965. p. 42. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  52. ^ a b Adrahtas, p. 181.
  53. ^ Plante, R., p. 155.
  54. ^ "1968 NHL Intraleague Draft". hockeydb.com. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  55. ^ Hunter, D., p. 120.
  56. ^ a b c d Hunter, D., p. 121.
  57. ^ Adrahtas, p. 206.
  58. ^ Adrahtas, p. 212.
  59. ^ "Campbell ties franchise record as Maple Leafs down Flames". Sportsnet. Canadian Press. April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  60. ^ Plante, R., p. 175
  61. ^ Plante, R., p. 176
  62. ^ Plante, R., p. 213.
  63. ^ Plante, R., p. 185.
  64. ^ Irvin (1995), p. 124.
  65. ^ Irvin (1991), p. 299.
  66. ^ Plante, R., p. 174.
  67. ^ Plante, R., p. 180.
  68. ^ Plante, R., p. 184.
  69. ^ Plante, J., p. 5.
  70. ^ Plante, J., p. 4.
  71. ^ Plante, R., p. 168.
  72. ^ Plante, R., p. 170.
  73. ^ a b Plante, R., p. 214.
  74. ^ Plante, R. p. 215.
  75. ^ a b c Plante, R. p. 216.
  76. ^ a b Irvin (1995), p. 15.
  77. ^ Adrahtas, p. 51.
  78. ^ "Canada Sports Hall of Fame | Hall of Famers Search". www.sportshall.ca. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  79. ^ "Jacques Plante Biography". Montreal Canadiens. Archived from the original on February 29, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2008.
  80. ^ Plante, R., p. 192.
  81. ^ "Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec: Aréna Jacques-Plante" [Directory of the cultural heritage of Quebec: Jacques Plante Arena]. Quebec Ministry of Culture and Communications. 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
  82. ^ "Jacques Plante". Historica Canada. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
Bibliography

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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Preceded by Winner of the Hart Memorial Trophy
1962 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Winner of the Vezina Trophy
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960
1962
1969
with Glenn Hall 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Position created
 General manager of the Quebec Nordiques
1973–74 		Succeeded by
Maurice Filion
Preceded by Head coach of the Quebec Nordiques
1973–74 		Succeeded by

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