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Gibbs' inequality

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Josiah Willard Gibbs

In information theory, Gibbs' inequality is a statement about the information entropy of a discrete probability distribution. Several other bounds on the entropy of probability distributions are derived from Gibbs' inequality, including Fano's inequality. It was first presented by J. Willard Gibbs in the 19th century.

Gibbs' inequality

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Suppose that and are discrete probability distributions. Then

with equality if and only if for .[1]: 68  Put in words, the information entropy of a distribution is less than or equal to its cross entropy with any other distribution .

The difference between the two quantities is the Kullback–Leibler divergence or relative entropy, so the inequality can also be written:[2]: 34 

Note that the use of base-2 logarithms is optional, and allows one to refer to the quantity on each side of the inequality as an "average surprisal" measured in bits.

Proof

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For simplicity, we prove the statement using the natural logarithm, denoted by ln, since

so the particular logarithm base b > 1 that we choose only scales the relationship by the factor 1 / ln b.

Let denote the set of all for which pi is non-zero. Then, since for all x > 0, with equality if and only if x=1, we have:

The last inequality is a consequence of the pi and qi being part of a probability distribution. Specifically, the sum of all non-zero values is 1. Some non-zero qi, however, may have been excluded since the choice of indices is conditioned upon the pi being non-zero. Therefore, the sum of the qi may be less than 1.

So far, over the index set , we have:

,

or equivalently

.

Both sums can be extended to all , i.e. including , by recalling that the expression tends to 0 as tends to 0, and tends to as tends to 0. We arrive at

For equality to hold, we require

  1. for all so that the equality holds,
  2. and which means if , that is, if .

This can happen if and only if for .

Alternative proofs

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The result can alternatively be proved using Jensen's inequality, the log sum inequality, or the fact that the Kullback-Leibler divergence is a form of Bregman divergence.

Proof by Jensen's inequality

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Because log is a concave function, we have that:

where the first inequality is due to Jensen's inequality, and being a probability distribution implies the last equality.

Furthermore, since is strictly concave, by the equality condition of Jensen's inequality we get equality when

and

.

Suppose that this ratio is , then we have that

where we use the fact that are probability distributions. Therefore, the equality happens when .

Proof by Bregman divergence

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Alternatively, it can be proved by noting thatfor all , with equality holding iff . Then, sum over the states, we havewith equality holding iff .

This is because the KL divergence is the Bregman divergence generated by the function .

Corollary

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The entropy of is bounded by:[1]: 68 

The proof is trivial – simply set for all i.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Pierre Bremaud (6 December 2012). An Introduction to Probabilistic Modeling. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4612-1046-7.
  2. ^ David J. C. MacKay (25 September 2003). Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64298-9.